DSB Test 3

Ingesting opium gives a rapid, more intense and more addictive high than smoking opium.

false

Marijuana decreases heart rate

false

Sedative/hypnotic drugs increase the amount of time spent in REM sleep.

false

The Opium Wars were when England went to war against China to try to make China stop smuggling their opium into England.

false

The two main classes of opioids receptors are endorphins and enkephalins

false

Tolerance develops to benzodiazepines but not to barbiturates.

false

Pick the odd one: fentanyl, cocaine, khat, amphetamine, methamphetamine

fentanyl

Heroin use has increased significantly over the past years.

true

Injecting opioids is more addictive than ingesting them.

true

Instead of being stored in vesicles, endocannabinoids are rapidly synthesized when needed

true

Once heroin reaches the brain, it is converted back into morphine.

true

Opium was a common ingredient in many patent medicines in the 19 th century.

true

THC is a phytocannabinoid and anandamide is an endocannabinoid

true

The synthetic cannabinoid Spice binds more fully to brain cannabinoid receptors than does THC and may produce more intense effects

true

True or False, Asian and Black groups (identi!ed socially) are the groups that use the least amount of use of illegal stimulants. (p 107, text)

true

True or false, CBD stands for cannabidiol?

true

With chronic use, the liver becomes able to metabolize opioids faster.

true

True or false, do opioid agonists when used as pain-killers induce constipation?

True

Which is true about vaporizing marijuana?

Vaping marijuana does not get hot enough to burn the plant material

Which is true about the mechanism of action of sedative/hypnotics?

When benzodiazepines bind to the GABA receptor, they allow more chloride to enter the cell

True or false? A majority of studies have proven that marijuana smokers have twice the rate of lung cancer than tobacco smokers.

false

True or false? Caffeine raises a person's risk of type 2 diabetes.

false

True or false? Current alcohol use among middle school and high school students has risen precipitously over the past 20 years.

false

True or false? Drinking caffeine with alcohol will allow a person to sober up faster.

false

True or false? Lithium is one of the safest drugs available and has a very high therapeutic index.

false

True or false? People with schizophrenia have multiple personalities.

false

True or false? The FDA has evaluated e-cigarettes and found them to be safe and effective.

false

True or false? Those who drive while high on marijuana tend to drive faster, decrease their following distance, and take more risks.

false

True or false? To produce green tea, leaves are oxidized longer than they are to produce black tea.

false

True/False, Typically, we only use 50% of our brains?

false

True or false? A BAC of 0.08 means that 8 percent of a person's blood is ethanol.

false - 0.08%

True or false? In the United States, 13 percent of the population uses tobacco.

false - 23.5%

True or false? Cigarette smoking causes 20 percent of all cancer deaths in the United States.

false - almost 50%

True or false? Major depressive disorder is typically diagnosed by a blood test.

false - questionnaire

Which of the following pairs has a higher percentage of THC: Male plants or female plants

female

Name the short acting opioid agonist that is a major component in the current opioid crises.

fentanyl

List at least three different types of anxiety disorders

generalized anxiety disorder, phobia, social anxiety disorder

Which of the following pairs has a higher percentage of THC: Hash oil or sensimilla

hash oil

pick the odd one: heroin, 2AG, endorphins, anandamide

heroin

Proven to be the most effective antidepressant

SSRIs

Which drug selectively blocks the reuptake of serotonin?

SSRIs

Which of the following is true about REM sleep?

Associated with a loss of skeletal muscle tone

Which is TRUE about depression?

Patients with major depressive disorder often have decreased neurogenesis and reduced volume of the hippocampus.

Blocks the reuptake of both 5-HT and norepinephrine and also blocks the effects of acetylcholine and histamine

TCA

Opioid Receptors are to Heroin as Cannabinoid receptors are to _________.

THC

Give an example of a phytocannabinoid and an example of an endocannabinoid.

THC is a phytocannabinoid, AEA and 2-AG are endocannabinoids

Which of the following is TRUE about tobacco?

Tar, the sticky brown matter generated by burning tobacco, contains dozens of carcinogens.

