DSST Fundamentals of Counseling Practice Test 2
Which of the following best defines agenogram? a) A three-generational visual representation of one's family tree depicted in a geometric figure b) A situation in which a person receives two contradictory messages at the same time and is unable to follow both, develops physical and psychological symptoms as a way to lessen the tension and escape c) Stages a family goes through as it evolves over the years d) The degree of emotional bonding in a family
a) A three-generational visual representation of one's family tree depicted in a geometric figure
Each of the following is one of the Four Cs emphasized by elementary school counseling programs striving to create a positive school environment for students EXCEPT: a) Countertransference b) Counseling services c) Coordination of activities d) Curriculum development
a) Countertransference
According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, an individual who feels deep feelings of intense sadness, emptiness, and withdrawal may be in which stage of the grief cycle? a) Depression b) Denial c) Bargaining d) Acceptance
a) Depression
Which concept is a necessary and sufficient condition of person-centered therapy that reflects the counselor's ability to feel with clients and convey understanding back to them? a) Empathy b) Congruence c) Conditional regard d) Acceptance
a) Empathy
Which of the following is TRUE about the term Gestalt? a) It is associated with a school of thought that stresses perception of completeness and wholeness and means "whole figure." b) It is a German term derived from Adlerian individual psychotherapy meaning "community." c) It refers to the science of phenomena as distinct from that of the nature of being and is used in person-centered therapy to emphasize a person's perception of reality rather than an event itself. d) It is the meaning-centered approach to counseling developed by Viktor Frankl.
a) It is associated with a school of thought that stresses perception of completeness and wholeness and means "whole figure."
Which interest inventory tests 10 broad career areas comparable to Holland's RIASEC scales? a) Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (KIOS) b) Strong Interest Inventory (SII) c) Minnesota Vocational Interest Inventory d) Career Beliefs Inventory (CBI)
a) Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (KIOS)
The Four Cs are a) Mann's (1986) educational and experiential career program for at-risk students. b) the most common components of most career information delivery systems (CIDS). c) cash, counseling, computers, cars. d) crisis, care, counseling, computers.
a) Mann's (1986) educational and experiential career program for at-risk students.
According to Caplan (1964), counselors who consult in agencies and focus on a reduction in the incidence of mental disorders, which is achieved by actively changing environments and settings and by teaching life skills, are focusing on which level of prevention? a) Primary prevention b) Secondary prevention c) Tertiary prevention d) Quaternary prevention
a) Primary prevention
When an individual engages in the unconscious exclusion of distressing or painful thoughts and memories, he or she is using which type of defense mechanism? a) Repression b) Regression c) Rationalization d) Reaction formation
a) Repression
During which of Piaget's four stages of development are senses coordinated with motor response, sensory curiosity about the world occurs, language is used for demands and cataloguing, and object permanence is developed? a) Sensorimotor b) Preoperational c) Concrete operational d) Formal operations
a) Sensorimotor
African-Americans, as members of a minority group, frequently perceive counseling as a) a relationship that takes place among unequals. b) a relationship in which the client is more powerful than the counselor. c) unnecessary, due to the attribution of psychological problems to religious, spiritual, or moral frameworks. d) a relationship between equals.
a) a relationship that takes place among unequals.
Elements including the presenting problem, plan of action, steps to be taken to reach the targeted behavior, and so on, are documented in a) a treatment plan. b) an intake. c) assessment information. d) case notes.
a) a treatment plan.
The psychoanalytic technique in which the counselor analyzes ways in which a client may slow down or stop progress in therapy, such as missing appointments, being late for appointments, not paying fees, or refusing to recall dreams or early memories is called a) analysis of resistance. b) analysis of transference. c) free association. d) dream analysis.
a) analysis of resistance.
Welfel and Kitchener (1992) described five basic moral principles that are reflected in all professional codes, including a) autonomy, nonmaleficence, and beneficence. b) justice, beneficence, and dependency. c) fidelity, autonomy, and purity. d) loyalty, authority, and nonmaleficence.
a) autonomy, nonmaleficence, and beneficence.
The SIGI PLUS program is a(n) a) computer-assisted career guidance system (CACGS). b) program of career shadowing. c) interest inventory. d) annual career fair.
a) computer-assisted career guidance system (CACGS).
