Drugs & Behaviour ch.8

Which of the following blood alcohol concentrations is most likely from consuming a single drink? a. 1.0 b. 0.08 c. 0.01 d. 0.8

0.01

How much alcohol is eliminated from the body per hour? a. 100 to 140 ml b. 0 to 4 mL c. 10 to 14 mL d. 1.4 to 2.8 mL

10 to 14 mL

If a 100ml solution contained 50% alcohol, what is the proof of the solution? a. 100 proof b. 50 proof c. 25 proof d. Cannot be determined from the information provided.

100 proof

Which of the following is considered moderate drinking for men? a. 1 standard drink per day, but not exceeding 7 drinks per week. b. up to 6 drinks per day, but no more that 14 drinks per week. c. more than 2 standard drinks per day and up to 20 drinks per week. d. 2 standard drinks per day, but not exceeding 14 drinks per week.

2 standard drinks per day, but not exceeding 14 drinks per week.

If 25 g of alcohol were found in a 100ml solution, what percentage of alcohol would the percentage have? a. 25% b. 12.5% c. 0.25% d. 2500%

25%

If an alcoholic drink were shown to be 80 proof, what is the percentage of alcohol? a. 80% b. 40% c. 160% d. 120%

40%

If a 100ml solution contained 50% alcohol, how many grams of alcohol are found in the solution? a. 5000 g b. 500 g c. 0.5 g d. 50 g

50 g

If someone blew a BAC of 0.08, how many grams of alcohol would be found in 100 ml of blood? a. 80 mg b. 8 g c. 80 g d. 0.8 g

80 mg

Which of the following mechanisms can produce reinforcing effects? a. Inhibiting dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. b. Blocking GABAA receptors in the ventral tegmental area. c. Activating GABAA receptors in the nucleus accumbens. d. Increasing GABA release from neurons terminating in the ventral tegmental area.

Activating GABAA receptors in the nucleus accumbens

What effect does chronic alcohol administration have on NMDA receptors? a. NMDA receptors no longer bind to glutamate. b. Alcohol decreases the flow of ions through NMDA receptors. c. Alcohol causes an upregulation of NMDA receptors. d. Alcohol depletes extracellular levels of cations, leading to reduced excitatory effects from NMDA receptor activation.

Alcohol causes an upregulation of NMDA receptors

If chronic alcohol use diminishes SK2 channel function, how does alcohol produce inhibitory effects on NMDA receptors? a. Alcohol continues to inhibit ion flow through NMDA receptors. b. SK2 channels facilitate NMDA receptor function, which is counteracted by alcohol. c. Alcohol inhibits Ca+ influx into neurons containing NMDA receptors. d. Thiamine deficiency reduces neuronal activity through a different mechanism.

Alcohol continues to inhibit ion flow through NMDA receptors

Why might a heavy alcohol user become thiamine deficient? a. Alcohol is a catabolic enzyme for thiamine. b. Alcohol inhibits the transportation of thiamine through intestinal walls. c. Alcohol damages the intestine limiting absorption of a wide variety of nutrients, including thiamine. d. Heavy alcohol users prefer sugary foods that are low in thiamine.

Alcohol inhibits the transportation of thiamine through intestinal walls

If you were to develop a drug for alcohol addiction by targeting alcohol's actions on the glutamate neurotransmitter system, which of the following would be a viable development strategy? a. Develop an agonist for NMDA receptors. b. Develop an antagonist for NMDA receptors. c. Develop a positive modulator for NMDA receptors. d. Develop a negative modulator for NMDA receptors.

Develop a positive modulator for NMDA receptors

Why does a breathalyzer accurately measure alcohol concentration in blood? a. Due to zero-order kinetics, but only for light or moderate alcohol use. b. Exactly 5% of alcohol is eliminated from the lungs and the ratio to blood is known. c. The exact concentration of alcohol needed to saturate alcohol dehydronase enzymes is known. d. Alcohol users typically smoke tobacco while drinking, and the nicotine elimination rate is known.