True or False, it is possible to vape virtually pure nicotine (i.e., no tars similar to inhaled smoke of burning tobacco leaves) with only a carrier thought to be reasonably safe?

true

True or False, the USA is only one of two nations that allow the advertisement of drugs via all forms of media?

true

True or False, the following generality is probably the case: Any drug, when taken regularly, that enhanced the release of dopamine in the system of the brain known as the Medial Forebrain Bundle- system (i.e., places where MFB !bers terminate and release dopamine) is apt to induce an addiction to the act that led to the enhanced dopamine.

true

True or false, OxyContin is an opioid analgesic?

true

True or false, amphetamine doses are a common medicine for the treatment attention deficit-hyperactive syndrome among children? (p 109, text)

true

True or false, are there as many as three endogenous opioids?

true

True or false, brief, low intensity stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle in all mammals tested will reinforce the act that delivered the stimulation?

true

True or false, cocaine, at the molecular level, blocks reuptake of dopamine (in areas of the brain such as the accumbens n.)?

true

True or false, current programs for treating major addictions of humans are only marginally successful and often (as many as 50% and commonly 80%) of the treated individuals return to regularly using the addictive agent (or agents) within a matter of months?

true

True or false, does the USA FDA advise "No youth or pregnant women should be using any vaping product, regardless of the substance "?

true

True or false, is it a consensus that babies and young children need many hours of sleep a day, say usually more than 8 hr/day?

true

True or false, numerous studies of MDMA (ecstasy) in animal studies show that large doses of MDMA are neurotoxic to serotonin neurons?

true

True or false, rats and other experimental animals readily self-administer cocaine if give the opportunity to do so?

true

True or false, the average citizen of some countries live as long as 4 to 5 years longer than the average citizen of the USA?

true

True or false, the human body makes an endogenous form of THC?

true

True or false, the poppy plant has been cultivated for thousands of years?

true

True or false, there are data to support that CBD is antioxidant, anti-convulsant, anti-anxiety, antipsychotic and neuroprotective? (p 223, text)

true

True or false: Marijuana must be heated to chemically activate THC.

true

True or false? About half of all Americans will meet the criteria for a mental health disorder during their lifetime.

true

True or false? Caffeine binds to and stimulates adenosine receptors.

true

True or false? More cigarettes are consumed in China than in any other country on earth.

true

True or false? People aged 21-29 have the highest rates of alcohol use in the United States.

true

True or false? Some American colonies passed laws requiring all households to cultivate hemp.

true

True or false? Those age 18-24 typically consume the most caffeine.

true

Withdrawal from sedative/hypnotics can cause insomnia.

true

Recreational use of which of the following is not a schedule I drug?

valium

In an analysis of research about tobacco, what was the only factor associated with the conclusion that SHS is not harmful?

whether an author was affiliated with the tobacco industry

About ___ cups of coffee in a day would be fatal.

100

Which amendment to the Constitution established Prohibition? Which amendment repealed Prohibition?

18, 21

Inhibits the enzyme that degrades dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, and melatonin

MAOI

The term "endorphin " refers to ___.

a peptide manufactured in the brain that has opioid-like effects

Deprivation of REM sleep during a few nights leads to ___.

an apparently strong tendency to "recoup" the lost REM sleep at first opportunity.

Which drug is considered atypical?

bupropion

Using high doses of amphetamines for multiple days ___. (p 109, text)

can induce a depletion of neuronal stores of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin, hence leaving the drug-user with neural circuits involving these neurotransmitters less functional

"Most cocaine users smoked marijuana when they were young; therefore, marijuana is a gateway drug that causes cocaine use." What fallacy of reasoning has been employed here?

confusing correlation and causation

Which of the following is associated with long-term use of opioids?

constipation and increased sensitivity to pain

True or False, if you might inhale (vape) small doses of nicotine regularly, you are apt to get the potential positive e"ects of the vaping experience, but not have developed an addiction (manifest as a marked tendency to continue the act of taking a drug; and when taken often. it is difficult to stop taking the drug, in this case nicotine).

false

True or false, despite extensive research , no one has isolated an endogenous opioid agonist?

false

Which of the following is FALSE about the acute effects of marijuana?