A client who is engaged in systematic desensitization may a) describe a situation that causes anxiety and then rank this situation on a hierarchical scale. b) display behaviors in environments outside of where they were originally learned. c) first restore the environment to its natural state and then make it "better than normal." d) practice a desired behavior until it is performed the way the client wishes.
a) describe a situation that causes anxiety and then rank this situation on a hierarchical scale.
According to Crites' (1981) model of career counseling, a diagnosis that identifies what the occupational problems are is a a) differential diagnosis. b) dynamic diagnosis. c) decisional diagnosis. d) developmental diagnosis.
a) differential diagnosis.
In the ________________ model of consultation, counseling consultants provide a direct service to consultees who do not have the time, inclination, or perceived skills to deal with aparticular problem area. a) expert or provision b) doctor-patient or prescription c) process consultation or the collaboration d) mediation
a) expert or provision
According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), the bipolar scale that assesses whether perception and judgment are directed to the outer or inner world is a) extroversion or introversion (EI). b) sensing or intuitive (SN). c) thinking or feeling (TF). d) judgment or perception (JP).
a) extroversion or introversion (EI).
According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial crisis to be resolved in adolescence is a) identity versus role confusion. b) trust versus mistrust. c) autonomy versus shame and doubt. d) integrity versus despair.
a) identity versus role confusion.
Self-awareness, honesty, ability to communicate, congruence, and knowledge are a) important counselor characteristics. b) not important counselor characteristics. c) important client characteristics. d) more important than perceived expertness, attractiveness, and trustworthiness in a counselor.
a) important counselor characteristics.
The phase of counseling during which the family will most likely make needed changes for themselves, if they change at all, is the a) middle phase. b) termination phase. c) pre-session planning. d) initial phase.
a) middle phase.
School counseling that is most likely to incorporate therapeutic techniques such as peer mentoring; teacher advisory programs; and service clusters appropriate for 10-to14-year-old children focused on coping with adjustment to bodily changes, peer pressure, school and parental demands, and establishing self-identity is a) middle school counseling. b) college counseling. c) secondary school counseling. d) elementary school counseling.
a) middle school counseling.
Initiative in counseling is defined as a) motivation to change. b) the initial interview. c) the process of pointing out to the client what the client is doing. d) the genuine interest in and acceptance of a client.
a) motivation to change.
House-Tree-Person (HTP), Rorschach, and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are examples of a) projective personality assessments. b) objectively scored personality tests. c) mental status exams. d) achievement tests.
a) projective personality assessments.
Reflection of feeling, summary of feelings, and an acknowledgement of non-verbal behaviors are skills a counselor often uses in a(n) a) relationship-oriented first interview. b) information-oriented first interview. c) counselor-client contract. d) termination session.
a) relationship-oriented first interview.
The degree to which a test produces consistency of test scores when people are retested with the same or equivalent instrument is called a) reliability. b) assessment. c) aptitude. d) validity.
a) reliability.
When defining culture, social, economic, and educational background are examples of a) status variables. b) demographic variables. c) ethnographic variables. d) acculturation variables.
a) status variables.
According to Salvador Minuchin, the informal way in which a family organizes itself and interacts is a a) structure. b) coalition. c) cross-generational alliance. d) reframing.
a) structure.
According to Bowen (1978), family fusion situations in which two other members of the family pull a third person in two different directions are characterized as a) triangulated. b) flexibly separated. c) enmeshed. d) structurally separated.
a) triangulated.
An example of an open-ended question is a) "Are you currently employed?" b) "How is your marriage?" c) "Do you have trouble sleeping?" d) "Is your boss aware of your dissatisfaction in the workplace?"
b) "How is your marriage?"
All of the following ethical principles are central to maintaining appropriate practice guidelines EXCEPT: a) Counselors should have the training and experience necessary for the assessments they make and the interventions they attempt. b) Counselors should not use their own judgment in applying the ethical standards of their professional organizations. c) Counselors should routinely update their skills by engaging in various forms of continuing education. d) Counselors maintain the responsibility to inform the client of any circumstances likely to affect the confidentiality of their relationship and of any other matters likely to negatively influence the relationship.
b) Counselors should not use their own judgment in applying the ethical standards of their professional organizations.
