Drive to Survive

NFPA makes mention of a _________ procedure when a fire apparatus is responding to or from a call

"Challenge and Response" When the driver is approaching a hazard in the road, the officer should ask the driver what he intends to do to deal with the hazard. This helps ensure that there are more than one set of eyes scanning the road, and helps prevent the driver from falling victim to tunnel vision. It will also help solidify the driver and officer as a driving team

Checking brake adjustment using the "applied stroke method" 1. Chock tires, turn off engine, release brakes 2. Have your assistant apply the brakes a few times until the reservoir pressure is between _______ 3. Sometimes the pushrod does not retract all the way, because of this, make sure it is fully retracted by tapping with your hand. Mark the pushrod where ____________ 4. Have your assistant make a full brake application 5. Measure the distance _____________. This distance is ____________. The allowable distance depends on _________

2. 90 and 100psi 3. It meets the face of the brake chamber 5. Between the mark you made on the pushrod and the face of the brake chamber 5.2. Chamber applied stroke 5.3. The size of the brake chamber

Procedures for placing an apparatus out of service must include one of the following: 1. A sign on the outside of the drivers door near the door handle 2. __________ 3. A large sign on the drivers window 4. __________

2. A special bag that covers the steering wheel 4. A highly visible mechanism at the drivers position on the fire apparatus that all members of the FD recognize as an out of service indicator

Before crossing water or mud: 1. Check the depth 2. After crossing water or mud, braking efficiency may be reduced due to wet brake components. _________________ to help heat them up and dry off the water 3. __________ 4. Drive slowly through water. If there is a wave forming in front of the vehicle, slow down

2. Lightly apply the brakes while driving at a slow speed 3. Know where the air intake is located do you don't allow water into the engine and stall or destroy the engine

Light emitting preemption systems have an average range of _____ feet

2500 feet

In 1977, a study conducted by USDOT states that the effective range of a siren at a 90 degree intersection was limited to ________ feet

26 to 39 feet

A fire apparatus skidding down a 10% slope on a wet road will skid an additional ____ feet as compared to a fire apparatus skidding up a 10% slope on a wet road

290ft

Keep in mind that a train will be Atleast ____ feet wider than the tracks

3 feet

Studies have shown that reading a text will cause drivers to take their eyes off the road for an average of ___ to ____ seconds. Depending on the speed of the vehicle, drivers may have traveled the distance of an entire football field without looking at the road

3-5 seconds

FD's should consider three possible scenarios in an off road recovery situation: 1. A vehicle that is stuck using its own winch 2. Being winched by another vehicle 3. _________

3. Being snatched back onto the roadway by another vehicle using a recovery strap instead of a winch

On average, the structure of a vehicle will reduce the sound pressure level of the siren by approximately ______

35 dB

NFPA 1901 requires an auxiliary braking device on vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating over __________

36,000lbs

Once a person is ejected out of the passenger compartment, the odds of sustaining a fatal injury are ______

4 in 5

While only 4.4% of tractor trailer accidents are rollovers, ____ percent of truck driver fatalities occur in a rollover crash

58%

According to the inverse square law, every time the distance from the siren is doubled, the sound pressure level of the siren will decrease _____

6 dB

The low air pressure warning signal should activate when the air pressure drops below ______

60psi

The average ambient noise level inside a passenger compartment while traveling at 45 mph is ________

65 dB

A fire apparatus traveling down a 10% slope on a dry road will take ____ feet longer to stop than a fire apparatus that is traveling up a 10% slope

73ft

According to NHTSA studies, ____ percent of the 15 passenger vans involved in fatal crashes had tires that were not properly inflated

74%

Products that are often carried in petroleum transportation vehicles are lighter than water. The difference between 4,000 gallons of gasoline and 4,000 gallons of water is approximately _________

8,800 pounds

Most sirens are rated for 124 dB 10 feet in front of the siren. Using the inverse square law, it is obvious that the effective range of a siren can be no more than _______ feet

80 feet

The grip of an average truck tire is usually around ________ percent of the grip of a passenger car tire

80 to 85%

In most cases, the effective range of a siren is limited to ____ feet at a 90 degree intersection. Depending on the circumstances, this distance could be much lower

80ft

Tongue weight is the amount of weight being carried by the trailers tongue, it is transferred to the vehicle at the hitch point. Most experts agree that the vehicles tongue weight should fall between ____ and ____ percent of the gross weight of the trailer

9 and 15%

NFPA 1500 requires the use of hearing protection if the noise levels inside the cab exceeds _____

90 dB

An ideal brake adjustment will result in no more than a _____ degree angle between the pushrod and the slack adjuster

90 degree

Considerations for using active rail crossing warning systems include; 1. The number of vehicles that will cross the tracks 2. The types of vehicles that will cross the tracks 3. The number of trains that use the tracks each day 4. ___________

A history of collisions at the crossing

If a vehicle is being used while a component is out of service, one of the following requirements must be met: 1. __________ 2. __________

1. Distinctive color sign located on the inside of the drivers door identifying which component is out of service 2. Highly visible device provided at the component controls indicating that the device is out of service

Off road driving consideration: 1. _______ 2. ______ 3. _______

1. Driving surface 2. Terrain 3. Vehicle

Different states refer to impaired driving using different terminology, such as ______________. Regardless of the terminology, the level limit for operating a vehicle under the influence of alcohol is the same in every state

1. Driving while impaired (DWI) 2. Driving while intoxicated (DWI) 3. Driving under the influence (DUI)

Minimum NFPA rollover threshold requirements without and ESC system; 1. Tilt table result no less than _______ degrees. 2. Height of CG no more than ______ percent of the track width

1. No less than 26.5 degrees = rollover threshold 0.49 2. No more than 80% = rollover threshold 0.62

What are the four phases of the total stopping distance?

1. Perception distance 2. Reaction distance 3. Mechanical lag distance 4. Braking distance

The speed at which a vehicle will hydroplane depends on three major factors: 1. ____________ 2. _____________ 3. ____________

1. The depth of the tire tread 2. The air pressure inside the tire 3. The depth of the water

On average, there will be an increase of ____ inside the passenger compartment of a vehicle for every 6.2mph increase in speed

1.2 dB

The average perception and reaction time for a driver is _________

1.6 seconds

It can take a driver as much as _______ to move their head all the way in one direction and back

1.7 seconds

Driver under 21 are prohibited from driving with any alcohol in their system. Most states set the per se rule for underage drunk driving at ______ BAC. However, even if the operators BAC falls under this limit, ____________. These laws are commonly referred to as ______________

-0.02% -They can still be charge with other offenses if it can be proven that the driver consumed alcohol -"Minors operating with alcohol in their system"

Laws prohibit drivers from operating a non-commercial motor vehicle if their blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is greater that _____ percent. A driver who is operating a commercial motor vehicle (fire apparatus), defined as having a gross vehicle weight rating in excess of _________, may not operate with a BAC greater than _____ percent. Many states also have laws that address lower BAC's. These laws typically address the issue of general impairment. In these situations, _______________

-0.08% -26,001 pounds -0.04% -If it can be be demonstrated that a crash or unsafe driving was caused by the ingestion of alcohol, narcotics, or prescription medication, charges can still be brought against a motor vehicle operator, even with a BAC below the per se rule of 0.04% or 0.08%

Many highway design engineers post curve advisory speeds which limit the amount of lateral g-force experienced by the driver to no more than ______ g's. This is because many drivers will begin to feel uncomfortable when they experience lateral g-force that is any greater than _______

-0.15 to 0.20 g's -0.20 to 0.30 g's

As a result of a relatively high number of fatal crashes involving 15 passenger vans, NHTSA began to examine crash statistics related to these vehicles. NHTSA statistics indicate that between 1990 and 2002 there were ______ fatal van crashes resulting in _____ fatalities of van occupants. Of these fatalities, ____ percent of those killed were not wearing seat belts. Of the passengers who were restrained during the crash, ____ percent survived

-1,576 fatal van crashes -1,111 fatalities of van occupants -86% not wearing seat belts -92% who were restrained survived

The average passenger car can absorb _______ lateral g's before it rolls over, compared to _______ of a fire apparatus

-1.3 to 1.4 -0.50 to 0.60

Dual tires should differ by no more than __________ in diameter and _________ in circumference. Both tires should be of the same _______ and _______ and should be kept at the same inflation pressure

-1/4 of an inch in diameter -3/4 of an inch in circumference -Make and size

In a passenger vehicle with hydraulic brakes and standard tires, it is assumed that the braking efficiency is _____. In a fire apparatus, it could be as low as _____

-100% -65%

For step #9 of testing the air brake system, check the air compressor governor. The air compressor should turn on when air pressure in the braking system drops to around ______. The air compressor should shut off when pressure in the system builds to around _____. Fast idle the engine and make sure that the air compressor turns off around _____. Next, step on and off the brakes to reduce air pressure. The compressor should turn on when the air pressure in the brake system reaches around _____

-100psi -125psi -125psi -100psi -Depending on manufacturer specs

To test the air leakage rate (step #4 of testing the air brake system), charge the air system to ________, turn off the engine, release the parking brake, and time the air pressure drop. For a straight truck there should be less than ______ of air leakage per minute

-125psi -2psi

An acute lack of sleep may result in symptoms similar to drunk driving. A driver who stays awake for 17 hours will have impairment similar to that of a driver who operates a vehicle with a BAC of ______, or if they stayed awake for 24 hours, a BAC of ______

-17 hours = 0.05% -24 hours = 0.10%

Should the apparatus stall or hang up and a railroad crossing and there is no way to contact the rail agency, use fire personnel to warn the train before it arrives at the crossing. Members from the apparatus or member from another emergency agency that can be reached by radio, should find a safe area approximately ____________ from the crossing. From this safe location, a __________ or _________ should be waved in an exaggerated fashion from side to side at waist height. This should catch the engineers attention and signal him to stop

-2 miles -Road flare or flashlight

NHTSA studies indicate that the chance of a rollover crash involving a 15 passenger van is ____ times higher when the van is loaded to more than ____ of its capacity. The odds are ____ times more likely when the can is fully loaded, compared to ________. The odds of a rollover are also ____ times more likely on a _______ and ______ as likely on a curved roadway

-2.2 times higher when loaded to more than half of its capacity -5 times more likely, compared to when the driver is the only occupant -5 times more likely on a high speed road (speed limit greater than 50mph) -Twice as likely on a curved roadway

A study conducted by NHTSA revealed that _____ of vehicles examined has improperly aimed headlights, which will reduce the amount of light shining on the road while also posing s potential glare issue for other drivers. FD's should have the aim of each headlight checked by qualified personnel on a routine basis, once it has been outfitted and loaded with personnel. Consider purchasing vehicles with ______

-2/3 -Auto leveling headlight systems

Most insurance companies recommend that only members over ____ be allowed to operate fire apparatus. This age requirement should also include _____ and ______

-21 years of age -Smaller vehicles and 15 passenger vans

According to statistics provided by Michelin, tire blowouts result in ________ collisions and _______ fatalities each year. Most of the time, it is not the blowout that causes the crash, it is _________________

-23,000 collisions -535 fatalities -The drivers improper reaction the the blowout

One study concluded that dirty headlights can reduce the amount of light by ____ percent. May also scatter the light and ________. FD's should consider _______ for new apparatus

-27% -Increase glare for oncoming drivers -European style headlight cleaning systems

Many intersections will have a curve radius at the corner of just _______ feet, while country roads and large highway ramps may have sweeping curves with a radius of _______ feet

-30 to 60ft -Several hundred feet

The stop lines on each side of a single track grade crossing are at least _____ feet apart. Do not stop within this area. Remember to apply the _________ or ________ while waiting at the stop line, so your truck won't move or be shoved into the path of the train

-35 feet -Emergency or parking brakes

If a vehicle is rounding a curve with a radius of 320 feet, at 35mph it will experience ____ lateral g's, and at 55mph will experience ____ lateral g's

-35mph = 0.26 -55mph = 0.63

A study has determined that; a control group sitting in an open room could pick out the 45 degree sector where the siren originated from 91% of the time. When seating in an automobile, this fell to _____ percent with the windows open, and _____ percent with the window close

-37.6% with window open -26% with window closed

According to a Bridgestone Firestone study which was conducted on EMS vehicles, ____ percent of the inside dual tires couldn't be checked because there was no access to the valve stems. Of the tires that could be checked, _________ of them were found to be under inflated by at least ____ psi, or ____ percent capacity. This is extremely concerning because tire manufacturers consider any tire that is more than ____ percent under inflated to have been run flat

-39% -Two-thirds; by at least 20psi or 25% capacity -20%

NFPA 1911 requires the tires on the front steering axle of a fire apparatus to have no less than ___/32 tread depth at _____________ anywhere on the tire. The standard requires non-steering axles to have no less than ___/32 tread depth at ____________ anywhere on the tire. However, studies have show that tires with less than ___/32 tread will have significantly longer stopping distances in wet weather. It is important that any ___________ or _________ apparatus check involve a thorough examination of the tire tread

-4/32 tread at any two adjacent major tread grooves anywhere on the tire -2/32 tread at any two adjacent major tread grooves anywhere on the tire -Weekly or monthly

Volunteer firemen's insurance services (VFIS) studied 36 fatal accidents that occurred between 1999 and 2005. Of the vehicles involved in these fatal crashes, ____ percent were manufactured after 1980. These statistics demonstrate that ________

-47% -The chance of a fatal crash is still quite real, even when operating a newer fire apparatus

The Bridgestone Firestone studies found that a dual tire assembly that differed by just a ____ psi inflation pressure resulted in a ______ difference in circumference. This minor difference in size would cause the smaller tire on the dual axle to be dragged _____ over just one mile. This is due to the fact that if the tires on a dual assembly are different sizes, the larger tire will drag the smaller tire

-5psi -5/16 of an inch difference -13 feet over one mile

One gallon weight of: -Gasoline _____ -Fuel Oil _____ -Water _____

-6.1 pounds -7.2 pounds -8.3 pounds

As a result of the reduced braking efficiency, a fire apparatus traveling 50mph on a dry asphalt road will take approximately ____ feet more than a passenger vehicle to come to a stop. If the speed increases from 50mph to 60mph, the difference in stopping distance increases to ____ feet

-60ft -86ft

In regards to a tire's aspect ratio, numbers of ____ or lower indicate a short sidewall for __________ and __________

-70 or lower -Improved steering and better overall handling on dry pavement

It could take much longer than _____ for alcohol, narcotics, or prescription drugs to completely clear a persons bloodstream if _________

-8 hours -If they consume large amounts

For step #8 of testing the air brake system, check the rate of air pressure build up. When an engine is operating at normal RPMs, air pressure should build from ______ to ______ within 45 sec for a dual air system. For vehicles built before 1975, which still have single air systems, the rate of buildup is _____ to _____ in 3 min

-85 to 100psi for dual air system -50 to 95psi for single air system

NFPA 1901 states that a location for the storage of helmets inside the vehicle shall be provided. If helmets are carried inside the driver or passenger compartment, they must be in an enclosed and latched compartment, or a bracket, that is able to contain the contents when subject to a ____ g-force along the longitudinal axis and a ____ g-force in any other direction

-9 g-force longitudinal -3 g-force any other direction

NHTSA studies indicate that ____ percent of van related rollover crashes occurred when ________

-90% occurred when the vehicle operator lost control and left the roadway

For step #5 of testing the air brake system, apply at least ______ with the brake pedal. After the initial pressure drop, air pressure should not fall more than _____ per minute

