Dsst substance abuse
Which of the following substances was associated with "moonwalking" movements? a. PCP b. THC c. methamphetamine d. heroin
The correct answer is A. PCP was observed to cause an individual to take high, careful, slow steps. This became known as "moonwalking".
Most users of inhalants are a. old b. young c. male d. female
The correct answer is B. Inhalant use is common among young individuals.
"Skin-popping" when compared to mainlining reduces the risk of which of the following infections? a. tetanus b. hepatitis c. abscesses d. gonorrhea
The correct answer is B. Skin-popping decreases the risk of hepatitis when compared to mainlining.
Which of the following commonly impacts the effect of any given substance? a. circadian rhythms b. the setting in which the substance is used c. the age of the individual when the substance is first used d. food intake
The correct answer is B. The effects of any substance are determined by both the user and the setting.
An LSD user who is having a "bad trip" can be assisted by each of the following EXCEPT: a. Calmness b. Reassurance c. Alcohol d. Low lighting
The correct answer is C. Alcohol should not be administered to an LSD user who is having a "bad trip." Alcohol can exacerbate the negative experience; it should be avoided.
Which of the following terms may be used to describe an individual who spends a large amount of time seeking drugs? a. physical addiction b. anhedonia c. psychological dependence d. substance abuse
The correct answer is C. Psychological dependence is indicated by the frequency of use of a drug or by the amount of time an individual spends in drug-seeking behavior.
Which of the following has the fewest side effects in the treatment of moderate to severe depression? a. MAOIs b. Lithium c. SSRIs d. Tricyclics
The correct answer is C. Selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are considered the safest antidepressant medication with the fewest side effects. Both tricyclics and MAOIs are antidepressant medications, but they both have significant side effects. Lithium is a mood stabilizer used for the treatment of bipolar patients.
Which of the following is the most likely cause of death from inhalant overdose? a. Embolism b. Aneurysm c. Suffocation d. Meningitis
The correct answer is C. Suffocation is the most likely cause of death from inhalant overdose. Inhalant abuse deaths may also occur due to heart attack.
Which of the following statements is true regarding opioids? a. Brain damage is a common effect of opioid abuse. b. Opioids have a low rate of psychological addiction. c. It is uncommon for adolescents to abuse opioids. d. Cross-tolerance exists among opioid substances.
The correct answer is D. Cross-tolerance exists among the various opioid substances.
In 1982, Nancy Reagan began the ________ campaign for children to prevent drug and cigarette use. a. Addiction Kills b. Start Clean c. Stop the Epidemic d. Just Say No
The correct answer is D. Nancy Reagan began this campaign after a child asked her what she should do if she were offered drugs. Nancy Reagan replied, "Just say no," which became the campaign slogan. Choices A and B are not actual prevention campaigns. Choice C is an Ohio state prevention campaign slogan.
One of the main functions of serotonin is a. stabilization of body temperature b. inhibition of the pain center c. reduction of the seizure threshold d. modulation of sleep
The correct answer is D. One of the main functions of serotonin is modulation of sleep.
Which of the following individual factors contributes to a higher blood alcohol concentration (BAC) if each individual consumes what is defined as a standard drink of an alcoholic beverage? a. a higher percentage of body fat b. a higher amount of muscle c. a higher body weight d. a higher level of stomach enzymes
The correct answer is A. A higher percentage of body fat is an individual factor that contributes to a higher blood alcohol concentration (BAC) if the individual consumes what is defined as a standard drink of an alcoholic beverage.
Alcohol is commonly applied to the skin to achieve which of the following effects? a. reduce fever b. stimulate circulation c. moisten dry areas d. reduce pain
The correct answer is A. Alcohol is commonly applied to the skin to reduce fever.
Each of the following is a common symptom of marijuana withdrawal EXCEPT: a. Weight gain b. Anxiety c. Irritability d. Depression
The correct answer is A. Anxiety, irritability, and depression are common symptoms of marijuana withdrawal. Marijuana is an appetite stimulant; withdrawal is usually accompanied by reduced appetite, which can lead to weight loss.
Which of the following treatments of alcohol dependence is based on principles associated with classical conditioning? a. aversion therapy b. twelve-step programs c. half-way houses d. family therapy
The correct answer is A. Aversion therapy for alcohol dependence, such as occurs with the administration of disulfiram, is based on principles of classical conditioning.