In terms of group process, in which type of group is there typically initially more conflict and greater risk-taking, but over time, support and cohesion may lag and members may drop out? a) Homogeneous group b) Heterogeneous group c) T- group d) Task/Work group
b) Heterogeneous group
Each of the following may contribute to forming a strong therapeutic alliance in family therapy EXCEPT: a) Tracking b) Identifying the identified patient c) Framing d) Mimesis
b) Identifying the identified patient
According to Dustin and Ehly's five-stage model of consulting (1984), a school consultant who defines strategies; sets up a time frame; gives and receives feedback; and relies on counselor skills such as flexibility, dealing with resistance and negative feelings, and patience is most likely in which stage of the five-stage process of consultation? a) Problem identification b) Implementation c) Follow-up and evaluation d) Termination
b) Implementation
Which of the following statements about the creation of Division of Counseling Psychology is TRUE? a) The Division is known as Division 19. b) Its formation required dropping the term guidance. c) The main impetus was to align itself with clinical psychology. d) The Division was formally established in 1972.
b) Its formation required dropping the term guidance.
In offering consultation services to parents, a school counselor who is told by a parent, "I really don't want to be bothered," may be encountering which type of resistance? a) Excuses b) Negative mindsets c) Denial d) Primary prevention
b) Negative mindsets
What is the term for the concept that the family is greater than the sum of its parts, which meansit is therefore necessary to examine patterns within a family rather than just the actions of a specific family member? a) Morphogenesis b) Nonsummativity c) Homeostasis d) Equifinality
b) Nonsummativity
Which set of activities accounts for more than 50% of college counselors' time? a) Administration, professional development, teaching b) Personal, vocational, and educational counseling c) Research, supervision and training, academic and educational counseling d) Testing, research, professional development
b) Personal, vocational, and educational counseling
Smoking, poor nutrition, and drinking may result in problems with which type of aging? a) Primary aging b) Secondary aging c) Tertiary aging d) Pathological aging
b) Secondary aging
Tests that are administered and scored according to specific directions, as opposed to those that are not, illustrate which classification of tests proposed by Shertzer and Stone (1981)? a) Norm versus criterion-based b) Standardized versus nonstandardized c) Speed versus power d) Individual versus group
b) Standardized versus nonstandardized
Influenced by Kurt Lewin's field theory, which type of group focuses on how one's behavior in a group influences others' behavior and vice-versa? a) Self-help/support groups b) T-groups c) Encounter groups d) Psychodrama
b) T-groups
Which of the following is the best definition of ruminative coping? a) Rehearsing with one's counselor how one will act and what one will say when coming out b) The phenomenon that women are more prone to focus inwardly and passively on their emotions c) The process of helping older clients become more invested in the present and the future d) Mistaking people's reactions to poverty and discrimination for their cultural pattern
b) The phenomenon that women are more prone to focus inwardly and passively on their emotions
Which of the following is the best definition of licensure? a) The process wherein a state agency periodically examines the activities of a profession's practitioners to ascertain whether they are practicing the profession in a fashion consistent with the public safety, health, and welfare b) The statutory process by which an agency of government, usually a state, grants permission to a person meeting predetermined qualifications to engage in a given occupation and/or use a particular title and to perform specified functions c) The requirement of practitioners to submit information to the state concerning the nature of their practice d) A professional, statutory or non-statutory process by which an agency or association grants recognition to an individual for having met certain predetermined qualifications that offers protection of title only
b) The statutory process by which an agency of government, usually a state, grants permission to a person meeting predetermined qualifications to engage in a given occupation and/or use a particular title and to perform specified functions
A rite of passage and religious renewal sometimes used when counseling Native American men is a) the hierarchical relationship. b) a vision quest. c) orgullo. d) ho'opono'pono.
b) a vision quest.
According to the addressing model of complex cultural influences in counseling, the form of oppression against older adults within the cultural factor of age/generation is called a) heterosexism. b) ageism. c) sexism. d) racism.
b) ageism.
According to Ellis, preferences a) refer to the existence of a fact, event, behavior, or attitude of an individual. b) can replace shoulds, oughts, and musts. c) refer to the C of the A-B-C-D-E theory of personality often influenced by absolutistic, irrational beliefs. d) are examples of irrational beliefs.
b) can replace shoulds, oughts, and musts.