-90psi -3psi

Fog is __________. Fog consists of small water droplets or ice crystals. The most common fog is formed when:

-A cloud that has formed close to the ground -Moist air condensed over cool ground

A tractor trailer is defined as __________. These vehicles are unique because they are _________ vehicles. These type of vehicles, such as tiller ladders, have unique issues related to ________ and ________

-A combination trucking unit -Articulated vehicles -Vehicle dynamics and crash causation

Common causes of trailer sway:

-A common cause of trailer sway is improper weight distribution inside the trailer. If there is not enough tongue weight, the trailer becomes unstable. Also, more weight behind the axle of the trailer than at the hitch connection will cause the trailer to act like a pendulum -If the trailer is larger than the tow vehicle, a breeze or wind will produce a much greater side force on the trailer. The trailer will act as a sail -A bow wind is a force of air created by a tractor trailer as it drives down the road. If the tractor trailer passes a vehicle towing a trailer, the bow wind may cause the trailer to sway -Uneven or bumpy road. This is especially true when driving off road or where there may be two different road surfaces due to construction

Many fire departments use trailers as: Trailers are often used for technical rescue, boat operations, _________, and __________

-A cost effective way to store and transport rarely used equipment -Boat operations, and traffic control

In a transmission retarder, ______________. When the device activates, _______________

-A flywheel is mounted inside a chamber and attached to the driveline of the apparatus -Transmission fluid will enter the chamber and slow the flywheel

Speed demons should not be used to train young and impressionable drivers. Qualified driving instructors should be members with _________. Once an instructor is selected, it is important to have them:

-A long proven safety record who are able to remain calm and cool behind the wheel. Usually these folks are calm, soft spoken, and drive as professionals for a living -Certified by an outside agency (state agency or insurance company). These programs teach the importance of lesson plans, how to set up training courses, and how to identify and correct issue related to unsafe driving

A tire's load index is __________. You may not find this information on all tires because _________. You may also find this information ____________. If not, contact a local tire dealer

-A measurement of how much weight each tire can support -It is not required by law -In your owners manual

The first step to safe off road driving is ___________. Drivers must understand the vehicles capabilities, and more importantly ___________. Driver training programs should include a thorough explanation of the vehicle and ___________. Driving mistakes are magnified when driving off road, leaving little room for error

-A thorough knowledge of the vehicle -It's limitations -How it will handle when faced with adverse off road conditions

A tire's traction letter indicates __________. A higher graded tire should ______________. Traction is graded from highest to lowest as ____________

-A tire's ability to stop on wet pavement -Allow you to stop your car in a shorter distance on wet roads -AA, A, B, and C

A tire's temperature letter indicates ___________. The temperature grade is for a tire that is ____________. From highest to lowest, this is graded as __________

-A tire's resistance to heat -Inflated properly and not overloaded -A, B, or C

When an engine brake activates, ________________. Because the driveline is pulling the piston back down inside the chamber, ____________. The engine has turned from an energy producing combustion engine into ___________

-A valve will open and allow air to escape the cylinder during the compression cycle, and there is no energy left to push the piston back down -The pulling action absorbs the vehicles forward momentum -Energy absorbing air compressor

Passive rail crossing warning systems usually consist of _____________, posted some distance before the crossing, as well as ___________ and __________ directly at the crossing

-Advance warning signs -Signs and road markings

July, 2000 study by Turtle Plastics "Field Testing and Standard Evaluation of Wheel Chocks Manufactured from Recycled High-Density Polyethylene", was designed to examine the effectiveness of plastic chocks vs aluminum under both static and dynamic conditions. -Static testing, 30° incline

-Aluminum chock moved approximately 1-3". After this movement, the teeth in the chock dug into the road and stopped the truck -Plastic chock shot out from under the tire. It appeared that the plastic teeth were unable to grip the road and stop the vehicle

Even if there are no outward signs of damage or air loss, a tire can lose air in other ways. In tubeless tires, ______________ can cause air to escape. Also, few people realize that air can actually leak through the rubber membrane of a tire at a rate of ___ to ___ per month. Over the course of a year, a tire may be ___ to ___ under inflated just from sitting in the firehouse

-An improper seal between the tire and the rim -1 to 2psi -12 to 24 psi

NFPA 1451 addresses drug and alcohol use specific to __________. This standard addresses post-crash blood testing and states the following: 4.1.5 - the FESO (______) shall institute ____________. This should include, as a minimum, drug and alcohol testing when __________. Additional testing criteria should be considered for all incidents where __________ or when ___________. The department should also consult with __________ and consider ___________ in setting the criteria

-Apparatus operations -Fire and emergency services organization shall institute a program of post-crash drug and alcohol testing for the driver of vehicles involved in crashes -When any crash involved an injury or fatality -Property damaged has occurred or when FESO vehicles sustain a set minimum of cost to repair -Consult with risk management resources and consider state law requirements

The key is to make sure the vehicle is weighed with a _____________ by a _____________. It is also important to make sure that the fire department keeps detailed records of every weight certification. This will hell if the department finds itself involved in a lawsuit

-Certified scale -Certified weigh master

The height and weight of the vehicle should be __________ and every driver should ________

-Clearly marked inside the crew cab -Be fully aware of the safe routes each fire apparatus can take to an emergency

The information contained on the vehicle manufacturers information placard (plate or sticker) in regards to air pressure is the ____________ of the tire. Do not check the air pressure if the vehicle has been driven within ___________

-Cold air pressure -Within the past three hours

When considering the purchase of a retired military or civilian vehicle, FD's must ______________. Also, chiefs and administrators should complete a ______________ when researching the purchase of a used or retired vehicle

-Consider how much work is needed to bring the vehicle anywhere near NFPA compliance -Thorough cost-benefit analysis

A lack of sleep, or ___________ is a common cause of fatigue. An acute lack of sleep is defined as ________. ___________ is just as bad as no sleep

-Constantly interrupted sleep -Little or no sleep within the past 24 hours -Interrupted sleep

Types of wheel chocks: -A ______ chock fits better than a pyramid chock -Aluminum chocks tend to have better __________ and will not _______ -Rubber or plastic chocks are lighter but do not have ________. They may also ________

-Contoured chock fits better than a pyramid chock -Aluminum tend to have better gripping abilities in all weather conditions and will not compress under heavy weight -Do not have very good gripping qualities on cold, icy, or slippery surface conditions. May also compress or lose shape over time, especially if they are placed under heavy loads

______________ use a formula to calculate the speed at which a vehicle will hydroplane based on ___________

-Crash reconstruction experts -The air pressure inside the tire

The "Operation Lifesaver" truck driver guide states the following; When a train approaches, you are required to stop the truck before the ___________ or __________ at the crossing. On gravel roads there are no ____________ or __________

-Crossbuck sign or signal -Pavement markings or stop lines

Repair orders must be documented in writing and must include ___________. Copies of this documentation must be sent to ___________

-Date and time of problem discovery, description of issue, any action taken at the time the issue was discovered, and the date and time the repair was made -The FD safety officer

If the pushrod stroke is too long, it will result in _______________, as well as _____________

-Delayed application of the brakes -Reduced braking force

In regards to wheel chocks, on extreme grades, you may need to ________, or the chock may need to be _______

-Deploy more than one wheel chock -Chick may need to be higher than 1/4 the height of the tire

A corrugated roadway has ___________, resulting in a _________. This can cause an uncomfortable ride, as well as leading to __________ and having a significant impact on _________

-Depressions or ridges (ruts) that travel across the roadway from left to right, resulting in a washboard effect -Loss of control -Steering, braking, and use of ABS

Advantages to a hydraulic winch:

-Does not place as large a load on the vehicles electrical system -Not as prone to over heating

Impaired driving is defined as ________________. Impaired driving includes the use of ___________

-Driving a vehicle while under the influence of a controlled substance to a point which renders a person unfit to safely operate a motor vehicle -Alcohol, illegal narcotics, and prescription medications

Lateral acceleration is commonly referred to as ____________. The amount of lateral acceleration a vehicle will experience during a steering maneuver will depend on how fast the vehicle is traveling and _________

-G-force or G's -How sharply the driver turns the wheel

Recovering from a tire blowout requires the driver to __________. Because of this, it is important to remember to _______________

-Give the vehicle forward acceleration -Not drive the vehicle at the governor (never do this)

Depending on the age and condition of the vehicle, the mechanic lag time or air pressure lag may be over _______. Depending on the speed of the vehicle, the mechanical lag time of the air brake system may add up to _______ of stopping distance

-Half a second -100ft

Apparatus operators who are prescribed medications must __________________. Even if a medication is properly prescribed, _____________

-Have an in-depth discussion with their doctor and station supervisor to ensure that the use of these medications will not put others at risk -Legal sanctions may result if a person is found to be operating a motor vehicle with a substance in the blood stream that impairs the ability to drive

The purest method for determining the proper air pressure for the tire is to ____________ and determine __________. Once this is determined, refer to __________ and __________. These are provided by tire manufacturers and can be obtained when the tires are purchased

-Have the vehicle weighed and determine how much weight each tire is supporting -The tire manufacturers tire load and inflation pressure chart

FD's must consider _________ as the primary concern when developing any policies or procedures that deal with the purchase, operation, or maintenance of a FD vehicle. Vehicle operations policies should emphasize that the FD's first priority is:

-Health and safety of its members and the public -The safe arrival at the incident scene of the fire apparatus and emergency responders

The driver of a newer vehicle with ABS air brakes may not feel any pulsing in the brake pedal. However, they may __________

-Hear a hissing noise coming from the wheels as the -ABS engages

Rutting results in longitudinal depressions which follow the path of the roadway. Rutting is usually found on roads which have ___________. Fire apparatus operators may also encounter ruts caused by ________ or _________

-High moisture content in the sub-surface soil -Deep snow or slush

It is important for apparatus operators to practice proper emergency braking. The reason is because ____________. Driving instructors should: ________________

-If a driver has never experienced activation of ABS, it may be startling 1. Find a large, empty parking lot and obtain permission from the owner to use the lot for training 2. Each driver should be given the opportunity to get up to 25 or 30mph and stomp on the brakes

The natural response to a tire blowout is to ___________ and __________. This response could mean disaster. The proper handling of a blowout is almost counter intuitive. The proper response is to ________ and ________

-Immediately engage the brakes and try to get to the side of the road -Accelerate and keep the vehicle in a straight line, because they will regain forward momentum which will help bring the vehicle back under control

Drivers must know every road, bridge, tunnel, and poor roadway within their first due and mutual districts. Also, a regular inspection of these things should be completed by drivers and members of the training staff. Any potential changes such as newly paved roads, signs of degradation, or any other problems should be _______. Keeping abreast these changes and knowing the safest route will _________

-Immediately reported to the local highway department, and all fire apparatus drivers should be notified immediately -Help prevent road related crashes from occurring

If an NFPA standard is violated, legal ramifications may include _________. If a state or federal law is violated, the legal ramifications may include ________

-Increased civil penalties -Criminal charges

Reasons why air brakes are used on large trucks; _______________

-Infinite supply of air that will never run out -Able to generate more power than hydraulic brakes

A shortcut to using the tire manufacturers tire load and inflation chart is to use the vehicle manufacturers information placard, which is usually found _____________ for fire apparatus. For a civilian vehicle, this information is usually found ____________. This plate or sticker will include information related to ______________

-Inside the cab, near the operators knee -On a sticker somewhere on the door jam, trunk lid, or gas fill cover -Proper tire size, wheel size, gross vehicle and axle weight ratings, and recommended tire pressures

The best approach to prevent a backing crash is ____________. Most backing crashes can be prevented by:

-Is to think ahead and remove and need to put the vehicle in reverse -The use of spotters, a thorough walk around if the apparatus, and defensive parking tactics

Fatigued drivers may suffer slow reaction times, _______, poor attention, and reduced coordination. The may also demonstrate diminished steering performance and _______. These issues have been shown to be more prevalent under the following circumstances: 1. During late night, early morning, and mid afternoon 2. _______ 3. _______

-Lack of vigilance -Difficulty maintaining proper following distance 2. On a straight, high speed roadway 3. When the driver is young and alone in the vehicle

Tires degrade just by sitting in the firehouse. Over time, the rubber begins to age, dry out, and crack. Often, it is the _________ that are ________ that have the oldest tires. For these reasons, NFPA 1911 standard further states that the maximum life of a tire shall be no more than ____ years. Most tire manufacturers recommend tire replacement every ___ to ___ years. The replacement schedule of a tire will depend on ___________

-Largest vehicles that are used the least -No more than 7 years -Every 6-10 years -The climate, use, and wear in the tires

On average, low beams project approximately _____ in front of the vehicle on a clear night, while high beams project approximately _____ on a clear night. FD's should conduct drills to determine the effective range of each apparatus headlights, and it will depend on several factors

-Low beams = 250 feet -High beams = 500 feet

In addition to the age of a tire, the ___________ of a tire will have a significant impact on its lifespan. Factors such as _______________ will dramatically affect the condition of a tire over its lifetime

-Maintenance -Tire pressures, tread wear, sidewall weathering, wheel alignment, tire balance, tire rotation, and tire load rating

The total weight of the trailer included the trailer itself and all loaded equipment. When weighing the trailer, make sure ___________. One it has been weighed, ensure that ________

-Make sure that all equipment is accounted for -Ensure that additional equipment is not added -Every time equipment is added to the trailer, it should be re weighed

Humans have an increased need for sleep at certain times of the day, usually _____ and _____. Many FF's refer to these times as _______, as these hours are when fatigue tends to be the greatest. The need to sleep at particular times of the day can cause periods of extreme fatigue during a shift

-Midnight to 0400, and 1400 to 1600 -The witching hours

NFPA _____ states that the FD safety officer must monitor the driver training program and ensure that __________. The safety officer or ________ has the authority to immediately stop the driver training operation in the event that there is an unsafe condition

-NFPA 1451 -Ensure that all rules and procedures are properly followed -Or his designee

NFPA _____ requires each FD to implement a risk management program for vehicle operations. The purpose is to ________. Must include all vehicles, training, ops, PPE, and other vehicle related activity. FD must evaluate the effectiveness of the program a minimum of __________ and submit a report of the findings to the chief and members of _______

-NFPA 1451 -Identify and evaluate vehicle related risks and implement strategies to control the risks -Once every three years -Members of the health and safety committee

NFPA _____ states that only qualified persons should be assigned as driver trainers and these persons should, at a minimum, meet the qualifications for ________, as specified in NFPA 1041

-NFPA 1451 -Instructor I

NFPA ____ requires any FD that uses a data recorder to have a policy that requires a written procedure for:

-NFPA 1500 -Uploading, monitoring, and reviewing the data

NFPA _____ requires that all new fire apparatus be equipped with a vehicle data recorder. The standard requires that ________. NFPA also requires these devices to record the following information at least once every _______ and store the information in a ______:

-NFPA 1901 -The data be readily accessible to the FD without the need for expensive, proprietary software -At least once every second and store the info in a 48 hour loop -Information required: Speed, acceleration, deceleration, RPM, ABS event, seat occupied status, master optical warning device switch, time, date

As a rule of thumb, one inch of strap webbing equals _______ pounds of load. Make sure to properly match the straps to the gross weight of the vehicle using a safety margin of at least _____

-One inch of strap webbing = 10,000 lbs of load -2:1

When loading hose onto moving apparatus:

-One member must be designated as a safety observer and maintain visual and voice communication -Civilian traffic must be excluded from the area. If traffic must be allowed, must be under direct control from someone who it authorized (police or fire-police officer) -No faster than 5 mph -No standing in hose bed

Should the fire apparatus operator find themselves in a situation where they must drive somewhere to put air in a tire, it is recommended that the vehicle not be driven more than ____________ so as to prevent a __________. Should the vehicle have to drive more than this distance for air, make sure to _____________ before you leave the firehouse. Once you arrive at your destination, ____________

-One mile -False air pressure reading -Measure the air pressure in the tire and record the information -Check the air pressure again

Even if a new vehicle is purchased which is 100% NFPA compliant, it is important for fire apparatus operators to understand that a brand new vehicle is ____________. Newer apparatus may be __________

-Only as safe as the driver behind the wheel. ESC and an occupant protection system will do nothing to prevent a crash if the driver still speeds and drives recklessly to calls. -Newer apparatus may be more dangerous if the driver is not properly trained

When necessary, hose lines should only be driven over when: Avoid:

-Only when there is sufficient ground clearance under the apparatus -Avoid driving on couplings and cross the hose at no less than 45° to help prevent the hose from becoming tangled between the rear tires. Drive slowly and do not apply the brakes or turn the wheels, as it will increase the chance of damage to charged and uncharged hose lines

Tiller operators must be aware of __________ and ensure that they only steer the rear of the vehicle as much as necessary to safely complete a turn. Ideally, the tractor driver will operate the vehicle in a manner that __________. By __________ and _________, the tiller operator will have to make minimal steering corrections

-Overtillering -Does not require the tiller operator to steer much -Turning at an appropriate speed and properly positioning the vehicle prior to entering the turn

So that drivers don't forget wheel chocks:

-Paint them a bright, fluorescent color -Conduct a walk around -It is also helpful to place a sign or sticker somewhere at eye level when the driver enters the cab that says "CHOCK!"