Which of the following is known as a "club drug"? a. MDMA b. PCP c. THC d. LSD
The correct answer is A. Club drugs tend to be drugs like MDMA, methamphetamine, Ritalin and GHB.
In general, which of the following statements is true regarding the blood alcohol concentration (BAC)? a. A female who weighs the same as a male and consumes the same amount of alcohol during the same time interval will have a higher BAC than the male. b. A female who consumes the same amount of alcohol during the same time interval as a male but who weighs about fifty pounds more than the male, will have a similar BAC as the male. c. Ale and whiskey ingested at the same rate produce a similar BAC over time but differ significantly in the duration of the effect. d. Ale and whiskey ingested at the same rate have a similar BAC over time and produce a rapid decrease in BAC if caffeine is simultaneously ingested.
The correct answer is A. Due to variations in body fat composition, a male and a female of equal weight who consume the same volume of alcohol during the same time interval, the female will have a higher BAC alcohol level than the male.
The dose-response (dose-effect) curve is used to identify which of the following properties of drugs? a. efficacy b. duration of action c. gender-based response d. solubility
The correct answer is A. Efficacy is the peak level of a drug effect and is identified by a dose-response (dose-effect) curve.
Which of the following groups has the highest percentage of individuals who typically report heavy alcohol use during a given month? a. 18 to 25 year olds b. 30 to 60 year olds c. African-Americans d. Hispanic-Americans
The correct answer is A. Groups with the highest percentage of individuals who have typically reported heavy alcohol use during a given month include white males, ages 18 to 25 years old.
Marijuana use for recreational and __________ purposes has resulted in a high prevalence of chronic marijuana users. a. medicinal b. administration c. sale d. tracking
The correct answer is A. Marijuana has now been legalized in some states, which has increased usage, especially given the availability for medicinal purposes. Administration or sale of marijuana use is not regulated or tracked. Tracking marijuana use does not increase its use.
Which of the following over-the-counter medications has a stimulant effect? a. No Doz® b. Pepto Bismol® c. Tylenol® d. Robitussin®
The correct answer is A. No Doz® is an over-the-counter medication that has a stimulant effect (i.e. it contains caffeine).
Which of the following is a benefit of using a benzodiazepine to treat an anxiety disorder? a. The risk for accidental overdose is low. b. Cross tolerance with alcohol is minimal. c. The level of drowsiness is significant. d. Appetite stimulation is moderate.
The correct answer is A. One benefit of using benzodiazepines to treat an anxiety disorder is that the risk for accidental overdose is low.
Opioids have a greater effect if taken via which of the following routes of administration? a. intravenous b. subcutaneous c. intramuscular d. inhalation
The correct answer is A. Opioids have a greater effect when injected intravenously.
Which of the following caused an epidemic of dependence among the Chinese in the early 1900s? a. Opium smoking b. Heroin injection c. Crack cocaine smoking d. Cocaine snorting
The correct answer is A. Opium smoking caused an epidemic of dependence among the Chinese in the early 1900s. Heroin and cocaine are also opioids, but the primary form of drug consumption among Chinese addicts at that time was opium smoking.
Protective factors are defined as a. behaviors, attitudes or situations that are associated with low rates of deviant behavior b. precursor molecules that are changed into a different molecule by the action of enzymes c. biological, psychological or social variables that positively impact the ability to make decisions d. a change in the rate of metabolism of a substance as a result of regular use of the substance
The correct answer is A. Protective factors are behaviors, attitudes or situations that are associated with low rates of deviant behavior.
Nicotine affects ______ in the brain, as neurotransmitters release dopamine when smoking tobacco, which can result in addiction. a. receptors b. pituitary c. thyroid d. dendrites
The correct answer is A. Receptors release neurotransmitters, and dopamine is a neurotransmitter. The pituitary gland and thyroid produce hormones. Dendrites carry information (e.g., dopamine) from one neuron to another.
According to the Food and Drug Administration, suicidal tendencies could increase with use of mood stabilizers for those with a. epilepsy. b. Lyme disease. c. attention deficit disorder (ADD). d. heart disease.
The correct answer is A. Research supports that suicidal tendencies could increase with use of mood stabilizers for those with epilepsy. There is no research to support that suicidal tendencies could increase with use of mood stabilizers for those with Lyme disease or ADD. Mood stabilizers are not used to treat medical conditions like heart disease.