In the behavioral approach to counseling, counselors a) help the client focus on themes such as meaning, time, and death. b) function as learning specialists who seek to help clients learn new, appropriate ways of acting, or help them modify or eliminate excessive actions. c) are non-directive and use reflective techniques. d) function as a "blank screen" upon which clients project unconscious transference material.
b) function as learning specialists who seek to help clients learn new, appropriate ways of acting, or help them modify or eliminate excessive actions.
Clients using rational-emotive imagery a) are engaged in a process of gradual exposure to anxiety-provoking situations. b) imagine themselves thinking, feeling, and behaving exactly the way they would like to think, feel, and behave in real life. c) risk doing things that typically elicit feelings of shame or humiliation and use their rational beliefs to challenge these irrational interpretations. d) practice asking for what they want or saying no to what they don't want in anxiety-provoking situations or relationships.
b) imagine themselves thinking, feeling, and behaving exactly the way they would like to think, feel, and behave in real life.
The practice of providing clients with the information they need to become active participants in the therapeutic relationship is referred to as a) confidentiality. b) informed consent. c) the right to a referral. d) duty to warn.
b) informed consent.
A client using the all-or-nothing thinking category of dysfunctional automatic thought a) believes he or she can predict the future outcome of events, usually in terms of negative outcomes. b) may use the self-talk, "I have to do things perfectly, and anything less is a failure." c) may irrationally assume that he or sheknows what another person is thinking. d) may believe that his or her well-being and positive self-concept is conditional on external approval to an exaggerated degree.
b) may use the self-talk, "I have to do things perfectly, and anything less is a failure."
Preventative factors against adolescent alcohol use include a) parental avoidance, seeking advice from peers, and avoidance of religious services. b) parental trusting, seeking advice from parents, and attendance at religious services. c) parental trusting, peer pressure, attendance at religious services. d) parental avoidance, peer pressure, avoidance of religious services.
b) parental trusting, seeking advice from parents, and attendance at religious services.
One of the main foci of narrative counseling that involves the construction of new stories and meaning in clients' lives and in the process, creating new realities, is a) externalization of the problem. b) reauthoring lives. c) raising dilemmas. d) predicting setbacks.
b) reauthoring lives.
The term intellectual disability in the DSM-5 a) refers to subtypes of schizophrenia such as paranoid type, disorganized type,etc. used in the DSM-IV-TR. b) replaces the term mental retardation in the DSM-IV-TR. c) encompasses autistic Disorder,Asperger's disorder, and childhood disintegrative disorder NOS (not otherwise specified). d) is included in ADHD criteria that now allows application across the lifespan.
b) replaces the term mental retardation in the DSM-IV-TR.
Aclient who is unwilling, unready, or opposed to change may be a) highly inappropriate for treatment. b) resistant. c) open to adjusting counterproductive and dysfunctional attitudes and behaviors. d) motivated to change.
b) resistant.
Alfred Adler's individual psychology focuses on a) the transfer and exchange of energy within the personality. b) social interests, the purposefulness of behavior, and the importance of developing a healthy lifestyle. c) the unconscious mind, the preconscious mind, and the conscious mind. d) the id, the ego, and the superego.
b) social interests, the purposefulness of behavior, and the importance of developing a healthy lifestyle.
Circular causality, a main concept in systems theory, is a) the idea that one action is seen as the cause of another. b) the idea that events are related through a series of interacting feedback loops. c) distinguishing one's thoughts from one's emotions and oneself from others. d) the singling out of one person as the cause of a problem.
b) the idea that events are related through a series of interacting feedback loops.
The humanistic approach to counseling focuses on a) the impact of the past and of the unconscious on the person in the present. b) the potential of individuals to actively choose and purposefully decide about matters related to themselves and their environments. c) how factors in the environment influence learned behaviors. d) the interacting interpersonal mutually influential components on a person's functioning.
b) the potential of individuals to actively choose and purposefully decide about matters related to themselves and their environments.