increases sperm count

Which of the following is the safest way (of those listed) to take the addictive ingredient known as THC? (safest is de!ned as being most free of disease due to the act inhaling a vapor)

inhaling the smoke of burning marijuana plants

Compared to morphine, methadone

is longer lasting

Naltrexone ______ addictive.

is not

Which is true about Cannabis sativa compared to Cannabis indica?

it is a taller, lighter colored plant; lower CBD:THC

List three reasons why the prevalence of depression has increased in the United States over the last few decades.

more awareness and less stigma; pressure to succeed financially; availability of pharmaceutical treatments

Which of the following is a type of opioid receptor?

mu

Which of the following is the drug of choice to treat opioid-induced respiratory depression?

naloxone

Morphine is to Methadone as Naloxone is to ___.

naltrexone

___is a side effect of chronic neuroleptic treatment, characterized by involuntary movements, particularly of the face and jaw.

tardive dyskinesia

When considering what treatments might be effective in treating a drug-addiction (including those established by nicotine and ethanol), it appears that the strongest predictor of the outcome of the treatment has to do with ____.

the quality of the patient along variables such as regularly employed, has strong family support and generally healthy or the opposite

What ingredient in chocolate is toxic to dogs?

theobromine

5% of American adults, and 10% of Americans between the ages of 12 and 17, report using opioid drugs for non-medical purposes.

true

Both REM sleep and NREM sleep are critical.

true

Cannabis use is associated with a higher risk of schizophrenia

true

Drugs that reduce anxiety are called anxiolytics.

true

Females use prescription sedative/hypnotics more than males.

true

Fentanyl is highly lipid-soluble, and so it has a rapid onset and short duration of action.

true

Which of the following typically is associated with a higher BAC? Choose ALL that apply.

women, person with higher percentage of body fat, stress/anxiety, dehydration, women on oral contraceptives, lower levels of alcohol dehydrogenase, drinking on an empty stomach

The therapeutic index of nicotine is about

250

What is the therapeutic index of alcohol?

5-10

Which of the following is NOT part of the Master Settlement Agreement?

All tobacco advertisements were banned.

Which of the following is TRUE about distilled and fermented beverages?

Beer and wine have a lower alcohol content than distilled beverages; Beer and wine are distilled beverages; If yeast is allowed to continue the fermentation process, it will eventually produce a liquid of 100 percent alcohol; Because of their ease of production, beer and wine historically have been seen as more dangerous than beverages such as gin and vodka

Which of the following is FALSE about caffeine's effects on the body?

Caffeine dilates cerebral blood vessels.

Which of the following pairs has a higher percentage of THC: Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica

Cannabis indica

True or false? Marijuana use has been illegal in the United States since 1914.

False, since 1934

Which one of the following neurotransmitters do benzodiazepines affect?

GABA

Name three neurotransmitters that are affected by ethanol.

GABA, DA, serotonin

Give at least three examples of the effects of tobacco on the cardiovascular system.

Increased heart rate and blood pressure; Decreased ability to carry oxygen to tissues; Increased risk of heart attack and stroke; Constricted blood vessels of hands, feet, and skin; Increased blood clotting

Which of the following is NOT an effect of ethanol?

Increases levels of antidiuretic hormone

Chronic users of marijuana develop tolerance to all of the below except:

Memory effects

Morphine is to Methadone as Naloxone is to _____.

Naltrexone

Pick the description that best characterizes the modern theory of drug-addiction.

The addictive drugs induce pleasure when initially used (different addictive drugs do so to a different degree, but all do produce an increment in pleasant experience or satisfaction of some sort). With prolonged use the acts of taking the drugs becomes habitual and hence the habit sustains the use rather than the experience of marked positive effect.

Which of the following is the current knowledge on whether MDMA is neurotoxic in human users? (p 139, text)

The effects of using MDMA as a recreational drug are highly controversial.

Which of the following might best explain the surge in heroin use over the past decade?

The increased use of prescription pain medications

Your professor stated one of the following about how long we should regularly sleep during a day. Pick what he said.

The standard is whether you awaken feeling rested and restored and do not have a period, say in the afternoon, of lethargy; regardless of how long you slept, as long as you get some hours of sleep (probably at least 5 hr/night or maybe even somewhat shorter).