Exactly 5% of alcohol is eliminated from the lungs and the ratio to blood is known

Alcohol binds to: a. GABAA receptors. b. GABAB receptors c. GABAC receptors d. metabotropic GABA receptors.

GABAA receptors

If chronic alcohol consumption is associated with greater levels of NMDA receptors, what will likely happen if alcohol use abruptly stops? a. Greater excitatory effects will occur for neurons with NMDA receptors. b. Global levels of glutamate will be depleted. c. The flow of positively charged ions through NMDA receptors will be reduced. d. Neurons with NMDA receptors will return to a normal state of activity.

Greater excitatory effects will occur for neurons with NMDA receptors

While not the form of alcohol used as a beverage, why might someone unintentionally be exposed methanol? a. Alcoholic beverage producers are not required to test for methanol, which may be accidentally synthesized during the production process. b. Methanol is known to contaminate drinking water. c. He drank poorly distilled alcohol, which contained amounts of methanol. d. He was having a massage and rubbing alcohol was used.

He drank poorly distilled alcohol, which contained amounts of methanol.

Which of the following is the most commonly reported symptom of hangover? a. Diarrhea b. Fatigue c. Nausea d. Headache

Headache

During what circumstances might alcohol be eliminated in half-lives? a. When alcohol is consumed on a light stomach. b. When alcohol is consumed on a full stomach. c. Ligh consumption of alcohol. d. Heavy consumption of alcohol.

Heavy consumption of alcohol.

By inhibiting calcium channels, what effect does alcohol have a neurotransmission? a. Inhibits release of neurotransmitters from vesicles. b. Prevents excitatory postsynaptic potentials. c. Prevents neurotransmitter reupake. d. Inhibits transportation of neurotransmitters through synaptic vesicular transporters.

Inhibits release of neurotransmitters from vesicles.

Which calcium channel does alcohol act on? a. L b. N c. P d. R

L

By serving as a positive modulator for GABAA receptors, alcohol has all of the following actions except: a. Binds to a site different from the site that GABA binds to. b. Increases the length of GABAA receptor activation. c. Increase the flow of chloride ions into the neuron. d. Prevents downregulation of GABAA receptors.

Prevents downregulation of GABAA receptors.

Why might someone experience weaker effects from alcohol with a full stomach? a. People consume less alcohol on a full stomach than on an empty stomach. b. Alcohol soaks into food in the stomach, preventing alcohol absorption. c. There is longer exposure to alcohol dehydregenase enzymes. d. Thiamine in food prevents the transportation of alcohol through intestinal walls.

There is longer exposure to alcohol dehydregenase enzymes

About one pint of a 16 oz U.S. domestic beer is equivalent to: a. 100 proof. b. 15% alcohol. c. a standard drink. d. 50g of alcohol in 100 ml solution.

a standard drink

Inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase would be expected to cause an increased amount of: a. alcohol. b. acetaldehyde. c. carbon dioxide. d. acetic acid.

acetaldehyde

27. The order of products produced during the metabolic process for alcohol consists of: a. acetic acid, acetaldehyde, carbon dioxide. b. acetaldehyde, carbon dioxide, acetic acid. c. acetaldehyde, acetate, water. d. acetate, acetaldehyde, aldehyde dehydrogenase.

acetaldehyde, acetate, water

Alcohol may affect the endocannabinoid system by: a. having direct actions on tetrahydrocannabinol. b. acting on the CB2 cannabinoid receptor. c. acting on the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. d. limiting tetrahydrocannabinol absorption through the intestines.

acting on the CB1 cannabinoid receptor

Finding that a person was slurring her voice after several high-alcohol content drinks, but later appearing to sober up despite having the same concentration of alcohol in both would be an example of: a. pharmacokinetic tolerance. b. blackout. c. acute tolerance. d. behavioral tolerance to alcohol.