According to Margaret Mahler's phases of separation and individuation, object constancy occurs a) when the child (14-24 months) seeks to maintain proximity to the caretaker while engaging in exploration. b) when the child (24 months) has internalized a mental model of the mother. c) at the very beginning of life (0-1 month) when the mother is viewed as an intrinsic part of the infant, devoid of a separate experience. d) when the infant's (5-9 months) primary focus begins to transform from internally focused to externally focused and is exemplified by milestones in motor development that physically allow increased separation, such as crawling.
b) when the child (24 months) has internalized a mental model of the mother.
The primary emphasis of Gilbert Wrenn's widely influential book The Counselor in a Changing World (1962) is on working a) with groups. b) with others to resolve developmental needs. c) within community mental health centers. d) with societies' needs stemming from the civil rights movement, the Vietnam War, and the women's movement.
b) with others to resolve developmental needs.
In Albert Ellis' A-B-C-D-E method of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), irrational beliefs are represented by the a) A. b) B. c) C. d) D.
b) B.
According to Freud, the part of the personality that is the conscious, decision-making, executive of the mind that operates according to the reality principle is the a) id. b) ego. c) superego. d) preconscious mind.
b) ego.
Yalom (1995) characterized the following therapeutic factors within groups EXCEPT: a) Installation of hope b) Group cohesiveness c) Brainwashing d) Altruism
c) Brainwashing
Counselors who work with HIV/AIDS clients do all of the following EXCEPT: a) Examine their own attitudes and feelings before attempting to deal with this special population b) Assist clients with maintaining a meaningful quality of life, coping with loss of function, and confronting existential or experiential issues c) Focus on only positive emotional experiences d) Address practical considerations, such as preparing for treatment or death
c) Focus on only positive emotional experiences
Difficulty with career decision-making due to unreliable communication and internal/external conflicts are factors contributing to which type of career decision-making difficulty? a) Lack of readiness b) Lack of information about c) Inconsistent information d) Nontraditional careers
c) Inconsistent information
An individual who is "scientific, abstract, and analytical" would be characterized primarily by which part of Holland's trait-and-factor RIASEC theory of career development? a) Artistic b) Social c) Investigative d) Realistic
c) Investigative
All of the following practices are ways in which a counselor might engage in ethically questionable behavior that might be difficult to detect EXCEPT: a) Practicing with little enthusiasm or tolerating boredom, apathy, and even burnout b) Prolonging the number of counseling sessions because of the therapist's emotional or financial needs c) Promoting client's autonomy in the event the client grows too dependent on the counselor d) Being unaware of countertransferential reactions to a client and thus increasing resistance and thwarting therapeutic progress
c) Promoting client's autonomy in the event the client grows too dependent on the counselor
A counselor who paraphrases the client's verbalization, including both content and affect, using nearly the same wording, is using which kind of lead? a) Interpretation b) General lead c) Restatement d) Reassurance
c) Restatement
Each of the following organizing categories is represented on the mental status examination (MSE) EXCEPT: a) Appearance b) Mood c) Sense of humor d) Cognition
c) Sense of humor
Counselors may resist working with older adults for all ofthe following reasons EXCEPT: a) The counselor's irrational fear of aging b) The counselor's preference of working with young people who may eventually contribute to society c) The counselor's understanding and knowledge of this population d) The counselor's beliefs that older people are senile, absent-minded, and helpless
c) The counselor's understanding and knowledge of this population
Each of the following events had a profound impact on the development of counseling during the 1940s EXCEPT: a) The theory of Carl Rogers b) World War II c) The publication of In a Different Voice d) The U.S. government's involvement in counseling after the war
c) The publication of In a Different Voice
Which of the following is the most accurate definition of modeling? a) The practice of using events that, when they follow a behavior, increase the probability of that behavior repeating b) The process of gradually changing behavior through successive approximation c) The social cognitive form of learning thatstresses that people acquire new knowledge and behavior by observing other people and events without engaging in behavior themselves and without any direct consequences to themselves d) The elimination of a behavior because of a withdrawal of its reinforcement
c) The social cognitive form of learning thatstresses that people acquire new knowledge and behavior by observing other people and events without engaging in behavior themselves and without any direct consequences to themselves
In The empty chair here-and-now exercise, a) clients make statements about perceptions and close each statement with the phrase "and I take responsibility for it." b) clients express a particular feeling or thought to each person in a group, adding some remarks about each group member. c) clients talk to the various parts of their personality, such as the part that is dominant and the part that is passive. d) the counselor, who is aware that certain attitudes or messages are implied in what the client is saying, asks whether the client will say a certain sentence that makes the client's thought explicit.
c) clients talk to the various parts of their personality, such as the part that is dominant and the part that is passive.