Which of the following alcoholic beverages is classified as a liqueur? a. schnapps b. extra dry champagne c. fruit-flavored ale d. wine coolers
The correct answer is A. Schnapps is considered a liqueur (cordial).
Sedative-hypnotic medications are used medically to treat a. generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) b. Parkinson's syndrome c. Wernicke's syndrome d. attention deficit disorder (ADD)
The correct answer is A. Sedative-hypnotic medications are used medically to treat anxiety disorders.
Serotonin is widely distributed in the a. brain b. lungs c. mucous membranes d. skin
The correct answer is A. Serotonin is widely distributed in the brain.
Drugs in which of the following classifications are also used medically for weight management? a. stimulants b. opioids c. CNS depressants d. inhalants
The correct answer is A. Stimulants are used medically for weight management.
The U.S. is the highest user of painkillers (opioids); therefore, in 2010, a prevention campaign allowed people to leave any prescription drugs they chose, no questions asked, at a drop-off point. This is called the _____________ campaign. a. Take-Back b. Drop-Off c. Give Them Back d. No Questions Asked
The correct answer is A. The Take-Back campaign was set up at over 4,000 locations and to date has collected over 120 tons of prescription pills. The other choices are not actual prevention campaigns.
The incidence of depression associated with the chronic abuse of cocaine is hypothesized to be associated with a. low levels of monoamines b. low levels of adenosine c. inhibition of GABA d. inhibition of TSH
The correct answer is A. The long-term effects of stimulant use involve depletion of monoamines. These low levels have been linked to depression.
Which of the following is a common toxic effect of both CNS depressants and opioids? a. clammy skin b. agitation c. psychosis d. insomnia
The correct answer is A. Toxic effects of both CNS depressants and opioids include clammy skin and respiratory depression.
How much time is generally required for a patient who starts SSRI antidepressants to experience improved mood effects? a. 3-5 days b. 2-4 weeks c. 3-4 months d. 6-12 months
The correct answer is B. A patient who starts SSRI antidepressants will generally experience improved mood effects in 2-4 weeks. The same time frame applies to MAO inhibitors and trycyclic antidepressants.
Alcohol was used initially in medicine as a. an antidepressant b. an anesthetic c. a stimulant d. an anxiolytic
The correct answer is B. Alcohol was used initially in medicine as an anesthetic.
According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, __________ use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has dramatically increased. a. seniors' (65+) b. adolescents' (13-23) c. young adults' (18-24) d. adults' (24-44)
The correct answer is B. Based on a 2014 survey, teen use of e-cigarettes has increased by 39%, which research has shown will likely result in them eventually smoking tobacco. Senior e-cigarette use is just under 10% of the population, young adult e-cigarette use is 29% of the population, and adult e-cigarette use is 25% of the population, with most of these three groups having switched from tobacco
Early treatment of schizophrenia involved administration of which of the following? a. Beta blockers b. Insulin c. Levothyroxine d. ACE inhibitors
The correct answer is B. Early treatment of schizophrenia involved administration of insulin. This treatment was discontinued when it was found that patients frequently relapsed despite initial improvement.
Methylated amphetamines commonly cause which of the following psychological effects? a. amnesia b. emotional warmth c. food cravings d. visual hallucinations
The correct answer is B. Emotional warmth is a common psychological effect of methylated amphetamines.
Which of the following is a chemical analogue of DMT? a. hash b. foxy methoxy c. angel dust d. ludes
The correct answer is B. Foxy methoxy (AMT) is a chemical analogue of DMT.
Hallucinogens alter a person's perceptions of reality and may cause a. Lyme disease. b. hallucinations. c. Alzheimer's. d. hair loss
The correct answer is B. Hallucinations can occur due to a person's lack of perception of reality. Lyme disease is caused by tick bites. There is no research to support that Alzheimer's or hair loss results from use of hallucinogens.
Harm reduction refers to a. reducing the quantity of substance that is used b. minimizing the negative consequences of substance use c. limiting the frequency that a substance is used d. restricting the use of a teratogenic substance
The correct answer is B. Harm reduction emphasizes reducing the negative consequences of using a substance.
Hypnotics are also known as a. anesthetics b. CNS depressants c. analgesics d. intoxicants
The correct answer is B. Hypnotics are also known as CNS depressants.