Dextromethorphan is a drug designed for _________ .

cough

Why is it so difficult to generalize how much caffeine is in a cup of coffee?

depends on what type of beans were used, how they were roasted, how it was brewed, size of cup

Which of the following is NOT theorized to be an underlying risk factor for schizophrenia?

enlarged frontal lobe

Barbiturates are addictive but benzodiazepines are not.

false

Cannabis sativa has a higher cannabidiol to THC ratio

false

True or False, Cannabis leaves and flowers have tiny, sticky, hairs that contain about 40 chemicals, which about 30 are unique to the Canabis plant. (pg. 207, Text)

false

True or False, REM sleep is characterized by high intensity, slow wave EEGs?

false

True or false, acetylcholine is the major neurotransmitter of the !ber system of the brain named the medial forebrain bundle and is the system strongly associated with the experience of reward and pleasure.?

false

True or false, does chronic use of opioid antagonists produce itch?

false

True or false, doses of opioid antagonists are used as therapeutic doses for treating diarrhea and suppression of cough.

false

True or false, only a few of the drugs that humans become addicted-to are readily self-administered by experimental animals, i.e., cocaine is unique

false

True or false, the USA has the best health-care system in the World (or is closely tied to other advanced nations) as indexed by the fact that citizens of the USA live longer than citizens of other countries?

false

True or false: it has been proven that major depressive disorder is due to a chemical imbalance

false

What are some factors that must be considered when evaluating caffeine's effects on mortality?

limitations of surveys (accuracy of self-reports); correlation and causation (what causes people to consume coffee/tea/caffeine in general)

Which of the following is false about opioids such as morphine or heroin?

local anesthetic

Some countries for example, Switzerland, allow doctors to prescribe Heroin have ______ .

lower mortality rates, less illicit drug use, and higher rates of retention in addiction treatment programs

Which of the following pairs has a higher percentage of THC: hemp or marijuana

marijuana

In which groups is caffeine metabolism slower?

men, infants, the elderly, pregnant women, Asians, Africans, and those with liver disease

Pick the odd one: methadone, naltrexone, morphine, heroin

naltrexone

Which opioid is a long-lasting opioid antagonist?

naltrexone

List three different aids to help someone quit smoking.

nicotine patches, bupropion, counseling

We have data on drug-related deaths in the USA (drug overdoses). Those data are different now than a decade ago. Currently, the kind of drug causing the most death is ____.

opioids

Which is the most common route of administration for sedative/hypnotics?

oral

In a normal, average night of sleep, how many period of REM-sleep is usually recorded (usually happens)?

probably more than 4

Which of the following is not seen with opioid withdrawal?

respiratory depression

Which of the following is not an example of a Z drug?

rozarem

True or False, it appears that nearly all animals have a period of a day in which they do something similar to sleep?

true

A man arrives at the emergency room with needle tracts on his arm and respiratory depression that is dangerous. He is given a large dose of naloxone, but that seems to do little to lift the respiratory depression. Such actions __.

rule out overdoses of opioids as a reason for the respiratory depression

Generally, the more cannabidiol a strain of cannabis has, the less THC

true

Many benzodiazepines end with the suffix "-epam" or "-olam."

true

Marijuana is an effective treatment for chronic pain in adults

true

Marijuana today generally has a significantly higher THC content than the marijuana that was available in the 1960s and 1970s

true

Opioid pain relievers are responsible for more deaths than from heroin and cocaine combined.

true

Opioids cause constipation.

true

THC and its metabolites have long half-lives and may remain in the body for many days or even weeks after use

true

True or False, Most marijuana laws only mention Cannabis sativa? (pg. 206, Text)

true

True or False, Spice, also called K2, is commercially available, but is labeled as "not for human consumption?" (pg 209, text)

true

True or False, THC levels in sold marijuana products have increased almost yearly from 2001 to 2013? (pg 208, Text)

true

True or False, The Dept. of Agriculture has research to indicate that !ber hemp grown during 4-6 months, has the same amount of paper as 4-5 acres as 20 year-old trees?

true

True or False, does circulating ethanol in blood of a sleeping person tend to suppress REM sleep?

true