The ethical duty to fulfill a contract or promise to clients that the information revealed during therapy will be protected from unauthorized disclosure is called a) beneficence. b) contracting. c) confidentiality. d) negligence.
c) confidentiality.
The degree to which a test measures the theoretical construct or trait it is purported to measure is a) standardization. b) reliability. c) construct validity. d) face validity.
c) construct validity.
A person in a dysfunctional marriage engaging in cutoff might a) demonstrate undifferentiated emotional togetherness. b) exhibit a dysfunctional focus on a third party. c) display physical or psychological avoidance of the spouse because they have not separated themselves from their families of origin in a healthy way. d) be in contact and emotionally separate with others, resolve anxiety over family situations, and avoid becoming a target or scapegoat of projections.
c) display physical or psychological avoidance of the spouse because they have not separated themselves from their families of origin in a healthy way.
Culturally skilled counselors a) prevent clients' religious and spiritual beliefs from entering therapy. b) allow their own fear of discovering and owning up to their prejudices to block them from a multicultural perspective. c) ensure that personal biases, values, or problems will not interfere with their ability to work with clients who are culturally different from them. d) avoid examining and understanding the world from the vantage point of their clients.
c) ensure that personal biases, values, or problems will not interfere with their ability to work with clients who are culturally different from them.
Counseling as a profession developed in the a) late 1980s and early 1990s. b) late 1990s and early 2000s. c) late 1890s and early 1900s. d) late 1780s and early 1800s.
c) late 1890s and early 1900s.
Poor appointment-keeping, payment delay or refusal, and asking for personal favors are examples of a) response content resistance. b) response quantity resistance. c) logistic management resistance. d) response style resistance.
c) logistic management resistance.
Struggling with sense of identity, experimenting with body, and withdrawing from parents are signs of a) abnormal adolescent behaviors. b) clinical depression. c) normal adolescent behaviors. d) normal adult development.
c) normal adolescent behaviors.
The fourth stage of Tuckman's (1965) original four-stage process for group counseling is a) storming. b) forming. c) performing. d) norming.
c) performing.
A disability is a(n) a) complex, progressive behavior pattern having biological, psychological, sociological, and behavioral components that may or may not involve substances. b) observable or discernible limitation that is made so by the presence of various barriers. c) physical or a mental condition that limits a person's activities or functioning. d) character weakness.
c) physical or a mental condition that limits a person's activities or functioning.
The existential approach to counseling focuses on a) learning and changing maladaptive behavioral patterns and on increasing adaptive behaviors. b) developing a healthy lifestyle and on the social usefulness of an individual. c) ultimate human concerns, such as death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness. d) gaining insight into unconscious conflicts and on resolving fixations in psychosexual stages of development.
c) ultimate human concerns, such as death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness.
Resinkoff (1981) stresses specific questions that counselors should ask themselves to understand family functioning and dynamics. These questions include all of the following EXCEPT: a) "What is the basic feeling state in the family, and who carries it?" b) "What individual roles reinforce family resistance, and what are the most prevalent family defenses?" c) "What is the outward appearance of the family?" d) "What defines the father's transference toward the counselor?"
d) "What defines the father's transference toward the counselor?"
A consultant whose goal is collaboratively to identify consulting difficulties in working with certain types of clients and help the consultee develop the skills to deal effectively with this and similar situations in the future is most likely engaged in which level of Werner (1978) and Caplan and Caplan's (1993) six levels of community mental health consultation? a) Client-centered case consultation b) Consultee-centered administrative consultation c) Community-centered ad hoc consultation d) Consultee-centered case consultation
d) Consultee-centered case consultation
The substages of deceleration and retirement occur during which stage of Donald Super's five stages of career development? a) Growth b) Establishment c) Maintenance d) Decline
d) Decline
Who is best known as "The Father of Guidance"? a) Clifford Beers b) B.F. Skinner c) Sigmund Freud d) Frank Parsons
d) Frank Parsons
An increased prevalence of alcohol abuse relative to the general population has been found among a) African Americans. b) Asian Americans. c) Hispanic/Latino Americans. d) Native Americans.
d) Native Americans.