When backing a trailer:

-Place hands on the bottom of the steering wheel. The trailer will go in the direction that the driver moves their hands -Use small movements, as the movement of the trailer will be exaggerated -Driver must not forget that the front of the tow vehicle will swing. Concentrating on the rear of the trailer and forgetting the front end swing can result in a crash -Use at least one spotter to ensure that the maneuver can be done with safety

For FF's who may be driving long distances, it is important to take breaks and constantly rotate drivers. FD's should consider policies which ___________. Most experts recommend some type of break every ____ hours or ____ miles of travel

-Policies which require multiple drivers if the apparatus is going to be driven longer than a few hours -Every 2 hours or 100 miles of travel

Knowing the weight of the equipment before buying a trailer will prevent __________. One the trailer is purchased, the equipment should be mounted in a way that _______

-Prevent problems in the future -Ensures a safe tongue weight

Before operating in an off road situation, ensure that the fire apparatus is equipped with _____, _____, _____, and _____. In order to ensure a safe recovery operation, the vehicle should be weight, and the recovery equipment should have a safety factor of at least _____. The vehicle must also be equipped with _________

-Properly rated straps, chains, hardware, and a winch -At least 2:1 -Properly rated recovery points which are securely mounted to the vehicle, such as tow hooks and brackets. Converted vehicle may only have hooks and rings that are meant to secure the vehicle to a delivery truck. If so, FD should consider installing aftermarket,

Before operating in an off road situation, ensure that the fire apparatus is equipped with _____, _____, _____, and _____. In order to ensure a safe recovery operation, the vehicle should be weight, and the recovery equipment should have a safety factor of at least _____. The vehicle must also be equipped with _________

-Properly rated straps, chains, hardware, and a winch -At least 2:1 -Properly rated recovery points which are securely mounted to the vehicle, such as tow hooks and brackets. Converted vehicle may only have hooks and rings that are meant to secure the vehicle to a delivery truck. If so, FD should consider installing aftermarket, properly rated recovery points. Check with vehicle manufacturer to determine which anchor points are safe to use. Anchor points should be accessible from the front and rear of the vehicle

The 5th wheel lockout is designed to __________. However, if it is not disengaged before driving, it may _________

-Provide better stability to the aerial device when the aerial is in service -It may put a bend in the vehicle which will cause poor handling as all of the tires will not be in full contact with the road

4x4 low is designed to _________. 4x4 low should only be used at slow speeds when traversing rough terrain. It will provide ________ and provide ________

-Provide more torque for off road use -More power to go up hills and provide increased engine braking to descend hills

There are many ways a fire department can find scales to weigh the fire apparatus. Many industrial facilities such as ___________, junk yards, and landfills have fixed scales. You can also have a portable scale brought to the station from the __________

-Quarries -Police department

Reducing the amount of time the brakes are used will help _______________, while also ________________

-Reduce the chance of brake fade -Increasing the lifespan of the brake components

Modified vehicles are often _________. To further compound the problem, modified vehicles are often placed in service as __________. When the inherent dangers of a fire apparatus are combined with modified or out of date equipment, _________

-Refurbished in-house and do not meet NFPA safety specifications -Water supply apparatus -Tragedy often results

Snow tires are made of a different rubber compound that is more pliable in cold weather. While the rubber in an all season tire may harden in cold weather, snow tires will ____________. Many experts recommend owning a set of snow tires in regions where the winter temperature regularly drops below ______

-Remain soft to better grip the road -45 degrees

The human body follows a predictable cycle which ____________. This helps determine a persons daily cycle, such as:

-Revolves around a 24 hour circadian clock. Most humans adapt to a normal circadian rhythm, which tends to follow the cycle of the sun -When they will wake up, eat, or feel sleepy

A tree trunk protector, or ________, is made of nylon webbing and non elastic (therefore it is safe to use as an anchor point). These should be wrapped around the anchor point and secured with ______ or ______

-Rigging strap -Secured with a D-shackle or clevis. Winch hook is then attached to the D-shackle so the vehicle can be pulled free

The first step in winch operations is _______. The selected anchor points should be secure and bomb proof. Ensure that the winch and rope are not overloaded and are properly secured. At least ____ wraps of rope should always be left on the spool. This will ensure that the connection point between the rope and the drum does not take all of the strain from the pull

-Safety -At least 5 wraps of rope

Because modified vehicles were not originally designed for the fire service, they often lack ___________. Furthermore, these vehicles are often ___________. These vehicles are often overweight, unstable, and are prone to crash because of __________

-Safety components that are important for the job of fire suppression -Retired from other agencies and are at the end of their useful lives -Subsequent aftermarket modifications

Black ice is more common in ______ and on _____. And more coming during ______, though it can form any time of day

-Shaded areas and on bridges and underpasses where air freely circulates -Early morning and early evening -Often forms on otherwise dry road

The number of plies in a tire indicates __________. In general, the greater number of plies, ___________. Tire manufacturers also must indicate the materials in the tire, which include ___________

-The number of layers of rubber coated fabric in the tire -The more weight a tire can support -Steel, nylon, polyester, and others

Compounding the stopping distance issue is _______ caused by the weather. Depending on the speed, a fire apparatus may require nearly _____ feet to perceive, react, and skid to a stop on an icy road

-The reduced sight distance -Nearly 400 feet

Limit the number of people allowed in a 15 passenger van. As the number of passengers increase, so does _______. Transporting more than ____ or ____ passenger greatly increases ________. Many studies suggest restricting the number of passengers in a 15 passenger van to _____, including the driver. To prevent more than ____ people from riding in the van, _________. This will prevent ______, which contributes to _______

-The risk of rollover -More than 6 or 7 passengers greatly increases the risk of rollover -9 people including the driver -To prevent more than 9 people, remove the rear seat -Prevent excess loading behind the rear axle, which contributes to reduced stability

To assist fire chiefs and administrators trying to justify a new apparatus, NFPA provides a detailed process to determine if a fire apparatus is obsolete. This evaluation is provided in Annex D of the NFPA 1901 standard and is an excellent resource for chiefs or administrators trying to fund the replacing of an aging apparatus. The annex makes a general observation that FD's should give serious thought to ________ of keeping an apparatus in front line service that is more than ___ years old. This is due to _________ that have been made in more recent editions of NFPA 1901. Annex D also provides detailed considerations that will help a FD to determine the efficacy of keeping, retrofitting, or replacing an older apparatus

-The risk versus benefits -More than 15 years old -The substantial improvements in fire apparatus safety

The reduced braking efficiency of a fire apparatus is attributed to ________ and the _________

-The rubber composition of the truck tires and the mechanical lag time of the air brake system

The size of a brake chamber depends on ____________ of the truck, as well as ____________. Brake chambers can range in size from 9, 12, 16, 20, 30, and 36 sq. in.

-The size and weight -On which axle it is located

The speed rating of a tire denotes _______________. The ratings range from ______ to ______. You may not find this information on all tires because ____________. For tires with a maximum speed capability over 149mph, tire manufacturers sometimes use the letters ____. For tires with a maximum speed capability over _____mph, tire manufacturers always use these letters

-The speed at which a tire is designed to be driven for extended periods of time -99 to 186mph -It is not required by law -ZR -186mph

If the department changes the tires during the life of the vehicle, check with tire manufacturer to ensure that ____________. This is because this information may have change from the original tires. If necessary, the engineering staff should ______________

-The tire inflation informations/charts and weight or load ratings/charts has not changed -Update the placard in the cab to reflect the new recommended inflation pressures

A tire's U.S. DOT tire identification number begins with the letters "DOT" and indicates that ________________. The next two numbers or letters are ____________, and the last four numbers represent ___________. The other numbers are marketing codes used at the manufacturers discretion. This information is used to ______________

-The tire meets all federal standards -The plant code where it was manufactured -The week and year the tire was built -Contact consumers if a tire defect requires a recall

UTQGS information-tread wear number indicates ____________. The higher the tread wear number is, ____________

-The tire's wear rate -The longer it should take for the tread to wear down

A tow vehicle and trailer may be more susceptible to skids or jackknifes if the trailer brakes are adjusted too powerfully or if _________. This is especially problematic with ________ and on slick roads

-The trailer is lightly loaded -Time delay brake controllers

In a part time AWD vehicle, _________. AWD is designed to handle slippery conditions on a paved highway, similar to driving in 4x4 high setting. The disadvantage of an AWD vehicle is _________

-The vehicle operates as a FWD until it senses a need for all four wheels -It's increased weight, which translates to lower fuel economy

While a professional fire apparatus operator must possess many traits, the most important is: Fire apparatus operators must be:

-Their attitude -Senior members who demonstrate a high level of maturity and authority. Must be strong willed

In an electro-magnetic retarder, _______________. When the device is activated, ______________

-There are a series of electrical coils placed around a flywheel -The electric coils energize and slow the flywheel with magnetism

If the ABS system has a fault or problem, more than likely _____________. These issues are more common with older vehicles, especially ____________, as the wires move back and forth thousands of times

-There is a bad wheel sensor, corroded or broken wire, or the system is sensing an electrical fault -On front steer axles

Road failure is more common when ___________. This may be caused by _________. The same holds true for un-paved roads

-There is a significant drop off at the road edge -Erosion, weather, and poor drainage may cause the road edge to become weak or non existent if it is washed away. While the road surface appears normal from above, there is no support under the asphalt surface

The disadvantage to surge brakes is the same as the advantage: Another issue with older surge brakes was the fact that:

-There is no controller in the cab of the tow vehicle, therefore the driver has no means to engage the trailer brakes separately -They may engage suddenly when going down steep hills or would not engage when going backwards

Many departments use the "deuce and a half" because _________. According to military specifications, the deuce and a half is designed to carry ______ off-road and ______ on a paved road. If it is equipped with anything greater than a _____ gallon tank, it will be overloaded. If the vehicle is going to be used off-road, it should carry no more than _____ gallons of water

-They are easily obtained through military surplus -2 1/2 tons (5,000lbs) off-road -5 tons (10,000lbs) on a paved road -1,200 gallon tank -600 gallons of water

FWD vehicles tend to have better traction on slick roads and better fuel economy because they do not weigh as much as other vehicles. The disadvantage to FWD vehicles is that _________, due to this they may not handle as well during high speed or performance driving. FWD vehicles are also susceptible to __________

-They tend to be nose heavy -Torque steering, may pull to one direction during heavy acceleration

Before the use of ABS was the concept of _________. This technique was designed to __________. Drivers were instructed to apply the brakes to the point where they felt the tires start to lock. And the tires started to lock, it was instructed to release the pressure on the brake pedal and manually pump the brakes. Engineers developed ABS due to the difficulties associated with this method; being difficult for a driver to remember and not easy to instruct

-Threshold braking -Prevent tire lockup and loss of steering control

If a vehicle is not equipped with ABS, the driver must remember _____________. If it is equipped with ABS, the driver must know a different method known as ___________

-Threshold braking -Stomp (stomp on the brake pedal), stay (stay on the brake pedal), and steer (steer around the hazard)

The two types of brake controllers are:

-Time delay: Voltage is applied gradually to the trailer brakes using a time delay circuit. The amount of force applied by the brake controller is preset by the driver. The time delay controller will always apply the preset amount of brake force no matter how hard the driver applies the brakes -Proportional system: The controller will sense how fast the tow vehicle is decelerating and apply the trailer brakes at the same intensity. This system is more expensive, but their are clear advantages, as the driver can regulate how forcefully the trailer brakes are applied

Towing a trailer requires an apparatus operator to slow down. Excess speed can cause _______, longer stopping distances, and safety issue related to curves and lane changes. This is especially true when __________ or _________

-Trailer sway -Especially true when driving off road or crossing uneven terrain such as construction zones or rail crossings

Make sure that all trailer hubs and bearings are well lubricated. This is especially true for _______ and ______. A bearing failure will result in _______. Check the hubs by ________ or ________. If one is significantly hotter than the other, it could indicate a problem

-Trailers that are not used very often and trailers that are used to launch boats into the water -Will result in an overheated axle which can result in mechanical failure or fire -By feeling them with your hand or using a TIC

According to NFPA standards, drivers must complete formal hands on training at least: In addition, drivers must receive:

-Twice a year -Annual reauthorization to drive each rig

Most tires blowout because they are ___________, causing them to __________ and ___________

-Under inflated -Overheat and explode

Passive rail crossing warning systems are used at ___________ and are not equipped with __________

-Unguarded rail crossings -Safety gates

When purchasing a trailer, the FD should also consider the purchase of an aftermarket sway control system. Once a system is purchased, tow vehicle operators should receive extensive training on how the individual system works. These systems use _____ or ______ to reduce trailer sway. It will pay for itself if it prevents just one sway induced collision. Sway control systems are constructed to provide ________ so the trailer no longer pivots around the hitch

-Use friction or a cam like device -Provide lateral stability

The tiller operator must stay in constant contact with the tractor operator. Tiller operator must keep the tractor operator constantly updated on the situation using __________, or ________. The tractor driver must also be sure to communicate with the tiller operator and keep them constantly apprised of ____________

-Vehicle based intercom systems -A manual system such as a horn -The planned route of travel and upcoming turns

There may be times when it is too dangerous to drive the fire apparatus close to an incident scene. This is especially true when responding to __________. In these instances, it may be best to:

-Vehicle crashes that have occurred at the base of a steep hill or on a slick curve -Use the apparatus to block the roadway and stop anymore vehicles from driving on the road. Protecting the scene and walking to the incident may be better than risking the entire apparatus