Which of the following substances is tasteless? a. cocaine b. LSD c. opium d. THC
The correct answer is B. LSD is odorless and tasteless.
How does the lipid solubility of a drug effect the action of the drug? a. The lower the lipid solubility, the easier it is for the drug to enter the brain. b. The higher the lipid solubility, it is more likely that the drug will be reabsorbed from the kidneys. c. Lipid soluble drugs have a higher rate of absorption if an individual is obese. d. Lipid soluble drugs have a lower rate of absorption if an individual is malnourished.
The correct answer is B. Lipid solubility of a drug is the tendency of a chemical to dissolve in fat as opposed to water. The higher the lipid solubility, it is more likely that the drug will be reabsorbed from the kidneys.
Which of the following most likely contributes to marijuana dependence? a. Regular marijuana users do not typically develop drug tolerance. b. Tolerance of the drug increases as usage continues over time. c. Tolerance of the drug decreases with regular use at high doses. d. Intermittent marijuana users are not likely to develop drug tolerance.
The correct answer is B. Marijuana dependence is most likely promoted by the fact that marijuana tolerance increases as usage continues over time. This is particularly true at high doses.
The most commonly used illicit drug in the United States is a. barbiturates. b. marijuana. c. cocaine. d. alcohol.
The correct answer is B. Marijuana has a very low physical dependency level. Choices A and C are illicit drugs, but they are not used as commonly as marijuana.
Which of the following statements is true regarding alcohol? a. The presence of food in the digestive system increases the rate of alcohol absorption. b. Alcohol is primarily absorbed in the small intestines. c. Drinking plain water at the same time as drinking alcohol increases the rate of alcohol absorption. d. The intake of carbonated beverages with alcohol has limited effect on alcohol absorption.
The correct answer is B. Most of alcohol absorption occurs in the small intestine
Opioid dependence often develops as a result of a. no prescription. b. self-medication. c. hospital stay length. d. age.
The correct answer is B. Opioids are good pain medication, but they produce a euphoria that makes them attractive to users. Opioids require a prescription. No research supports that length of hospital stay or age correlates to opioid dependency.
Which of the following substances is the cheapest to purchase on the street? a. crack b. PCP c. oxycodone d. Xanax
The correct answer is B. PCP, when available, is inexpensive and made easily by inexperienced chemists.
A person who smokes one marijuana cigarette will most likely experience a. agitation. b. relaxation. c. hallucinations. d. alertness.
The correct answer is B. The typical effects of smoking one marijuana cigarette include relaxation and euphoria. Smoking higher doses may result in hallucinations, anxiety, delusions, and panic in some users. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect.
Which of the following is associated with the withdrawal syndrome due to abuse of stimulants? a. altered skin sensations b. disturbed sleep c. muscle paralysis d. sensitivity to light
The correct answer is B. The withdrawal syndrome associated with stimulants includes sleep disturbances.
___________ are just as harmful as tobacco (nicotine) cigarettes. a. E-cigarettes b. Herb cigarettes c. Menthol cigarettes d. Bidis
The correct answer is C. Adding menthol to cigarettes reduces the harshness of cigarette smoke, which makes it easier to smoke, but they are just as harmful as tobacco cigarettes. E-cigarettes deliver nicotine vapor with flavoring, and research has not yet determined any level of harm. Herbal cigarettes do not contain nicotine. Bidis contain more nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and concentrations of toxins and are, therefore, more harmful than tobacco cigarettes.
Which of the following symptoms is LEAST likely to be present in an individual undergoing treatment for cocaine addiction? a. Strong craving for cocaine b. Anxiety c. Shaking d. Fatigue
The correct answer is C. An individual undergoing treatment for cocaine addiction is likely to experience strong craving for cocaine, anxiety, and fatigue at the onset of treatment. Extreme physical withdrawal symptoms such as shaking and vomiting are less likely to occur.
Which of the following is a physiologic effect of drinking low volumes of alcohol? a. decreased thirst b. decreased secretions c. increased urination d. increased appetite
The correct answer is C. At low volumes, drinking alcoholic beverages causes increased urination.
Alcohol proof measures the level of ___________ contained in the beverage. a. butane b. oil c. ethanol d. drugs
The correct answer is C. Ethanol is alcohol, and proof is defined as twice the percentage of alcohol by volume. Butane, oil, and drugs are not part of alcoholic beverages.