acute tolerance

Alcohol is mostly catabolized by the enzyme: a. aldehyde dehydrogenase b. acetaldehyde c. dopamine-beta-dehydroxylase d. alcohol dehydrogenase

alcohol dehydrogenase

Alcohol binds noncompetitively to NMDA receptors meaning: a. glutamate displaces alcohol from NMDA receptors due to glutamate's stronger binding affinity. b. alcohol does not prevent glutamate from binding to NMDA receptors. c. few alcohol molecules are available for binding to NMDA receptors after alcohol binds to GABAA receptors. d. alcohol binds to NMDA receptor but causes no effects.

alcohol does not prevent glutamate from binding to NMDA receptors

An urge to consume more alcohol after consuming one of two drinks is called: a. hormesis. b. alcohol craving. c. alcohol priming. d. impulsivity.

alcohol priming

A person described as "blasted" or "slammed" after drinking a lot of alcohol is likely showing signs of: a. alcohol stupor. b. light intoxication. c. blackout. d. alcohol priming.

alcohol stupor

The 18th Amendment: a. banned the sale and distribution of alcohol. b. banned possession of alcohol. c. created a tax making alcohol cost prohibitive to purchase. d. eliminated the ban on the production of alcohol.

banned the sale and distribution of alcohol.

The National Prohibition Act became the: a. 18th Amendment. b. Controlled Substances Act. c. basis for the Harrison Narcotics Act. d. 21st Amendment.

basis for the Harrison Narcotics Act

Alcohol is an example of hormesis, which means: a. a tendency for physiological functions to maintain a certain set point. b. beneficial effects produced by low doses of a toxic substance. c. a disruption in hormone regulation. d. a substance that causes damage to blood vessels.

beneficial effects produced by low doses of a toxic substance

Heavy drinking during a short period of time is called: a. light drinking if this is the only day drinking occurred during the week. b. 21 for 21. c. moderate drinking. d. binge drinking.

binge drinking

Metabolic processes following the consumption of alcohol that cause a build of acetaldehyde are likely to: a. enhance the effects of alcohol. b. produce depressant effects. c. cause noxious affects. d. inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase activity.

cause noxious affects.

The following structures are highly related to alcohol's central nervous system depressant effects except: a. corpus callosum b. thalamus. c. hippocampus. d. cerebral cortex.

corpus callosum

All of the following actions mediate the reinforcing effects of alcohol except: a. facilitating GABAA receptor activation in the nucleus accumbens. b. activating GABAA receptors located on GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area. c. decreasing inhibition for mesolimbic dopamine neurons. d. decreasing β-endorphin levels in the nucleus accumbens.

decreasing β-endorphin levels in the nucleus accumbens.

A process that separates alcohol from a fermented mixture in order to provide a concentrated alcohol solution is called: a. fermentation. b. osmosis. c. filtration. d. distillation.

distillation

All of the following occur for GABA neurons from chronic alcohol administration except: a. the density of GABAA receptors is reduced. b. GABAA receptors become less affected by alcohol. c. dopamine becomes more effective for inhibiting GABA neurons. d. minimal changes in endorphin levels, disinhibiting GABA neuron activity.

dopamine becomes more effective for inhibiting GABA neurons

Beverage alcohol is: a. ethanol. b. methanol. c. isopranol. d. ethylene.

ethanol

A genetic polymorphism that more causes lower activity of aldehyde dehyrdogenase are likely to: a. also have inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes. b. have longer effects produced by alcohol. c. experience greater effects from acetaldehyde. d. be more affected by acetic acid.

experience greater effects from acetaldehyde.

Heavy drinking during a short period of time that exceeds definition for binge drinking is called: a. extreme drinking. b. tremendous drinking. c. double binge drinking. d. perpetual drinking.

extreme drinking

Beer and wine are made through the process of: a. titration. b. distillation. c. perculation. d. fermentation.

fermentation

The process of producing alcohol using yeast and some type of starch such as grain or fruit is called: a. fermentation. b. distillation. c. alcohol by volume. d. biotransformation.

fermentation

Distillation provides a means of: a. making alcohol up to a 15 percent concentration. b. making alcohol without using yeast at any stage of the process. c. bypassing a fermentation process completely. d. going beyond the limits of alcohol production from fermenting.