According to Freud, the sex organs are the chief pleasure zone in which stage of psychosexual development? a) Oral stage b) Anal stage c) Ego stage d) Phallic stage
d) Phallic stage
Some of the most appropriate and meaningful tasks that elementary school counselors perform include each of the following EXCEPT: a) Assisting students in identifying their skills and abilities b) Providing individual and small-group counseling c) Developing students' career awareness d) Substitute teaching
d) Substitute teaching
An example of an intelligence/aptitude test for children is the a) Strong Interest Inventory (SII). b) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). c) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). d) WISC-III.
d) WISC-III.
A client who is diagnosed as meeting DSM-5 criteria for both a substance use and a mental health diagnosis meets criteria for a) bipolar disorder. b) both anxiety and depression. c) both depression and a personality disorder. d) a dual diagnosis.
d) a dual diagnosis.
An example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule is a) a slot machine. b) a pop quiz. c) piece work. d) a person who collects a standard biweekly paycheck.
d) a person who collects a standard biweekly paycheck.
Viktor Frankl was a) a founder of existential counseling who dealt extensively with anxiety but was not imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps during World War II. b) a survivor of Nazi concentration camps during World War II who founded Gestalt psychotherapy. c) a founder of person-centered therapy who was not imprisoned inNazi concentration camps during World War II. d) a survivor of Nazi concentration camps during World War II, who founded existential counseling that focused on the meaning of life even under the most horrendous circumstances.
d) a survivor of Nazi concentration camps during World War II, who founded existential counseling that focused on the meaning of life even under the most horrendous circumstances.
According to Sue (1978), effective counseling across cultures includes the guideline that counselors should be a) aware that some methods of counseling are completely culture-free. b) unaware of the values and beliefs they hold with regard to acceptable and desirable human behavior. c) aware that their own worldview should be prioritized over the clients' worldview. d) aware of clients' experience of locus of control and locus of responsibility.
d) aware of clients' experience of locus of control and locus of responsibility.
Adolescents who experience depressed mood that affects thoughts, feelings, and daily activity including eating, sleeping, and schoolwork, should be primarily evaluated for a) an eating disorder. b) ADD/ADHD. c) an anxiety disorder. d) depression.
d) depression.
When counselors see clients' worlds from the clients' point of view and are able to communicate this understanding back, they are demonstrating a) transference. b) countertransference. c) self-disclosure. d) empathy.
d) empathy.
Based on Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation (1969), securely attached children a) adopt an ambivalent behavioral style toward the attachment figure and commonly exhibit clingy and dependent behavior but will be reject or ignore the attachment figure when theyengage in interaction. b) do not orient to their attachment figure while investigating the environment, are very independent of the attachment figure both physically and emotionally, and do not seek contact with the attachment figure when distressed. c) overtly display fear, contradictory behaviors or affects; stereotypic, asymmetric, or jerky movements; or freezing and dissociation. d) feel confident that the attachment figure will be available to meet their needs, use the attachment figure as a safe base to explore the environment, seek the attachment figure in times of distress, and are easily soothed by the attachment figure when upset.
d) feel confident that the attachment figure will be available to meet their needs, use the attachment figure as a safe base to explore the environment, seek the attachment figure in times of distress, and are easily soothed by the attachment figure when upset.
Beck's cognitive triad is a pattern that triggers depression and involves clients' a) negative views of themselves, the counselor, and the future. b) negative views of the counselor, the world, and the future. c) positive views of themselves, the world, and the future. d) negative views of themselves, the world, and the future.
d) negative views of themselves, the world, and the future.
Polysubstance abuse is a) a complex, progressive behavior pattern having biological, psychological, sociological, and behavioral components that may or may not involve substances. b) the physical condition in which the body has adapted to the presence of a drug and will experience withdrawal syndrome upon discontinuation of the use of that drug. c) prevalent in 1 in 10 American adults in the general population. d) the abuse of two or more substances simultaneously.
d) the abuse of two or more substances simultaneously.