Which of the following is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)? a. Doxepin b. Imipramine c. Fluoxetine d. Phenelzine
The correct answer is C. Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant. It goes by the brand name Prozac. Doxepin and imipramine are trycyclic antidepressants. Phenelzine is a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor.
All of the following factors increase a smoker's risk of having cancer EXCEPT a. daily number of cigarettes smoked. b. number of years spent smoking. c. gender and body weight. d. age when smoking began.
The correct answer is C. Gender and body weight are less likely to affect a smoker's risk of cancer. A smoker's risk of cancer increases with the number of cigarettes smoked on a daily basis, the number of years spent smoking, and the age when smoking began.
Higher doses of marijuana can produce delusions, paranoid feelings, anxiety, and panic. The toxicity level of cannabis does not cause death even with high usage; however, a temporary form of overdose is called a. cannabisitis. b. hash hauling. c. greening out. d. threshing.
The correct answer is C. Greening out is smoking a lot of marijuana in a short period of time. Cannabisitis is not a real term. Hash hauling is not a real term. Threshing relates to grain processing.
In using marijuana, which of the following is incorrect? a. Use results in altered time sense and impaired immediate recall. b. Most reports of overdose are panic reactions. c. Neither tolerance nor withdrawal has been demonstrated. d. There are probably medical uses for marijuana.
The correct answer is C. Marijuana users can build up a tolerance and display withdrawal symptoms when discontinuing use of the substance. Use does result in altered time sense and impaired immediate recall. Reports of overdose are panic reactions because overdose symptoms are temporary and marijuana overdose does not cause death. There are medical uses for marijuana like chemo treatment and glaucoma.
Which of the following hallucinogens is also eaten? a. DOM b. MDMA c. mescaline d. phencyclidine
The correct answer is C. Mescaline is typically taken by eating peyote buttons.
Which of the following ingredients of tobacco is responsible for causing dependence? a. Ammonia b. Morphine c. Nicotine d. Tar
The correct answer is C. Nicotine is the ingredient in tobacco that is responsible for causing dependence. Tar is an ingredient that causes cancer.
A side effect of antipsychotic drugs is a. short-term memory loss. b. suicidal thoughts. c. hand tremors. d. depression.
The correct answer is C. One of the side effects of antipsychotic drugs is movement disorders similar to Parkinson's disease. Hand tremors, muscular rigidity, and a shuffling walk occur in about 20 percent of patients taking phenothiazines. Choices A, B, and D are not common side effects of antipsychotic drugs.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding prodrugs? a. Ingestion of alcohol antagonizes prodrugs. b. Prodrugs may not be prescribed in the United States. c. Metabolic processes change prodrugs into active drugs. d. Prodrugs have a faster rate of elimination from the body.
The correct answer is C. Prodrugs are inactive in the original form and are activated by liver enzymes after the drug is ingested.
Which of the following are known to increase the risk of suicide in some patients? a. Conventional antipsychotics b. Lithium c. SSRI antidepressants d. Atypical antipsychotics
The correct answer is C. SSRI antidepressants are known to increase the risk of suicide in some patients. The risk is highest for adolescents and young adults.
Which of the following statements is true regarding Schedule I substances of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA)? a. There is a lower potential for abuse when compared to Schedule IV. b. Cocaine is included in this Schedule. c. There is no currently acceptable medical use in the United States. d. Opioids are excluded.
The correct answer is C. Schedule I substances have a high potential for abuse, do not currently have acceptable medical use in the United States for treatment, and include heroin.
Each of the following can help prevent addiction to sedatives for the relief of insomnia EXCEPT: a. Maintaining a regular exercise schedule b. Maintaining a regular sleep schedule c. Taking short naps regularly during the day d. Avoiding intense exercising before sleep
The correct answer is C. Taking short naps regularly during the day can make it more difficult to sleep at night, thus increasing insomnia. A, B, and D are effective for promoting restful sleep and reducing the need for sedatives.
Which of the following represents the first federal attempt to legally control marijuana use in the U.S.? a. 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act b. Harrison Act of 1914 c. Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 d. 1961 Convention on Narcotics
The correct answer is C. The Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 was the first federal attempt to legally control marijuana use in the U.S. The Harrison Act of 1914 was directed at control of cocaine and opium.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Moral Model of the causes of substance use? a. Choosing to enter the subculture of substance use is based on a need to belong to a group. b. The environment of the individual contributes to decisions regarding substance use. c. Personal choices are made to use a substance in a harmful way when other choices were available to the individual. d. Spiritual distress is the basis of decisions to use substances that cause progressive diseases.