Cognitive distractions will decrease the variability of lane positioning, while _________ increase the variability of lane positioning

-Visual distractions When drivers take their eyes off the road, they tend to drift in and out of the lane. However, when drivers are thinking or talking on the phone, they tend to come out and do not maneuver in and out of the lane when needed

RWD vehicles tend to have better acceleration because ___________. They also tend to have better weight distribution, which improves ______ and _______. The disadvantage of a RWD vehicle is that __________

-Weight shift puts more weight on the rear tires when accelerating, improving the tires ability to grip the road -It may have poor handling on a slick road. The rear end will tend to break traction and slide out, inducing an oversteer

A policy refers to: A procedure: Some experts believe that if a member deviates from a written procedure in the slightest manner, it may result in legal action should something go wrong. For this reason, many FD's use the term _______ instead of procedure. FD should always check with legal counsel to ensure that their policies and procedures allow members to effectively do their job without exposing them to unnecessary liability

-What the department wants the members to do -Lays put guidelines for how it should be done -"Guideline" instead of procedure

Studies indicate that an average person will metabolize alcohol at a rate of approximately ________

0.015% per hour

Coefficient of friction measurements typically range from _____ to _____. With higher numbers corresponding to stickier roadways

0.2 to 0.9

A vehicle will routinely experience ____ g's of lateral acceleration during a normal drive

0.25 g's

One study demonstrated that aight shift reduced a vehicles rollover threshold from ______ to ______

0.45 to 0.26

Fire apparatus minimum requirements for rollover threshold _______

0.49 to 0.62

NFPA requirement demonstrates that most modern day fire apparatus will be able to absorb just _________ lateral g's without rolling over

0.50 to 0.60

The radius of the friction circle will be equal to the drag factor of the road. The drag factor of a dry, asphalt roadway usually falls around ______

0.75

The second step of checking an air brake system is to check the slack adjusters. Park on level ground and chock the wheels. Release the parking brake so the inspector can move the slack adjusters. If the slack adjust moves __________ or more, it needs to be adjusted

1 inch

In addition to friction issues, rain-soaked roads can induce ___________

A hydroplane

During a brake pad friction fade situation, one theory is that when the brake pad overheats, the binding agent in the brake pad starts to give off gas. This has forms ________________ resulting in reduced braking efficiency

A layer between the brake pad and drum or rotor

A typical vehicle has a contact patch that is approximately the size of __________

A man's hand

Apparatus operators must be prepared for ______ when responding during heavy storms. This is especially true for drivers who may be pulling a trailer

A gust of wind

In 2002, while rollovers only accounted for 2% of all crashes, rollover accounted for nearly ______ of all fatal crashes

1/3

A siren must rise to a level at least _____ higher than the ambient noise inside a vehicle to be effectively heard by a driver

10 dB

One study demonstrated that in order to detect an emergency siren, a person using a driving simulator required the sound pressure level to be _______ higher than a person not using a driving simulator

10 dB

Studies indicate that the attenuation of the vehicle structure would be reduced by approximately _______ if the driver was sitting still with the window down

10 dB

Fire apparatus are driven on roads with a travel lane usually no wider than _________ feet

10 to 12 feet

Driving with the windows down can increase the interior noise level by _______

10 to 15 dB

Studies have shown that half of the unbelted occupants who died in rollover crashes were totally ejected from the vehicle, and another ____ percent were partially ejected

10%

Most modern day vehicles will require approximately ____________ of sound just outside the drivers window to penetrate into the passenger compartment

106 to 110 dB

On average, sirens produce a maximum of ______ 10 feet in front of the siren speaker

124 dB

If a hazard is emerging more than ____ degrees from the front of the vehicle, a driver will likely have to turn their entire head to focus on the problem

15

Studies concluded that signal levels 6-10 dB above the masked threshold will ensure 100% detectability, and that signal levels approximately ______ above the masked threshold are recommended for ensuring rapid response from the listener

15 dB

Fire trucks are typically replaced every ___, ___, or ____ years

15, 20, or 25 years

Infrared activated preemption systems are much more discrete and often used on unmarked police cars, and have an average range of ______ feet

1500 feet

The radius of a 90 degree intersection corner could be as low as 30-60 feet. A speed as low as ____ mph may create lateral g-force that exceeds the rollover threshold causing the fire apparatus to rollover

15mph

Many safety organizations recommend that driving responsibilities be shared every ___ hours and that overnight travel be avoided

2 hours

Understand that the slope of the hill may be too severe for the parking brake to hold. There may be times when:

A member has to sit in the cab with a foot on the brake. Under these circumstances, ask yourself if the vehicle should be there in the first place

Microsleep occurs when:

A person nods off for a few seconds. Common in a person who's extremely tired

To lose the feeling of chronic fatigue, it is not unusual for:

A person to require several full night of sleep to lose the feeling. The only way to reduce this sense of fatigue is to catch up on sleep

NFPA requires all apparatus to have a hose storage area equipped with:

A positive means to prevent the unintentional deployment (secured by a retention system) of hose from the top, sides, front, and rear of of hose storage area when the vehicle is in motion. If you notice that hose is about to, or has deployed, stop immediately and take corrective action

A negative right of way intersection is an intersection where the fire apparatus faces ____________

A red light, stop sign, or other traffic control device

Anchor points should be secure and bombproof. Avoid using items that are not securely anchored into the ground. In the event that there are no natural anchor points:

A second vehicle may have to act as an anchor point. In this case, make sure the parking brake is set, vehicle is in neutral, and the wheels are properly chocked. Anchor straps should be securely fastened to the recovery points on the stuck vehicle. Do not attach to a tow ball, as a tow ball is designed to handle the downward force of a trailer tongue, not the pulling force of a winch. If possible, use a strap that is designed to attach to two recovery points, as this will more evenly distribute the pulling force on the stuck vehicle reducing the force on a single recovery point

A publication by the European Road Safety Observation provides the following explanation; Sleepiness is the drive for sleep, while fatigue can be seen as:

A signal from the body that we should end the ongoing activity, whether it's physical, mental, or just being awake

Because the trailer hitch is located behind the rear axle, the trailer may have enough leverage to move the read end of the tow vehicle back and forth, creating an oscillating effect. Severe oscillations can cause the tow vehicles rear end to fishtail. Trailer sway is more common in vehicles with ______ and ________

A soft suspension and a longer distance between the rear axle and the hitch

Taking a few extra moments to back the apparatus into a safe position at the beginning of an incidents may put the vehicle in a better position to fight the fire. This is especially true for:

Aerial devices or water tankers

Vehicle recorder data should be downloaded:

After every run, or after every shift for a career dept

As few fire departments provide training on the proper operation of _________, this CDL exemption creates a serious training gap for firefighters

Air brakes

Improper brake adjustment or improper repairs can lead to a brake imbalance. A vehicle can experience brake imbalance for many reasons, including mismatched parts and failing relay valves. There are two common types of brake imbalance: __________ and _________

Air imbalance and torque imbalance

Pulling on the parking brake knob allows ____________

Air to escape from the spring brake side of the chamber

July, 2000 study by Turtle Plastics "Field Testing and Standard Evaluation of Wheel Chocks Manufactured from Recycled High-Density Polyethylene", was designed to examine the effectiveness of plastic chocks vs aluminum under both static and dynamic conditions. -Static testing, 3° incline

All three chocks held firmly. For the aluminum chock, vehicle rolled forward slightly until the tire fully engaged the chock and vehicle came to a stop

Differentials are designed to:

Allow the outside tires to spin quicker than the inside tires, preventing the inside tire from being dragged

The larger tread of a snow tire will _______________

Allow the tire to expel the snow and slush to give the tire a better grip

A proper reconnaissance of the first due area may help to identify unsupported road edges before the road is used. If there are roads that may be unsafe to drive on, ____________

Alternate routes should be considered for response

In an electromagnetic braking system:

An electrical current is send through an electromagnet found inside the brake drum. When the electromagnet is energized, it is attracted to the metal brake drum. As the magnet moves towards the brake drum, it causes an arm to move forward, spreading the brake shoes and applying the brakes

In addiction to a loss of lateral control, the energy of the water wave sloshing back and forth against the inside of the tank can contribute to _________

An increased stopping distance

To counter the loss of steering control caused by a skidding tire, auto manufacturers developed __________

Antilock brakes

Parking brake "Sag Loss":

As the vehicles brake chambers age, the repeated compression and expansion of the power spring can result in a loss of parking brake power. May be okay on flat ground, but move if parked on a steep grade

Any change in a vehicle's direction of travel results in __________

Acceleration

The gap in traffic required to safely make a maneuver depends on the speed of the oncoming traffic, the ______________, and the road conditions at the time

Acceleration rate of the vehicle making the maneuver

So that fire apparatus operators can keep both hands on the wheel, the fire officer should:

Act as a co-pilot, doing as much as possible to prevent the driver from becoming manually or visually distracted. Such as sounding the air horns, working the siren, or operating the radio

While ESC systems measure and correct a vehicle in an under steer or oversteer situation, _______ will attempt to actively interrupt a vehicle that is about to rollover

Active rollover protection (ARP)

In a tripped rollover, ARP will engage an _____________ which will produce a force in the opposite direction of the rolling force in an attempt to push the vehicle back onto its wheels

Active suspension system

A choker chain can be used as an anchor strap for winch operations Advantage: Disadvantage:

Advantage: It can be used on sharp objects that may cut through a nylon tree trunk protector Disadvantage: May damage the anchor point (may not be an issue)

Most manufacturers strongly discourage driver over a hose line under any circumstances. However, at times it might be absolutely necessary. If a hose must be driven over:

Attempt to drive over it when the line is charged. More damage is likely to occur when driving over an uncharged hose line

Modern day vehicles are designed to keep noise out. The process of keeping noise out is known as ________

Attenuation

If it is not practical to plan an emergency response route that avoids grade crossings, selections of crossings that are equipped with _______________ is preferable to selection of those that are not. All planning should include identification of the location at the crossing from which a driver or other observer assigned to the apparatus can see the maximum available distance down the tracks on both sides

Automatic warning devices

Center of gravity determines the ____________

Average height above the ground of the vehicles mass

The obvious choice for railroad crossings is to ______________

Avoid them all together

The friction circle of each apparatus will differ based on several factors including; speed, tire stiffness, air pressure, and ___________

Axle weights

If the vehicle stalls while climbing a hill:

Back down and try again. You may need to gather some speed, depending on the ground conditions and limitations of the vehicle

Draw bar is the bar that the bitch bar attaches to, also called a _____, and comes in two sizes

Ball mount, 1 1/4" and 2" square

NFPA 1901 states that all water tanks shall __________

Be provided with baffles or swash partitions to form containment cells or dynamic water movement control

As stiffer suspension components made the vehicle more stable, the vehicle gave ___________ to the driver as it was driven closer and closer to the point of impending rollover

Better feedback

A bald tire will have ___________________ than a treaded tire

Better traction on a dry road

The USAF P-18 study provided five recommendations to increase rollover safety among crash trucks. These are applicable to all fire apparatus 1. Speed notification device 2. Governor 3. Rollover warning device 4. __________ 5. Dual tires on the rear axle

Black box

If the gap between the brake pad and drum is large enough, the pushrod will __________

Bottom out

A hydraulic braking system works quickly because __________

Brake fluid is non compressible

Federal guidelines require the driver of a commercial vehicle to possess a ___________. However, many states exempt fire apparatus from this requirement

CDL

Before purchasing a tow vehicle:

Calculate the weight of the trailer and all of the loaded equipment

When multiple emergency vehicles drive directly behind each other to the same emergency, it is called __________

Caravanning

Rollover crashes are highly lethal and often caused by ____________ and excess speed

Careless or inattentive driving

If one brake begins to fade, it's no longer doing its share of work, and the other brakes will have to work harder to burn off the kinetic energy. The brakes that are still working will be more prone to overheating. Eventually, all of the brakes may enter a fade situation and the vehicle will lose its braking ability. This is known as a _____________

Cascade failure

An out of adjustment brake may lead to a _____________

Cascade failure of the braking system

Lateral acceleration pushes the vehicle from side to side and is noticeable to the driver and passengers as ___________

Centrifugal force

A _______________ protocol should be used when negotiating an unprotected rail crossing

Challenge-response protocol

Tire tread is designed to __________________________

Channel and push rain, slush, and snow out of the way and allow the rubber tire face to come in contact with the road surface

The most obvious indication of an under steer is that the driver turns the wheel but the vehicle still goes straight. Another indication is front tires _________

Chattering

Preventing a backing crash usually comes down to:

Common sense

Whenever fire apparatus operators spot black ice, they should:

Communicate the location of the ice to other apparatus operators to allow them to take the appropriate precautions to avoid driving over the ice and losing control

While NFPA provides procedures and equipment requirements to increase seatbelt use among FF's, nothing will change until the fire service undergoes a ______________

Complete culture shift

If a winch pull is to be made extremely close to the load or anchor point, consider:

Consider using snatch blocks to create a mechanical advantage, and increase the amount of rope that is unspooled

The likelihood that an object will come to the attention of a driver is known as:

Conspicuity. An object which is more conspicuous may draw the drivers attention more than an object that is in the drivers direct field of view

This method of tank baffling uses a series of swash plates to divide the tank into a series of smaller, interconnected compartments

Containment method

When there is a limited amount of room on the far side of the railroad tracks, the area is referred to as the _________ or _________ area

Containment or storage area

An oversteer situation is more dangerous, because the vehicle becomes unstable. A vehicle that is under steering is still dynamically stable. While the driver has lost the ability to steer, the vehicle will simply ___________

Continue in a straight line as it travels off the road

Studies have demonstrated that sleepiness and fatigue both result in:

Decreased mental and physical capacity

A study conducted by Carnegie Mellon University discovered that when a person listen to spoken sentences, activity in the portion of the brain that controls spatial processing decreases by ____ percent, as compared to someone who was performing an undisturbed driving task

Decreases by 37%

Each time a new technology is developed to increase the use of seatbelts, FF's find a way to __________

Defeat the technology

Factors to be considered when examining a tripped rollover; speed when the apparatus struck the object, height of the object, and the suspension and tire ____________ of the apparatus

Deflection

While the severity of a rollover crash depends on how many times the vehicle rolled over, the severity of a non rollover crash is gauged by ______

Delta-V

Installing a __________ will help reduce the amount of glare experienced by other fire apparatus operators in the caravan

Dimmer switch

Tractor drivers and tiller operators must remember to _________ prior to leaving a scene

Disengage the 5th wheel lockout

The two methods of slowing a vehicle without using the brakes are: _______________________

Downshifting and the use of an auxiliary braking device

In a vehicle with a low center of gravity, the tires will break traction with the road and slide out when the vehicle generates more lateral g-force than the available __________

Drag factor of the roadway

Fire apparatus operators must always expect the unexpected. Regardless of the district the driver protects, a professional fire apparatus operator should always:

Drive in a defensive fashion, constantly scanning ahead and expecting the worst

Manual distraction causes:

Drivers to take their hands off the wheel

Tractor drivers and tiller operators must understand situations that will cause a jackknife and know how to prevent them: 1. Over application of power to the tractor 2. Failure to turn off engine brake in inclement weather 3. Aggressive braking 4. ____________

Driving on two different surfaces. When this occurs, one set of wheels may be more prone to lose traction