going beyond the limits of alcohol production from fermenting

A BAC of 0.16 would be expected to cause: a. no behavioral effect. b. gross intoxication. c. blackout. d. death.

gross intoxication

The following effects occur by alcohol via the 5-HT3 receptor except: a. greater serotonin levels leading to activation of 5-HT3 receptors. b. greater flow of ions through the 5-HT3 receptor channel. c. increased SK2 channel activation. d. increased dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens

increased SK2 channel activation

Alcohol indirect inhibition of vasopressin may lead to the following effects except: a. increased urination. b. increased body temperature. c. impaired cognition. d. lower blood pressure.

increased body temperature

All of the following are ways that low concentrations of alcohol is helpful for the cardiovascular system except: a. increased high-density lipoprotein levels. b. reduced pro-inflammatory cellular signaling. c. disrupts blood platelets from bonding together to form clots. d. inhibition of plasmin, which faclilates blood clot formation.

inhibition of plasmin, which faclilates blood clot formation

Disulfiram produces unpleasant effects when alcohol is consumed, because it: a. it creates greater concentrations of acetic acid. b. it prevents the break down of alcohol. c. it causes a build up of acetaldehyde. d. blocks opioid receptors.

it causes a build up of acetaldehyde

An increased seizure risk from repeated withdrawals from chronic alcohol use is called: a. kindling. b. alcohol poisoning. c. Type I alcohol addiction. d. alcohol epilepsy.

kindling

A brewed tea that contains alcohol is called: a. kumbucha. b. malt liquor. c. beer. d. wine.

kumbucha

Damage to the heart caused by chronic heavy alcohol use is called: a. alcohol poisoning. b. alcoholic arrhythmias. c. alcohol associated cirrhosis. d. alcoholic cardiomyopathy.

lcoholic cardiomyopathy

Based on pharmacokinetic issues, women may be more affected by alcohol due to: a. slower buildup of acetic acid. b. fewer aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes. c. fewer alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes in the brain. d. less alcohol catabolism occurring in the stomach.

less alcohol catabolism occurring in the stomach.

Alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes are found in the: a. stomach and brain. b. liver and stomach. c. kidneys and liver. d. brain and liver.

liver and stomach.

Beneficial effects for cardiovasular function from alcohol are found from: a. heavy alcohol concentrations. b. moderate alcohol concentrations. c. low alcohol concentrations. d. moderate alchol concentrations, but no more than three days per week.

low alcohol concentrations.

The effects produced by alcohol at different concentations consist of: a. all concentrations produce stimulant effects. b. all concentrations produce exclusively depressant effects. c. lower concentrations produce stimulant effects whereas higher concentrations produce depressant effects. d. lower concentrations produce depressant effects whereas higher concentrations produce stimulant effects.

lower concentrations produce stimulant effects whereas higher concentrations produce depressant effects

As with GABAA receptors, alcohol binds ______________ to NMDA receptors. a. weakly b. noncompetitively c. selectively d. irreversibly

noncompetitively

Alcohol increases serotonin concentrations in the: a. ventral tegmental area. b. nucleus accumens. c. thalamus. d. cingulate cortex.

nucleus accumens

Blood alcohol concentration indicates: a. number of grams of alcohol per 100 ml of blood b. proof of an alcoholic beverage consumed c. percentage alcohol consumed per unit of time d. amount of alcohol that has accumulated in a particular organ, such as the liver

number of grams of alcohol per 100ml of blood

Alcohol acts as a ________________ for GABAA receptors. a. positive modulator b. agonist c. antagonist d. negative modulator

positive modulator

Pharmacological treatments for alcohol addiction attempt to reduce alcohol intake by any of the following except: a. preventing absorption of alcohol. b. producing aversive effects when alcohol is consumed. c. weakening the reinforcing effects of alcohol. d. reducing cravings for alcohol.