According to a published NHTSA report, a two-axle vehicle that weighs 27,300lbs consistently performs better with the front axle limiting valve in the ___________ position, even in a wet road surface

Dry road

FD's that still own and operate older vehicles equipped with limiting valves should adopt policies and address in training programs that require the switch to be left in the __________ position at all times

Dry road

Most vehicles equipped with air brakes utilize a ___________ for redundancy and safety

Dual system

This method of tank baffling uses a series of baffles to disrupt the movement of water by changing its direction of travel. These baffles are often staggered so that the changing direction of the water creates a turbulent motion that results in the water absorbing most of its own energy

Dynamic method

Various names for ESC include; 1. Dynamic stability control 2. Vehicle stability control 3. __________ Among others

Dynamic stability and traction control

If a vehicle enters an under steer, the driver should ___________. The driver may also have to straighten the wheel to allow the tires to begin to rotate again and regain traction

Ease off the offending pedal

During a crash, in restrained FF's are often ________, resulting in serious injuries or death

Ejected

LED headlights:

Electrical current flows through specially designed semiconductors. The current flow results in photons of ultraviolet radiation being given off. This UV radiation stimulates phosphors which gives off visible lights. LED works much more efficiently, and less influenced by vibration and shock

To prevent a brake fluid fade situation, mechanics recommend that the brake system be flushed every ________ years

Every few years

As the pushrod stroke grows longer, the angle between the pushrod and the slack adjuster will ___________

Exceed 90 degrees

None of these standards in regards to seatbelts provide _________ for special activities

Exemptions

Be especially aware of railroad crossings that have ___________ or ___________

Faulty signals or gates that activate for no reason

Don't cover up symptoms.... _______________

Find the cause

If a FF is experiencing a medically related sleep disorder:

Fire officers and administrators should examine the problem and attempt to rectify the situation. Solutions may include alternative sleeping arrangements or shift alterations to account for the medical condition

Apparatus operators must be cautious when turning from one road onto another if the roads are __________

Made of different materials. Drivers must slow down and use cars when turning off of an asphalt road and onto a gravel or dirt road

Communication is the key to safe tiller operations. The tiller operator is at the mercy of the tractor driver. For this reason, it is helpful to ______________

Maintain operating teams for tiller ladders. By working together on a regular basis, each driver can learn and anticipate the actions of the other

When using a recovery strap, the recovering vehicle should gently drive forward in first gear. Once the slack has been taken up, then start to pull the stuck vehicle. If possible, the stuck vehicle can apply power and assist in the recovery. Do not connect the two vehicles by tying a knot in the strap and making a loop. Instead:

Make sure that the strap is choked on itself and secured to designated anchor points on both vehicles

Untripped rollovers are also called _________

Maneuver induced rollovers

The rollover threshold of a trailer may be less than that of the tow vehicle because:

Many trailers are taller than the tow vehicle

Politicians may not understand that the high costs associated with keeping an out of date vehicle on the road may ______________. These facts must be carefully detailed and explained to those in control of the finances

May surpass the long term cost of replacing the apparatus

The reduced braking efficiency of a fire apparatus is a result of the rubber composition of the truck tires and the ___________

Mechanical lag time of the air brake system

In regards to valve stem caps, most manufacturers recommend ___________ with a _________ to ensure that air cannot leak out through the valve stem. Keeping a few extra valve stem caps in the engineering room is a good idea

Metal valve stem caps with a strong rubber gasket

The most common examples of modified fire apparatus include ___________ or _________

Military surplus vehicles or liquid transporting vehicles such as petroleum tankers or milk trucks

When selecting a winch for a vehicle, most manufacturers recommend _________. Remember that unwinding the winch rope affects the rated capacity of the winch

Multiplying the weight of the vehicle by 1.5 (15k winch for 10k pound vehicle)

The driver should switch to 4x4 low before it is needed to prevent the vehicle from getting stuck or bogged down. When switching to 4x4 low, it is important to know if the vehicle must _____ or _____

Must slow to 2-3 mph or come to a full stop

While driver training and vehicle operations are referenced in other NFPA standards, these are the definitive standards for driver training and vehicle operations:

NFPA 1002, 1451, and 1500

NFPA _____ provides guidance on how hose loading operations should take place

NFPA 1451

NFPA _____ requires initial training and annual retraining on traffic preemption systems

NFPA 1451

NFPA _____ requires a complete stop under the following circumstances 1. When directed by a LE officer 2. Red lights 3. Stop signs 4. Negative right of way intersections 5. Blind intersections 6. When the driver cannot account for all lanes of traffic at an intersection 7. When other intersection hazards are present 8. For school bus with flashing warning lights

NFPA 1500

NFPA ______ and ______ requires all equipment inside the cab to be properly mounted by "secure mechanical means", or stored in a compartment with a positive latching door

NFPA 1500 and 1901

NFPA _____ addresses the use of seatbelts and member riding on the outside of fire apparatus during wild land firefighter operations

NFPA 1500: The Fire Line Safety Committee (FLSC) and National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) strongly recommend that two FF's, each with a hose like, walk ahead and aside of the vehicles path, both FF's on the same side of the vehicle, in clear view of the driver, with the vehicle being driven in uninvolved terrain. This allows FF's to operate in an unhurried manner, with clear view of fire conditions and the success of extinguishment. Areas not extinguished should not be passed unless follow up crews are operating behind the lead unit and there is no danger to escape routes or to personnel

Installing baffles inside water tanks can reduce liquid surge. Baffles are partitions that act as a shock absorber to help reduce the energy of a surging liquid load. NFPA _____ discusses two types of tank baffling methods

NFPA 1901

NFPA _____ addresses the issue of fire apparatus rollover thresholds. If the vehicle is unable to meet the requirements, it must be equipped with a stability control system

NFPA 1901

When purchasing a trailer for FD operations, FD's should consult with NFPA ________

NFPA 1901 Chapter 26

According to NFPA _______, fire departments must have each apparatus weighed on an annual basis to ensure that the vehicle is not overweight. This standard provides detailed instructions and worksheets on how to properly weigh the apparatus. This include adding the weight of the firefighter who may be riding the apparatus

NFPA 1911

Another method for braking inspection is provided in NFPA ______ standard for service tests of fire pump systems and fire apparatus section (7.12) "braking systems"

NFPA 1911

NFPA ______ contains an entire chapter detailing when a fire apparatus must be taken out of service for mechanical problems

NFPA 1911

A fire apparatus traveling on icy roads will require nearly ______ as much distance to come to a stop

Nearly twice

A person who shows up at the fire house under the influence of drugs or alcohol _________. This type of behavior clearly shows lack of judgement

Needs help

The amount of time and distance required for the civilian driver to see or hear the apparatus, localize it, react, and take the appropriate action to yield the right of way is know as ___________

Notice of approach

Any time a FF is prescribed medication, it is important to:

Notify the shift commander and determine if they are fit for duty

A trailer will affect the vehicles ability to turn, take corners, and change lanes. The position of the trailers axles will cause the trailer to:

Off-track (the trailer wheels will travel in a different line from the tow vehicle)

While seatbelt sensors and occupant protection systems are useful tools, nothing will compare to _______________

Old fashioned peer pressure

According to data provided by "Operation Lifesaver", it will take a train traveling 55mph over _________ to come to an emergency stop

One mile

Average saccade time can be as long as _________ on a clear day

One third of a second

In a mechanical brake fade situation, when the driver pushes the brake pedal all the way to the floor and nothing happens, the brake chamber has pushed the pushrod as far as it can go (the pushrod only has so much stroke). It can only expand and spread the brake shoes so far. However, due to a ___________, the brake shoes are no longer able to effectively press the brake pads against the lining of the drum

Overheated and swollen brake drum

Brake fade is caused by ___________

Overheated brakes

Excess speed may force the tiller operator to ___________

Oversteer and lose control

The braking efficiency of a commercial motor vehicle can also be affected by _______. This is a result of the braking system's inability to burn off excess kinetic energy. Excess kinetic energy is the result of an _________ or _________

Overweight vehicle or excess speed

If the department trains its fire apparatus operators to check the brake system in house, the check should be done as _____________

Part of a daily, weekly, or monthly vehicle inspection

Two types of warning systems used at rail crossings ____________

Passive and active warning systems

When a person uses senses to gather information, this process is known as __________

Perception

While perception and reaction time is the amount of time it takes a driver to perceive and react to a hazard, the distance the vehicle travels during this time is known as __________

Perception and reaction distance

The time it takes for a person to detect, identify, and react to a hazard is known as __________ ___ ________ ____

Perception and reaction time

Emergency agencies should implement policies that prohibit the use of cell phone while operating an emergency vehicle, even though:

Some states provide exemptions for emergency responders

If a brake is found out of adjustment, fire apparatus operators should _____________

Place the vehicle out of service and have a qualified technician make the proper repairs

Soft spots in the road are often caused by ___________

Poor drainage, because when water can't run off the road, it tends to pool and create areas of mud or soft soil

For practicing braking maneuvers, it is best to __________. If the department has the finances to purchase a specialized system that can be mounted to a large apparatus to prevent a rollover during this type of training, it would be ideal

Practice these maneuvers with smaller vehicles that have a low center of gravity

The overall level of lighting will influence the _____, _____, and ____ from which a person can detect and identify an object

Speed, accuracy, and distance

Roll or yaw

Spin around its center of gravity

Approaching a green light can also be dangerous, especially when it has been green for an extended amount of time. This is known as a __________

Stale green light

The human brain is unable to multitask. Instead, the brain ___________

Prioritizes the tasks and then switches back and forth from one task to another. As the brain because overloaded, it will begin to filter out certain information, sometimes critical information, because the driver cannot consciously decide what information is filtered out

Disadvantages to electromagnetic brakes include:

Problems when the trailer is used infrequently. If not Maintained, rust can accumulate on the brake components and reduce the effectiveness of the electromagnet. Another disadvantage is that an electromagnetic braking system requires a brake controller

NFPA 1901

Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus

NFPA 1002

Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications

NFPA 1451

Standard for a fire service vehicle operations training program

NFPA 1911

Standard for the Inspection, Maintenance, Testing, and Retirement of In-Service Automotive Fire Apparatus

While a rollover crash may be survivable, the occupants must stay within the ____________ of the vehicle to increase their chances of surviving

Protective envelope

In the event that impaired driving does occur within the department, contingency plans must be in place to properly deal with the offender, as well as ___________

Provide them with a safe way home and long term rehabilitation

NFPA 1500

Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program

Installation of traffic preemption devices is controlled by __________

State Highway administrators

The decision to install active rail crossing warning systems is usually left to ____________

State highway authorities

The formula to calculate the rollover threshold is known as the __________

Static stability factor

If a vehicle is rounding a curve at a steady speed with no acceleration, this would be considered a __________ because all of the grip between the tire and the road is available to use in the lateral direction

Steady state curve

Anytime a driver turns the wheel, they create an artificial curve in the road. A driver who turns the wheel too sharply will create a curve in the road which may induce a rollover. This is known as a __________

Steering induced rollover

Untripped rollovers are usually associated with a __________ at a relatively high speed

Steering maneuver

Often, the only option to improve a vehicles rollover threshold is to __________

Stiffen the suspension

Fire department policies and procedures regarding railroad crossings should include a requirement for fire apparatus to ___________

Stop at all railroad crossings

If there is more than one lane at a negative right of way intersection, be sure to _________

Stop at each lane

When approaching a railroad crossing, fire apparatus operators must take note of any _______ on the near side of the tracks

Stop lines

Service brakes are used to ______________

Stop the truck during routine driving

The following procedures should be used when arriving at the rail crossing; 1. Turn off sirens, air horns, and other sound producing devices 2. Slow down, open the windows, and look both ways to see if a train is approaching 3. At crossings with sight obstructions or severe curves, _________________

Stop the vehicle and ask a crew member to get out and check down the track

Train horns may not be audible when a vehicle siren is operating. Engine and cab noise may be sufficient to obscure the sound of train horns. It may be be necessary for drivers of large vehicles to ________________

Stop the vehicle, idle the engine, turn off all radios and other noise producing devices (fans, wipers, etc), lower the window, and listen for a trains horn before entering the grade crossing

The distance it takes a vehicle to come to a stop is known as

Stopping distance

The minimum sight distance required to perceive, react, and bring the vehicle to a safe stop is known as ___________

Stopping sight distance

The distance the pushrod has to travel to properly apply the brakes is known as _________

Stroke

One of the most effective methods for fighting fatigue is:

The "Caffeine Nap" Drink a cup of coffee then immediately take a 15-20 min nap. Anything longer than 15-20 min will result in a deeper stage of sleep that will take time for a person to recover from. If a person sleeps 15 min, they will wake up just as the caffeine is reaching the brain and beginning to block the chemical which causes the feeling of tiredness

FF's should only be allowed to stand on the moving apparatus after several conditions have been met, the first condition being:

The FD has a written procedure which outlines the safety requirements for loading hose onto a moving apparatus

If a member should notice an issue with a railroad crossing, it should be immediately reported to ____________. There should be a placard at the crossing with a contact phone number. It is also important to keep a list of contact number for these groups

Rail agencies

The most common weather hazard faced by fire apparatus operators, and the most common cause of all weather related fatalities is:

Rain. Drivers tend to overlook the danger of driving in the rain and fail to change their driving habits accordingly

When a vehicle is retired from its original profession and then placed in service as a fire truck, it is important to ___________

Reassess the weight and load ratings of the tire

When the sound of a siren strikes the body of a vehicle, the body of the vehicle blocks and _________ the sound over the surface of the car

Redistributes

The best way to prevent a vehicle from rolling over is to ____________

Reduce the speed of the vehicle

A winch's maximum pulling capacity is rated with the first layer of rope wound on the drum. The pulling capacity is reduced as more layers wind into the drum. In average, each layer of rope wrapped around the drum will reduce the pulling power by approximately ____ to ____ percent. FD's should create charts for the apparatus which provide the pull capacity of the winch based on how many layers of rope are wound on the drum

Reduced by approximately 10 to 15% per layer wrapped around the drum

If a company is given a truck with malfunctioning seatbelts, the FF's should ____________

Refuse to ride it

If equipment has been added or removed from a trailer:

Reweigh and ensure that the tongue weight had not changed

According to a NHTSA study, a ________ is the greatest contributing factor to an unbelted occupant being ejected from the vehicle

Rollover

In the case of a __________ crash, the kinematics inside the vehicle are very complex

Rollover

If the lateral g-force exceeds the _________ of the vehicle, it will rollover

Rollover threshold

The first step in determining the speed at which a vehicle will experience an untripped rollover is calculating the vehicles ___________

Rollover threshold

One of the most dangerous issues related to a rollover is __________. This is especially true for older apparatus and some commercial chassis

Roof crush

Tiller operators must be aware of the difficulties that may be associated with backing an apparatus that steers with a tiller wheel. There will be times, especially with inexperienced drivers, when ________________. Constant drilling on backing maneuvers is necessary to ensure that tiller operators have complete control over the rear of the vehicle

The brain has trouble comprehending what the arms want the steering wheel to do

As more passengers are loaded into a 15 passenger van, _____________

The center of gravity shifts higher and towards the rear of the vehicle

Contrast is defined as:

The characteristics which make something appear different from something else. The contrast of an object will help determine how accurately and how quickly it can be seen. The contrast of an object against its background and the amount of illumination will determine the visibility of an object

July, 2000 study by Turtle Plastics "Field Testing and Standard Evaluation of Wheel Chocks Manufactured from Recycled High-Density Polyethylene", was designed to examine the effectiveness of plastic chocks vs aluminum under both static and dynamic conditions. -Dynamic testing, 30° incline

The chock was placed 3" in front of the tire. The truck was allowed to roll 2" before engaging the chock. With the aluminum chock, the truck rolled approximately 10-15" with the chock wedged in front of the tire before the chock dug into the road and stopped the vehicle. Due to the poor performance of the plastic chock during 30° static testing, it was not tested on a 30° dynamic incline

To determine the total stopping distance of a vehicle, each piece must be ____________

Separately calculated and then added together

Air brake chambers are divided into two sides, which are: _________________

Service brake side and spring brake side

In combination vehicles, the trailer crack pressure is often ____________ than the tractor crack pressure

Set lower

July, 2000 study by Turtle Plastics "Field Testing and Standard Evaluation of Wheel Chocks Manufactured from Recycled High-Density Polyethylene", was designed to examine the effectiveness of plastic chocks vs aluminum under both static and dynamic conditions. -Dynamic testing, 3° incline

The chock was placed 4" in front of the tire. The truck was allowed to roll 4" before engaging the chock. All three chocks held firmly and stopped the vehicle

If your vehicle is involved in a crash, one of the first things a crash investigator is going to do is check ____________ and ______________

The condition and adjustment of the brake system

When a driver slams on the brakes and attempts to use the vehicles full braking ability, the distance it takes a vehicle to skid to a stop will depend on the speed of the vehicle and __________

The drag factor of the roadway

A FD vehicle safety program is only as good as:

The driver training program. Many of these do not thoroughly address vehicle dynamics and crash causation

Infants should not be positioned in a ______________ orientation

Side facing

Drivers must ensure that there is enough ________ to safely turn from one road to another without cutting off another vehicle

Sight distance

The distance a driver can see is known as _________

Sight distance

The equation used to calculate the braking distance of a vehicle is known as the _________

Skid to stop formula

________ is especially dangerous in fire apparatus that operate with a partially loaded water tank, such as a wildfire tender

Slosh

Just as many FF's are killed as a result of a vehicle crash as _____________

Smoke inhalation

The best method for preventing a skid in the longitudinal direction is __________

Smooth braking and acceleration

Young drivers do not have ________ or _______ to operate specialized vehicles under stressful conditions

The experience or maturity

Expectancy is defined as:

The feeling that something is going to happen. This plays a large role in driver safety

Service brakes may also be called ____________

Foundation brakes

Moisture and oil may build up in the air tank reservoir which may ____________ or __________. This is why it is important to make sure that the tank is drained properly

Freeze in cold temperatures or fill the tank with fluid

The amount of siren blocked out by the structure of a vehicle will depend on several factors, the most important of which is the make, model, and sound insulation properties of the vehicle, as well as __________ of the penetrating sound

Frequency composition

When the wheels lock, the brake pad is no longer rubbing against the disc or drum. Instead, the kinetic energy is converted into heat energy by the _____________

Friction of the tire rubbing across the road surface

There may be times when a driver uses sound, vibration, or _______ to detect and identify a hazard

G-force

To prevent curve related crashes, every fire apparatus driver training program must include a thorough understand of ________ and curve dynamics

G-force

Active rail crossing warning systems are used at busier rail crossings and include ___________ and __________ when a train is approaching

Gates that close and lights that flash

The key to providing a civilian driver with adequate notice of approach is ___________

Giving civilian drivers time to recognize the emergency vehicle and make an appropriate driving decision

During a brake pad friction fade situation, one theory is that the binding agents in the brake pad will start to melt at higher temperatures and create a slick surface on the brake pad. The slick brake pad will result in reduced braking efficiency as it is no longer able to effectively grip the drum or rotor. This is known as _________

Glazing

Types of traffic preemption devices include; light emitting/infrared activated, sound activated, _________, and radio activated

Global positioning

An emergency vehicle does not have the right of way until the civilian vehicle perceives, reacts, and _________

Grants the emergency vehicle the right of way

Halogen headlight vs HID

Halogen: Contains a tungsten filament inside an envelope filled with halogen gas. When the filament heat up, it gives off light, which is directed off mirrors and prisms. Not as efficient as HID, as most of the energy is wasted as heat HID: Electricity arcs between two electrodes which produces light. The electrodes are enclosed in a quartz envelope filled with a combination of xenon and other gases selected to produce light with a similar color spectrum to daylight. Improperly aimed HID can cause glare for oncoming drivers

In most cases, the driver will apply the brakes and convert the kinetic energy into _______ __________ so it can be dissipated into the atmosphere

Heat energy

Fire apparatus operators should make a habit of checking the actual temperature of the road surface using:

Heat gun or TIC

Tow packages typically include a heavy duty engine with a ___________, oversized mirrors, _________, and ________

Heavy duty engine with transmission cooler, oversized mirrors, heavy duty rear suspension, and specialized wiring and circuitry for the trailer

NFPA 1500 requires FF's to wear ________ and _______ when riding in an open cab or an open filled seat

Helmets and eye protection

If a vehicle with a low rollover threshold is driven on a roadway with a _______ coefficient of friction, there will be little warning before the vehicle rolls over. The vehicle will rollover well before the tires start to break traction and make noise

High coefficient of friction (dry road)

Backing crashes are typically considered:

High frequency, low severity crashes. However, an examination of recent case studies indicates that a number of backing crashes have resulted in serious or fatal injuries

The NFPA requirement for _____________ makes it easy for a driver to look back and be sure that everyone is in compliance before pulling out the door. New apparatus should include a mirror in the cab to assist the driver with this task

High visibility seatbelts

In situations where a lack of pay is causing FF's to have to work multiple jobs, it may be helpful for union administrators to _________ in hopes of securing increased pay

Highlight the issue of chronic fatigue

During normal operations, the spring brake side of the chamber is pressurized with air. This air pressure compresses a powerful spring, which _______________________

Holds the brake in a released position and allows the wheel to spin freely

These can be used to avoid driving over charged hose lines:

Hose ramps. Ensure that it is tall enough to allow the apparatus to mount the hose line without striking or rubbing it

The effective range of a siren is directly related to ___________

How loud the siren is

Chapter 6 of NFPA 1911 provides detailed requirements on _____________

How to place a vehicle out of service so that it is not inadvertently driven by another member

The braking efficiency of a vehicle determines ___________

How well the braking system will stop a skidding vehicle

A blood alcohol concentration (BAC) over the legal limit is considered a "per se" rule, which means that ______________

If a driver is over this limit, they can be criminally charged regardless of the circumstances

_______________ is still recommended as an additional tool for backing safety with tiller ladders

Installation and use of a backup camera

Another issue of the preemption system is the __________ in surrounding jurisdictions

Interoperability

A recovery strap:

Is used by one vehicle to pull or "snatch" another vehicle that is stuck. They are often made of nylon and have elastic properties, which allow it to stretch out, transferring the stretching energy to the trapped vehicle and pulling it back onto the road. These should never be used as anchor points

First arriving apparatus should be laying a supply line whenever possible, because:

It is important to ensure a reliable water source before initiating interior operations. This is due to todays highly combustible fire loads

The rollover threshold of a passenger car is often above the maneuvering limits of the vehicle, meaning ____________

It is next to impossible for a civilian driver to maneuver the vehicle in such a way as to trigger an untripped rollover on a normal highway

The only difference in data recorded by the engine control module vs the "black box" is:

It is not as readily accessible in the engine control module as in the black box

If a repair affects the safe operating of the vehicle, ______________

It should be taking out of service and the proper authority must be notified

Due to differences in the crack pressure of the air relay valves, a light application of the brake system may not charge the brake system with enough pressure to activate all of the brakes. Snub braking is now the recommended method of braking when descending a long heads. Snub braking will produce the same amount of heat as a long, soft application of the brakes. The advantage to snub braking is that ___________

It will prevent an air imbalance caused by differences in crack pressures

One of the greatest concerns with tractor trailer operations is __________

Jackknife

The first step in trailer safety is:

Knowing how much weight the tow vehicle can pull. The tow capacity should be in the owners manual, and door sill plate

Financial limitations placed on the leaders of a FD are often out of their control. Fire departments in rural areas are faced with smaller populations which limit the tax base from which to draw. Ironically, it's these rural fire departments that require ____________

Larger and more dangerous vehicles, such as water tenders, which should be equipped with advanced safety equipment

When ABS is activated, it prevents the tires from skidding and using all longitudinal friction. By doing this, there is still _________ left for steering

Lateral friction

Rollover warning systems alert the driver when the _________ acting in the vehicle is too dangerous. Most of these systems resemble a turn-bank indicator on an airplane

Lateral g-force

The handling characteristics of a vehicle are often judged by the amount of ___________ a vehicle can experience without rolling over or losing control

Lateral g-force

Running against the governed speed will _____________

Leave no room for error should a tire blowout occur

NFPA 1901 only requires a rollover threshold which may be less than ______ of a passenger car

Less than half

As with any skid control, the first step is ___________

Let off the offending pedal

During an oversteer situation, ____________ may help bring the rear of the vehicle back in line and correct the yaw

Light acceleration

Departments should consider policies that prohibit ___________ when towing a trailer

Lights and sirens

Fire apparatus operators must understand the need for complete stops at negative right away intersections due to __________________ of the warning siren

Limited effective range

Older fire apparatus may be equipped with a _____________. This is located inside the cab and allows the driver to reduce the pressure on the front brakes by up to half

Limiting valve or wet/dry switch

The only time FF's are allowed to stand on the tail step, side steps, or running boards while the vehicle is in motion:

Loading hose

The vast majority of FD's operate on two lane highways, otherwise known as _______

Local roads

To combat the problem of vehicles blocking out siren sounds, siren manufacturers have developed _________ sirens that are better able to penetrate the body of a civilian vehicle

Low frequency

If two vehicles have the same width, the vehicle with the higher center gravity will have a ________ rollover threshold

Lower

In situations where there is limited sight distance and the issue cannot be resolved through other means, traffic engineers may ___________

Lower the speed limit

Fire apparatus operators must also remember to account for the time and distance it will take for a civilian driver to perceive, react, and _______ _______ _______ ________ _______

Yield the right of way to an approaching fire apparatus

NFPA 1451 states that the FF should consider ___________ of _________ as the primary concern in the specification, design, construction, acquisition, operation, maintenance, inspection, and repair of all FD vehicles

The health and safety of vehicle occupants

The rollover threshold of a vehicle is a relationship between _____________

The height of center of gravity and the track width

The most important piece of the vehicle safety puzzle is:

The operator

A vehicle equipped with ESC has sensors which detect how a vehicle is moving or sliding around its center of mass. These sensors are able to determine the vehicles heading in relation to _________

The position of the steering wheel

In order to facilitate the use of a seatbelt by emergency medical responders, fire departments must first identify _______________

The primary patient care position

Slack adjusters are designed to ensure that the pushrod maintains ____________ to ensure full braking efficiency. If the slack adjuster is loose, there is an underlying problem that is causing excessive wear of the brakes

The proper stroke

Even if a vehicle is equipped with automatic slack adjusters, ________________

The pushrod stroke should be check on a regular basis

Never park on railroad tracks unless the rail agency has been notified and ______________

The rail traffic has been suspended

Always use chocks when the vehicle is parked. At a minimum:

The rear tires should be chocked in front and in back of the tire

Water slosh inside a fire apparatus water or foam tank is the direct result of inertia. Inertia is defined as______________

The resistance of an object to any change in its speed or direction of motion

The amount of force the brake chamber can create depends upon ______________ and ______________. Applying 100 psi to a size 20 brake chamber results in 2,000lbs of force on the pushrod

The size of the chamber and the air pressure being applied

In addition to the terrain, drivers must also account for ________ of the winch pull. Drivers must first calculate this, then take into account the ground factor. Adding these two values together will give the total winch pull

The slope

Factors that will affect a vehicle's skid distance include; speed, road conditions, braking efficiency of the vehicle, and ___________

The slope of the road

The downside to air brakes is _____________

The time it takes to pressurize the system with enough power to engage the brakes. This is known as "lag time"

In a weight distribution hitch:

The tongue weight is distributed according the tow vehicles entire frame using long rods called "spring bars". Some of the weight is transferred to the front axle of the tow vehicle. This will help prevent the rear of the tow vehicle from sagging and lifting the front end

Adding the braking distance to the perception and reaction distance will determine __________

The total stopping distance of the vehicle

A trailer must be inspected and maintained on a regular basis. This is especially true if:

The trailer is parked outside where it is under constant attack from the elements

If a vehicle is traveling too fast, the tire is spinning to quickly, and ____________________. Instead, a wedge of water builds up in front of the tire and eventually the tire climbs on top of the wedge of water. This causes hydroplaning

The tread does not have enough time to push all of the water out of the way

NFPA 1911 states that a fire service tire should be replaced when _________ exceeds state or federal standards

The tread wear

Tunnel vision, sirencide, and poor judgement may all result from:

The unique stress related to driving an emergency vehicle. Chiefs, officers, and drivers must understand how stress will affect the drivers ability to safely handle a vehicle

Most of the current studies related to cognitive distractions revolve around:

The use of cell phones. The results of these studies also apply to anything that distracts a persons attention while driving

If the tire is under inflated and unable to be fixed:

The vehicle should be taken out of service until a new tire can be installed

In addition to oversteering, the tiller operator must be constantly aware of ________

The vehicles overhang

The stability of a vehicle is directly related to _________

The vehicles rollover threshold

The amount of ambient noise inside a vehicle depends on ___________, volume of the radio, the fan setting, and other noise inside a vehicle

The vehicles speed

Trailer hitches are divided into classes depending upon:

Their weight carrying capacities. Values will vary between a weight carrying vs weight distributing hitch

Seatbelts should include ________ harnesses

Three point

Traffic fatalities occur ______ times more often at night than during the day

Three times more often

NFPA requirements regarding seatbelt use are straight forward. The apparatus should never move unless everyone inside the apparatus is wearing a seatbelt. There are three exceptions to this rule; urgent patient care in an ambulance, hose loading operations, and ___________

Tiller training

A key element to safe driving is the ability to see oncoming traffic and then judge if there is enough _______ and ________ to make a maneuver on a roadway

Time and distance

Drivers of unloaded vehicles must be especially aware of the potential for __________

Tire lock up

The key to navigating a negative right of way intersection is _______

To come to a complete stop

Ensure that trailer chains are used at all times and that the chains are crossed. The reason for crossing the chains is:

To create a "nest" so if the hitch fails, the tongue of the trailer will drop into the next instead of slamming into the ground

Drivers must understand that their primary goal is:

To get FF's to a destination safely

It is important for tiller operators to remember that their primary purpose is __________

To keep the vehicle straight and in line when driving down the street. Tillering the vehicle should only be done when needed. If the vehicle is not in line, it is much wider and at a higher risk for a crash

The first step in safe trailer operations is:

To properly secure the trailer to the tow vehicle. Must ensure the connection is secure and that there is a proper amount of tongue weight. Drivers also must ensure that the trailer and tow vehicle are equally matched in height and that they are both level and parallel to the ground. The latch on the coupler must be properly secured with a padlock or other locking device

Once a fire apparatus leaves the road and strikes an object, the chances are very high that the vehicle will experience a ____________