preventing absorption of alcohol

The actions of alcohol at glutamate NMDA receptors consist of: a. inhibiting the flow of ions through the NMDA receptor channel. b. increasing the flow of negatively charged ions while decreasing the flow of positively charged ions. c. preventing glutamate from binding to the NMDA receptor. d. binding to a site within the NMDA receptor channel.

preventing glutamate from binding to the NMDA receptor

Inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase would be expected to: a. cause a build up of acetaldehyde. b. prolong the effects of alcohol. c. increase the rate of alcohol elimination. d. inhibit alcohol absorption.

prolong the effects of alcohol

By inhibiting SK2 channels, chronic alcohol use: a. reduces the risk of excitotoxicity if alcohol is withdrawn. b. leads to decreased excitatory postsynaptic potentials. c. leads to a down regulation of NMDA receptors. d. promotes greater NMDA receptor activity if alcohol is withdrawn.

promotes greater NMDA receptor activity if alcohol is withdrawn

A value that represents twice the percentage of alcohol in a drink is called: a. percentage alcohol. b. alcohol by volume. c. proof of alcohol. d. concentration of alcohol.

proof of alcohol

Alcohol produces inhibitory effects via NMDA receptors by: a. preventing glutamate from binding to NMDA receptors. b. preventing glutamate absorption through transporters in the intestine. c. serving as a positive modulator of NMDA receptors. d. reducing excitatory effects from NMDA receptor activation.

reducing excitatory effects from NMDA receptor activation.

The 21st Amendment: a. became the Controlled Substance Act. b. repealed the 18th Amendment. c. banned the distribution and sale of alcohol. d. allowed for the use of alcohol for medical purposes.

repealed the 18th Amendment.

The term "blackout" is more technically known as: a. alcohol stupor. b. reversible drug-induced dementia. c. alcohol poisoning. d. divided attention.

reversible drug-induced dementia

Experiencing greater rewarding effects from alcohol from long-term use is an example of: a. metabolic tolerance. b. behavioral tolerance. c. sensitization. d. alcohol priming.

sensitization

Heavy consumption of alcoholic drinks containing high concentrations of acetones and polyphenols may contribute to: a. holiday heart syndrome. b. alcohol poisoning. c. alcohol stupor. d. symptoms of hangover.

symptoms of hangover

The actions of alcohol on GABA neurons that make contact with dopamine neurons in the ventral tegemental area could be described as: a. putting on the brakes and taking off the accelerator. b. taking off the brake while pressing the accelerator. c. putting on the brakes and pressing on the accelerator. d. taking off the brake and taking off the accelerator.

taking off the brake while pressing the accelerator

The smallest amount of alcohol consumed in the world is found which region? a. North America. b. Europe. c. Russian Federation. d. the Middle East.

the Middle East

If alcohol is administered near a neuron with GABAA receptors: a. alcohol will cause a down regulation GABAA receptors. b. the activity of the neuron will be increased. c. alcohol will have no effect on the neuron. d. the activity of the neuron will be reduced.

the activity of the neuron will be reduced.

If you were told that full standard shot glass (1 1⁄2 ounce) contained one standard drink, you would conclude: a. there is not enough information to answer this question. b. the drink has approximately 25% alcohol. c. the drink has approximately 100% alcohol. d. the drink has approximately 50% alcohol.

the drink has approximately 50% alcohol.

A individual routinely having an alcohol drink in order to relax after work would be an example of: a. the stress disinhibition hypothesis. b. the tension reduction hypothesis. c. hormesis. d. the hypotensive hypothesis

the tension reduction hypothesis

Given that limits of alcohol production through fermentation, an alcohol drink with 50% alcohol must have been produced through: a. increasing the volume of water adding to the fermentation process. b. using a fortified yeast to increase the production of alcohol. c. using a distillation process to concentrate alcohol produced from fermentation. d. adding fresh yeast to continue the production of alcohol.

using a distillation process to concentrate alcohol produced from fermentation

An alcoholic beverage, usually with 12-15 percent alcohol content, made through fermentation of fruit is called: a. wine. b. beer. c. malt liquor. d. brandy.

wine