Tripped rollover

True or false: 4x4 low will not provide more traction, only more torque

True

True or false: Drive over ground obstructions, don't straddle them

True

True or false: 4x4 high is not designed for rough off road conditions

True. It is designed for slippery conditions like loose dirt, gravel, or sand

True or false: A winch rope should be stretched before it's first use

True. Refer to manufacturers recommendations on this procedure

If the vehicle begins to slide while traversing a cross-slope:

Turn the tires in the direction of the slide and release the brakes and throttle. This may allow the vehicle to regain rolling traction and allow the driver to regain control of the vehicle. If the driver continues to allow the tires to slide sideways, it may induce a tripped rollover

If a vehicle enters an oversteer, the driver should ease off the offending pedal and _____________

Turn the wheel in the opposite direction of the spin (known as counter-steering)

If water mixes with the brake fluid, it may __________, causing a fluid fade situation

Turn to steam

NFPA requires all apparatus operators to notify the FD if their license is no longer valid. However, because they may fail to do this, FD's should conduct routine drivers license checks on every member at least:

Twice a year

An ________ inflated tire will hydroplane at a lower speed

Under inflated

Just as a doctor needs to learn anatomy and physiology, a fire apparatus operator must:

Understand the dynamics of a moving vehicle to become a safe and effective driver

A spinning vehicle is more difficult to control than a vehicle that is simply pushing off the road. This is one reason why most manufacturers will strive to design a vehicle that __________

Understeers instead of oversteers

During inclement weather, volunteers should try to park in a garage or _______

Use a tarp to cover the windshield

When using the brakes over long distances on loose terrain, it is better to ________

Use the retarding force of the engine instead of the service brakes. This will help prevent the wheels from locking

Tow straps:

Used to pull a vehicle behind another when the wheels of the towed vehicle can move freely. Typically made from polyester and are not elastic like a recovery strap. Should not be used for snatching because the lack of elasticity may cause the strap to break

If it is difficult to make a straight winch pull, consider:

Using a snatch block to another solid anchor point to adjust the path of the rope

If the brake system starts to overheat, the brake fluid will start to ___________, and it becomes compressible

Vaporize

Wheel chocks are not optional. They are an integral part of:

Vehicle safety and crash prevention

After calculating the drag factor of the road and speed of the vehicle, it is possible to determine the __________

Vehicle's braking distance

Many factors play a part in determining the total stopping distance of a vehicle, including the reaction time of the driver, road conditions, _______ _______ _______, how forcefully the driver applies the brakes, and the speed of the vehicle.

Vehicles braking efficiency

Delta-V is the change in a vehicles _______ over a period of time

Velocity

The three primary type of distracted driving:

Visual (most commonly envisioned when drivers think of distracted driving), manual, and cognitive

According to NFPA 1500, if a driver cannot see a lane of traffic because of an obstruction, the driver must _________

Wait the the obstruction to clear, or wait for green light

The installation of a "strut" on the P-18 crash trucks reduced the amount of __________ experienced by the vehicle and increased the amount of lateral g-force the vehicle could absorb before it rolled over

Weight shift

Locking differential:

Wheels on the axle are locked together and will both spin at the same speed when torque is applied. If one wheel is on a slick surface, they will be equal rotational speed and unequal torque at each wheel

Each driver should have an individual file which documents:

Which apparatus they are certified to drive, initial training, annual training, license status and information, and annual medical reports

During a skid, the vehicle will behave differently depending on _________

Which tires are skidding on the roadway

A tiller ladder will jackknife when any of the tires break traction. How the tiller will lose control depends on __________

Which tires break traction

Limited slip differential:

Will allow the tires to rotate at different speeds, preventing wheel slip during turns. Will also allow torque transfer between tires when needed. Many modern day vehicles are equipped with LSD

If an apparatus oversteers, the rear tires will break traction and the rear end will start to spin around its center of gravity. This is known as _____

Yaw

The two types of g-force are _________

1. Longitudinal g-force 2. Lateral g-force

NFPA _____ requires fire apparatus operators to have training on specific hazards related to fire apparatus operations. The list of these hazards is quite lengthy and is included in ____________. In addition to hazards found in this, NFPA (same as above) makes reference to several other hazards directly related to the standard. These hazards are: 1. Personnel must be trained to inspect and identify all pinch and crush points on each apparatus 2. Once identified, FD must: 3. Personnel who climb or operate aerial ladder must: 4. Drivers must be trained to recognize the location of the air intake and understand: 5. Understand the danger of operating a Diesel engine around fuel vapors 6. Must be trained on proper methods of _______ before removing inlet or discharge caps 7. Drivers assigned to an aerial apparatus must: 8. Trained to safely enter and exit the cab and to ascend and descend any stairs, steps, or ladders: 9. __________

-Appendix B of the NFPA 1451 standard 1. Such as the aerial ladder, ladder racks, etc 2. Implement procedures to enable personnel to perform their job while avoiding these pinch and crush points 3. Be trained to recognize and avoid the danger of climbing or standing on a ladder while it's being extended or retracted 4. Understand how burning embers may go into the intake and cause a fire 5. May cause engine to runaway 6. Eliminating pressure in a hose line 7. Be trained in the safe operation of the device 8. Must face the apparatus at all times and maintain three points of contact 9. FD must train members in the hazards of responding in a privately owned vehicle. Also a policy that requires use of protective equipment and clothing when responding on an unconventional means of transportation

NFPA 1451 requires vehicles to be inspected ___________. These types of inspections should include __________. The truck should be started to make sure it is properly functioning and __________. For career departments, vehicles should be checked ________. For volunteer departments, they should be checked _______. Members who complete these inspections should be ________. The FD must maintain ________ to ensure that the members are performing proper inspections or repairs

-At least weekly and within 24hrs after an emergency response -Include all of the vehicles safety features -All fluid levels should be checked on a regular basis -Career: daily -Volunteer: at least weekly -Well versed in the basic operating of the vehicle and able to make minor repairs -Instructions and manuals for each apparatus

Sleepiness and fatigue are usually not an issue for a fire apparatus operator whose is responding lights and sirens to an emergency call because _________. However, there may be situations when fatigue becomes a problem, such as:

-Because most emergencies are located just minutes from the firehouse, and the adrenaline and excitement of the call will overwhelm the feeling of sleepiness or fatigue -Long drives to training schools and conferences, or a long distance response to a large incident. Another common issue if the long drive home after a shift

The distance it takes a vehicle to brake to a stop is known as the __________. If the driver locks the tires and skids, this phase is often called the _________

-Braking distance -Skid distance

The different types of tire chain systems include: ___________. Most chain manufacturers recommend keeping the vehicle under ____ mph

-Cable chains -Traditional chains -Automatic chains -Under 25mph

Every routine apparatus check should include a close examination of the tire pressures using a ______________ on all of the tires, especially ____________

-Calibrated pressure gauge -Especially the inside dual tires

Trailer sway can be prevented by: If the trailer starts to sway, the driver should:

-Can be prevented by ensuring that the trailer tongue weight is properly distributed, a sway control system is in use, and the driver maintains a safe speed -Let off the accelerator, take a firm grip of the wheel, and try to keep the tow and trailer combination stable and in a straight line. Engaging the electromagnetic brake controller may cause the trailer sway to dampen

Fog lights can give the driver a false sense of security by helping them to feel comfortable about road positioning, this can lead to higher speeds. Fog lights will illuminate the area directly in front of the vehicle and cause _______. Fog lamps should only be used when needed and _______. One of the causes of fog related crashes is ______

-Cause the drivers pupils to constrict, and they will not be able to see as far down the road -At low speeds -The fact that the vehicles driving in the fog often slow down to different speeds to account for the fog, and drivers behind them do not slow as much. Many chain reaction crashes are started this way

It is important to understand that looking out for each other does not mean turning a blind eye to a problem. This is especially true when dealing with _______________. Supervisors should trained to properly identify and recognize __________, it should be obvious. They should also be thoroughly trained on how to handle this situation should it arise. Looking out for each other means having the courage to ___________. This type of courage will require a supervisor to ____________ and ____________. Looking out for each other also means providing __________. In large departments, this may mean __________. For smaller or volunteer departments, it may mean ___________. In the long term, it is more beneficial to ____________ rather than _________

-Drug and alcohol abuse, as these issues can be career and life altering due to their severity -The signs and symptoms of drug and alcohol abuse -Stand up and address the problem -Immediately initiate disciplinary action and prevent an impaired member from hurting himself, other members, or the public -The proper support and treatment for a member in need of assistance -Putting a member in contact with an employee assistance program -Scheduling an intervention or providing moral support to get the affected member into a treatment program -It is more beneficial to address the problem head on, rather than look the other way

Skid distance of a fire apparatus at 50mph on a road with no slope. Dry road with 0.75 coefficient of friction is _____ feet. Wet road with 0.4 coefficient of friction is _____ feet

-Dry road = 171ft -Wet road = 321ft

Kinetic energy is the ___________. The amount of kinetic energy depends on the vehicle's ________ and _______

-Energy of motion -Size and speed

When possible, downshift the tow vehicle and use the retarding force of the engine to slow the vehicle. Using the transmission for speed control will reduce wear on the brakes and ensure that _____________. This is especially important when _________, and beware of brake fade

-Ensure that the brakes are cool and ready to use should they be needed in an emergency -Descending long grades or steep hills

These things, either separately or in combination, can cause heat build up and possible tire failure: ____________

-Excessive speed -Under inflation -Excessive loading

Wet or muddy soil can be dangerous, as it has a tendency to ___________, reducing the vehicles ability to stop and steer. Remember that _________ gives the best traction, while loose, dry soil can cause the tires to spin during acceleration or lockup while braking

-Fill the tire tread and turn the tires into skis -Damp soil

When selecting a location to conduct driver training exercises, it is important to __________. One the location has been selected, the department must implement safety procedures before the exercise, which include: 1. If more than one vehicle will be used, separate them into safe areas 2. Agreement on hand signals to be used during backing exercises 3. Control of all members and vehicles that will operate in the training area 4. ______ 5. ______

-Find a safe location for the members, apparatus, and bystanders. Ideal locations are large parking lots that can easily be secured, or remote training locations 4. Ensuring an adequate number of instructors and safety personnel for each exercise 5. A pre trip inspection of each vehicle that will be used for training

NFPA standards for fire apparatus relate directly to _________ and cannot be ignored. Instead, these requirements should be _________

-Firefighter safety -Embraced by fire service leaders and used as powerful tools to help move a FD and it's equipment into the future

Rain can have a significant effect on the coefficient of friction of the roadway. This is especially true within the first ____ min of rainfall, because at the beginning of rainfall, the rain will cause __________

-First 30 minutes of rainfall -Cause oils and debris to float to the surface, further reducing the coefficient of friction

In a properly inflated tire, the contact patch is __________. In an under inflated tire, the contact patch will _____________. Under inflated tires may also lead to ___________. In an overinflated tire, the tire may ____________. There may be a wear ring around the center of the tire and the vehicle may give a stiff ride

-Flat -Start to cup -Develop a "U" shaped contact patch

Does tiller, if the tractor driver takes a turn at 25mph, the vehicle will travel _____ in 2 seconds. If the driver takes the same turn at 10mph, the vehicle will only travel _____ in 2 seconds. While 44ft may not seem like a lot, it may be the difference between the tiller operator steering around a hazard instead of hitting it

-For 25mph, it will travel 73ft in 2 seconds -For 10mph, it will travel 29ft in 2 seconds

Regarding tank baffles, fuel trucks ________. Milk trucks _______. Prior to placing any modified vehicle in service, there must be _________

-Fuel trucks are equipped with simple compartments designed to carry different types of fuel -Mile trucks have no baffles at all, as it is too difficult to sanitize a baffled tank -A thorough inspection of the water tank to ensure that a proper baffling system in in place

NFPA 1500 section 10.1.5 addresses the use of alcohol and controlled substances: Members who are under the influence of alcohol or drugs shall ________. If any member, career or volunteer, reports for duty under the influence of any substance that impairs the members mental or physical capacity, __________. Evidence of substance abuse could include various factors such as ***all the normal signs of intoxication by alcohol or drugs***. The possibility of liability exists if _____________. A member who is believed to be under the influence of alcohol or drugs cannot _____________, until the condition of the member has been determined and verified

-Shall not participate in any FD operations or other duties -This situation cannot be tolerated -If a member who is believed to be under the influence of alcohol or drugs is allowed to remain on duty, operate or drive equipment or vehicles on duty, or to drive a private vehicle from the duty site -Be allowed to operate equipment or drive a vehicle, including a private vehicle

In a dual brake system, there is a _____________, but ___________. One system will operate the rear brakes, while the other system will operate the front brakes. The two systems are referred to as _____________. The reason for this concept is simple: if ________________, the entire vehicle does not lose all of the brakes

-Single set of brake controls, but two separate air brake systems -Primary and secondary systems -If one brake system fails, the entire vehicle does not lose all of the brakes

The pride and ownership inherent in the fire service can sometimes _______________. The pride that keeps the apparatus waxed, shined, and parade ready may deceive the politicians in charge of funding, because ____________. Due to this lack of knowledge, FD administrators must _____________

-Sometimes be it's own worst enemy -They are not looking for safety features, they will only remember the excellent condition of the exterior of the vehicle. They are judging the book by its cover -Take strides to properly educate the public on the importance of NFPA compliance

Because trains are not required to ____________ at private grade crossings, it is necessary to ________________ before entering a crossing

-Sound their horns -Visually determine that no train is approaching

The perception and reaction distance will depend on the ____________ and the _____________

-Speed of the vehicle -Amount of time it takes the driver to perceive and react

The main factors that affect whether a vehicle will under steer or oversteer include; weight distribution, weight shift, __________, _________, tire stiffness, and tire pressures

-Suspension geometry -Brake adjustments

A cognitive distraction will _______. One of the most common cognitive distractions is _______

-Take the drivers mind off the road. Drivers often underestimate the danger of not paying attention -Talking on a phone while driving. Studies show that there is little difference in the number of crashes caused by handheld vs hands free cell phones

NFPA specifically requires all fire apparatus to be equipped with working seat belts. If there is a malfunction with the seatbelt, that riding position is to be ______________. If the drivers seatbelt is malfunctioning, ____________

-Taken out of service -The entire rig must be placed out of service

After making a turn, the tractor operator must ensure _____________. Accelerating too quickly may not give enough time for this to happen, causing ___________

-That the tiller operator has brought the trailer back in line with the tractor and the wheels have been straightened -May cause the trailer to oversteer and strike an object

Once a vehicle repair is complete, the FD must ensure ___________. Repairs and preventative maintenance should _________________

-That the vehicle is re inspected before being placed back in service -Only be completed by qualified personnel, preferably an emergency vehicle technician

An important consideration when driving in 4x4 low is the vehicles crawl ratio. Crawl ratio is _______. A low crawl ratio is useful when _____, as it allows the driver to _______

-The ability to travel over rough terrain in first gear at idle speed without having to depress the clutch to keep the vehicle from stalling -When descending a hill, as it allows the driver to maintain a slow controllable speed without using the brakes. Applying the brakes on a loose or slippery surface could cause the wheels to lock and skid. A constant application of the brakes on a long downhill graded could also cause the brakes to overheat and fade

Some retarders are set to activate when your foot comes off the throttle. Others are set to activate when _______________. And finally, some retarders have a __________________. Each retarder has different power settings such as "high" vs "low", or __________

-The brake pedal is depressed -Separate hand control so that the device can be manually activated -Percentage points

While many states do not require a CDL to operate fire apparatus, _______________. Because of this, fire apparatus drivers must be thoroughly versed in ________________

-The driver will still be held to the same legal requirements as a CDL driver -How to complete a pre trip inspection and place the vehicle out of service if criteria is met

In a hydraulic braked vehicle, the stopping power of the braking system is generated by ____________. In an air brake system, it is generated by the energy of __________

-The drivers muscle power -The energy of compressed air

Vehicle data recorders have also been in civilian vehicles since _______. They are commonly referred to as _______, and are found on all modern vehicles. They are used to deploy air bags and crash avoidance equipment. When there is enough jerk, or if airbags deploy, it will record:

-The early 1990s -Event data recorders -Up to 5 seconds of pre impact data

As the vehicles speed increases, ________. This is especially true in an unforgiving vehicle such as _______

-The margin for error decreases -15 passenger van

In a surge brake system: Surge brakes are often used on:

-The momentum of the decelerating trailer will cause the brake system to activate -Rental trailers and boat trailers. Dipping the trailer into salt water to launch a boat could have negative effects on an electromagnetic brake system

Before proposing an apparatus purchase, take the time to prepare a presentation which will __________. Start the presentation with a picture of the fire truck and __________. This will help the audience __________. Once the groundwork has been laid, provide _____________. The final part of the presentation should include _______________. By presenting a detailed cost analysis, FD leaders can __________

-What year it was built, then explain what was happening in the world at that time. Most importantly, show other vehicles that were new that year, because while they may not recognize an older fire apparatus, they will definitely recognize an older car -This will help the audience put the age of the vehicle into a context they can understand -Provide a comprehensive explanation as to what is missing from the current vehicle -A detailed breakdown of maintenance costs and expenses for the vehicle, as this often reveals that the cost of owning an older fire truck is more than the cost of owning a new one -Show how a new apparatus will actually save money in the long run

Freezing rain occurs when: When sleet forms:

-When raindrops fall through a thin layer of cold air. They do not spend enough time in the cold layer to freeze, but will immediately freeze when landing on a cold surface. Common cause of black ice -The raindrop travels through a thicker layer of cold air. Because if spends more time traveling through the thick layer of cold air, it has time to freeze into an ice pellet before landing on the ground

Black ice can form:

-When the air temp near the road surface is less than 32° F and rain is falling -Result of melting snow, water run off, or at fire scenes where hoses and pumps are in use -Result of condensation from vehicle exhaust. Be careful when approaching an intersection where vehicles may have been stopped waiting for a traffic light -Also if the temp is above 32° F, if the weather should suddenly warm while the road surface is still below freezing, water deposited in the road may still turn to ice. This can be deceiving because drivers are not expecting icy road conditions because of the warmer weather

The university of Michigan research institute conducted a study of fatal truck crashes caused by tire blowouts. This study only addresses crashes that resulted in fatalities, it is unknown how many occurred that did not result in a fatality In general, the fatal truck crashes precipitated by a blowout can be divided into the following three scenarios: 1. If the LF tire blows, the truck will lose control to the left and veer into oncoming or adjacent traffic, and rolls immediately or after collision with another vehicles. These crashes are primarily multiple vehicle crashes; ____ of the ____ involved two or more vehicles 2. If the RF tire blows, the truck loses control to the right and veers off the road and rolls or collided with roadside structures, or both. These are typically single vehicle crashes. ____ out of ____ RF tire blowouts were single vehicle crashes 3. If a drive or trailer axle tire blows, typically (though not always), __________ In some cases, the crash is entirely unrelated to the flat tire

1. 15 of the 22 2. 10 out of 13 -The truck will remain under control

According to the USFA emergency vehicle safety initiative, three out of four people who are ejected from a vehicle will die. 1. ____ out of 10 fatalities in rollover crashes involve occupant ejection. 2. Occupants are ____ times more likely to be thrown from the vehicle during a rollover when not wearing seat belts 3. ____ percent of FF's killed in vehicle crashes were not wearing seat belts 4. Only 3% of crashes in the US are rollovers, yet rollover deaths represent _______ of all occupant fatalities (over 10,000 people each year)

1. 8 out of 10 2. 22 times more likely 3. 80% 4. One third

The recommended practice for snub braking is as follows: 1. ___________ 2. ___________ 3. When speed has increased to a safe speed, repeat steps 1 and 2

1. Apply the brakes hard enough to feel a slowdown in the vehicle 2. When vehicle speed has been reduced to around 5mph below a safe speed, release the brakes (about 3 seconds)

To understand jackknifing, consider the three following circumstances and the results of these: 1. _______ 2. _______ 3. _______ 4. _______ 5. _______

1. Front tires of tractor lock: lose steering control and usually skid in a straight line 2. Rear tires of tractor lock: the rear of the tractor will want to spin around and pull the trailer with it. This will result in jackknife 3. Rear tires of the tractor lose traction due to sudden increase in power: the rear of the tractor will want to spin around and pull trailer with it, resulting in jackknife 4. Rear tires of tractor lose traction due to engine brake being left on during inclement weather: rear of the tractor will want to spin around and pull trailer with it, resulting in jackknife 5. Trailer tires lock: the trailer will be at risk of swinging out from behind the tractor, causing loss of control. ***Because the trailer has a tendency to swing slower than the tractor, the driver can often see the trailer start to swing and attempt to correct this problem***

Advantages of removing all SCBA's from the cab

1. Helps ensure seatbelt use 2. Gives the officer time to size up the situation 3. Reduce leg and knee injuries

At any given time each engine piston is performing one of four functions: 1. ___________ 2. Compression 3. ___________ 4. Exhaust

1. Induction: the piston is sucking air into the cylinder 3. Power: the piston is in the midst of firing the air/fuel combination and creating power

Constantly adjusting an automatic slack adjuster is ________________

Indicative of a larger problem

IAFC zero tolerance for alcohol and drinking in the fire and emergency service; a leadership policy statement from the IAFC (adopted by the board of directors, August 14, 2003): 1. If someone has consumed alcohol within the previous _____, or __________, they must ______________ 2. No member of an FD or emergency services agency shall participate in any aspect under the influence of alcohol 3. _____________ 4. FD and emergency services agencies which raise funds by operating or renting social halls must provide __________ to help ensure the zero tolerance standard of alcohol consumption by their members who may be called upon to perform official duties

1. Within the previous 8 hours, or is still noticeably impaired by alcohol consumed previous to the 8 hours 1.2. Voluntarily remove themselves from all activities and functions 3. No alcohol shall be on the premises of any operational portion of the FD including, but not limited to, the apparatus, apparatus floor, living areas, etc 4. Provide a clear and distinct separation of facilities

In addition to the zero tolerance policy established by the IAFC, the issue of alcohol and motor vehicle operation is specifically addressed in the "guide to IAFC model policies and procedure for emergency vehicle safety". The IAFC states: 1. Fire dept members are not permitted to be on duty, or perform any duty related functions while under the influence of alcohol 2. Fire dept members should not perform any duty related functions for a minimum of ____ following the consumption of alcohol. A longer waiting period may be require to ensure they are free of impairment. A BAC of ____ or higher while on duty should create the presumption that the member is under the influence of alcohol 3. The driver and officer of any FD vehicle involved in an accident that causes measurable property damage, injury or death shall ___________. In addition, a chief officer may require a member to be tested for the presence of drugs or alcohol at any time, upon __________

2. Minimum of 8 hours 2.2. 0.02% or higher 3. Be tested for the presence of alcohol or drugs with the least possible delay 3.2. Upon reasonable suspicion that the member could be under the influence of drugs or alcohol

When driving in sand: 1. Keep moving at all times so as to not become bogged down 2. Reduce tire pressures to hell balloon the tires, increasing surface area. The proper air pressure will depend on _______ 3. ________ 4. If the vehicle becomes stuck: 5. Don't spin the tires in sand, as it may dig deeper 6. If possible roll to a stop because ________ 7. ___________

2. The consistency of the sand 3. If tire pressures are reduced, there is a higher likelihood that the tire bead may separate from the rim 6. Applying the brakes may cause the vehicle to skid or dig into the sand 7. Reinflate tires immediately upon returning to the pavement

NHTSA lists the following three scenarios as common causes of van related rollover crashes: 1. Van goes off a rural road. When this occurs, the van is likely to overturn if it strikes a ditch or embankment, trips on an object, or runs into soft soil 2. ______ 3. _______

2. The driver is fatigued or driving too fast for conditions 3. A driver induces a steering over correction as a panic reaction to a roadway emergency or a wheel dropping off the pavement

Radial ply construction of tires has been the industry standard for the past ____ years

20

For step #7 of testing the air brake system, check for spring brake activation. Park on level ground and chock the wheels. Release the parking brake and shut off the engine. Step on and off the brake pedal to reduce air pressure in the brake system. The parking brake knob should pop out when the air pressure reaches _____ to _____

20 to 40psi (depending on manufacturers specifications)

During a winch operation: 1. Members do not stand in the area of the winch rope, it will snap back if it breaks 2. Avoid touching winch rope that is under tension and inspect to make sure there is no damage or fraud before making a pull 3. Wear gloves at all times, as some ropes may develop burrs or slices 4. Use a ______ to hold the hook while spoiling the cable in or out 5. Some experts recommend _________, to absorb some of the whipping action if the rope breaks 6. Open the hood of the winching vehicle as it will ______ 7. When using an electric winch, ________

4. Hook strap to prevent injury 5. Placing two mats or coats on the winch rope, one approx 8-10ft from the anchor point, the other 8-10ft from the winch. The snap of the rope will be dampened by the mats, or the rope may even be driven down towards the ground 6. Create a shield to help protect the driver 7. Leave approx 1 foot of slack in the rope before engaging the winch. This will give the winch time to wind up to full rpm before it begins to pull in the load. This will ensure that the winch is at full power when it begins the pull

The fact that the effective range of a siren can be as little as _______ feet must be a key point for any emergency driver training program

40 to 80 feet

If a vehicle is repaired improperly and a different sized slack adjuster or brake chamber is installed on one brake chamber and not the others, it will lead to _____________

A torque imbalance

NFPA 1901 - 4.13.4 requires each tire to have ____________ or ___________ that indications tire pressure

A visual indicator or monitoring system

If the apparatus becomes stuck across the track, sometimes the best answer is to _____________

Abandon the truck and run away

The size of the wheel chock depends on the size of the tire. Most sources state that the height of the wheel chock should be:

About 1/4 the height of the tire

Fire departments are encouraged to have their fire apparatus operators professionally trained on how to check the adjustment of the brakes. This can be done using the _________ method, which is the same method used by roadside inspectors

Applied stroke method

When ARP detects a potential untripped rollover, it will __________

Apply the brakes and decrease engine torque

Each fire apparatus must be clearly identified as to whether it has ABS or not. This can be accomplished by __________ or _________

Applying a label to the dashboard or taping a laminated sign within the drivers view

Bridge height are especially important for ________

Arched bridges

In order to calculate the drag factor of a roadway, we must know three things; _______________, the braking efficiency of the vehicle, and the slope of the road

Coefficient of friction of the road

The leading cause of distraction crashes are:

Cognitive distractions

Each valve in the air brake system has a _____________, which is the amount of air pressure needed to open the valve. Contaminants and other failures could cause the _____________ of a valve to change

Crack pressure

There was a point in time when 15 passenger vans were __________________

Crashing so frequently that the National Highway Safety Traffic Administration (NHTSA) conducted several studies to investigate their use

In an exhaust retarder, the butterfly will open and close accordingly to block exhaust gases from leaving the manifold. This will _________________

Create a back pressure which restricts the movement of the piston, slowing the driveline and wheels

If all tires on a vehicle are skidding, the vehicle will usually travel in a straight line. However, it may have a tendency to drift right or left due to roadway ________

Crown

Auto manufacturers have sought to reduce the severity of a crash by increasing the amount of time it takes the occupants to ride down the crash and come to a stop. By installing _________ and air bags, manufacturers have found ways to increase the time it takes for the crash to stabilize, thus decreasing the severity of the crash for those inside the vehicle

Crumple zones

The _________ characteristics of a large fire apparatus, combined with excess speed and poor directional control, make the vehicle highly susceptible to losing control or rolling over. This is especially true while rounding a curve

Design

A policy and procedure manual is a living document and should be:

Evaluated every year

Operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or drugs is a guaranteed way to ____________

Face legal and disciplinary sanctions

The sliding tires on the P-18 acted as an ____________

Improvised warning device

One of the safety issues posed by trailers is:

Inadequate driver training. Regular practice and training on trailer operations must be mandatory for and FD that uses a trailer

The drivers inability to multitask may lead to ________. This happens because at any given time the human brain is overwhelmed with sensory information

Inattention blindness. This occurs when a person looks at something but does not see it. If the brain is focused on multiple tasks, it may deem valuable information invaluable, and the person will fail to see it

Holding everyone to the same driver training standards will:

Increase morale and overall professionalism of a FD

In regards to tillers, in tight quarters with parked cars, heavy traffic, or other roadside obstructions, ______________ may result in the rear of the vehicle striking an object

Increasing the turning radius of a tiller ladder

When loading passengers into a 15 passenger van, great cars should be taken to ensure _________. This will help maintain vehicle control, especially during evasive maneuvers

That everyone is sitting in front of the rear axle

The process of moving a persons eyes is known as _________

Saccade

Only through ____________ can these large vehicles (tillers) be kept under control

Safe, calm, and non-aggressive driving

If the tires on one side of the vehicle, the vehicle will pull to that side. This is known as __________

Tanking

An advantage to electromagnetic brakes is:

The ability to engage the trailer brakes separate from the tow vehicles brakes. If the trailer begins to sway, the driver can apply the trailer brakes to help alleviate the trailer away. It is also helpful when descending hills, as it will reduce wear on the tow vehicles brake components

Because of _______________, it is important to ensure that the contact patch is as healthy as possible

The limited amount of contact between the rig and the road (contact patch)

Driving over a charged hose like could cause:

The line to burst or create a dangerous water hammer, which will destroy the water supply to interior members. A ruptured line can also create a dangerous missile that could injure those in the vicinity

Whenever a vehicle is involved in a crash, everybody inside is subject to kinematics. Kinematics describes ______________

The motion of bodies or objects inside a vehicle

If there is a problem with the air brake system which results in air escaping and the pressure dropping below a predetermined level, _______________________. This acts as a fail safe in the event of an air leak

There won't be enough air pressure to keep the spring brake in the released position

Trailers should also be equipped with a breakaway system. These systems are prone to malfunction because _________. Before towing a trailer, this system should always be tested by pulling the cable and ensuring that the trailer brakes properly engage

They rely on a battery that is mounted to the trailer, and they often go bad

In an open differential:

Torque is split equally between the wheels on the axle, regardless of road conditions. Splitting the torque equally becomes a problem when one wheel is on a slick surface and the other is on a dry roadway, because the vehicle will only send enough torque to the wheels to make them spin, but not enough to make them slip. The wheels will receive equal torque but will have unequal rotational speed

To determine the forward sight distance a fire apparatus operator will need in order to stop the vehicle before crashing into a hazard, we must first calculate the ___________ at the given speed

Total stopping distance

Approaching a railroad crossing should be treated the same as approaching an intersections: ______________

With a great deal of caution

At no time should the winch rope be _______, as this could result in serious damage and possible failure of the winch rope

Wrapped around an anchor point and attached back onto itself