The correct answer is C. The Moral Model of the causes of substance use states that the individual makes personal choices to use substances in a harmful way when other choices could have been made.
There is a relatively low risk of dying from an overdose of a. beer b. Vodka c. LSD d. Xanax
The correct answer is C. There is a low risk of dying from an overdose of LSD since this substance has more hallucinogenic than physiologic effects.
Which of the following herbs is reported to have sedative-hypnotic properties that enhance sleep? a. ginger b. garlic c. valerian d. rose hips
The correct answer is C. Valerian preparations contain chemicals that are reported to enhance sleep.
Which of the following would most likely be a lethal dosage of nicotine for the average adult? a. 0.09 milligrams b. 2.5 milligrams c. 10 milligrams d. 60 milligrams
The correct answer is D. A lethal dosage of nicotine for the average adult is 60 milligrams. Depending on the individual's body weight, nicotine can be deadly at lower doses.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the distribution of drugs through the body? a. After an inhaled substance leaves the lungs, the substance goes directly to the right side of the heart. b. After a substance is injected into the vein, the substance goes directly to the liver. c. Once an injected substance leaves the muscle, the substance enters the kidneys. d. Once an oral substance is ingested, the substance progresses to the intestines.
The correct answer is D. After an oral substance is ingested, it progresses to the intestines via the digestive system.
Which of the following is most commonly used by individuals in the United States who are over the age of 25 years? a. cocaine b. marijuana c. nicotine d. alcohol
The correct answer is D. Alcohol is most commonly used by individuals in the United States who are over the age of 25 years.
Antipsychotics are medications used primarily to treat the symptoms of a. depression. b. heart disease. c. tsolar disorder. d. psychosis.
The correct answer is D. Antipsychotics are used to treat symptoms of psychosis. Antipsychotics are not used to treat depression symptoms or medical conditions like heart disease. Tsolar disorder does not exist.
Which of the following is an antidepressant that has proven helpful for smoking cessation? a. Nicotine patch b. Haldol c. Varenicline d. Bupropion
The correct answer is D. Bupropion is an antidepressant that has proven helpful for smoking cessation. The nicotine patch and varenicline are smoking cessation medications, not antidepressants; haldol is an antipsychotic.
Alcohol when ingested with Valium intensifies a. alertness b. instability of body temperature c. nausea d. loss of motor coordination
The correct answer is D. CNS depressants, such as alcohol and Valium, potentiate each other and may cause loss of motor coordination that may not occur if the same amount of either substance is ingested alone.
Which of the following substances is associated with a high rate of income-generating, criminal activity? a. TAC b. PCP c. alcohol d. cocaine
The correct answer is D. Cocaine is associated with a high rate of income-generating, criminal activity.
Which of the following statements is true regarding designer drugs? a. Designer drugs are less expensive than the original drug. b. Designer drugs are designated as class I drugs by the FDA. c. These substances are discovered "by accident" during product development in pharmaceutical laboratories. d. These substances can produce brain damage that may start to be evident during the normal process of aging.
The correct answer is D. Designer substances may produce brain damage that is not observable until the loss of brain cells occurs during the normal aging process.
Which of the following statements regarding alcohol tolerance is true? a. Protracted tolerance is common. b. Cross-tolerance occurs at a low rate. c. Functional tolerance is inversely related to blood alcohol concentration (BAC). d. Dispositional tolerance is reversed by abstinence.
The correct answer is D. Dispositional tolerance is reversed by abstinence from alcohol.
Which of the following is associated with the chronic, heavy ingestion of alcoholic beverages and can be reversed with abstinence from alcohol? a. bone loss b. hepatic cirrhosis c. Korsakoff syndrome d. fatty liver
The correct answer is D. Fatty liver is associated with chronic, heavy ingestion of alcoholic beverages and can be reversed with abstinence from alcohol.
Which of the following substances has been reported by substance users to intensify sexual pleasure? a. opioids b. alcohol c. solvents d. nitrites
The correct answer is D. Inhalation of nitrites has been reported to intensify orgasm and prolong sexual activity.
Which of the following is classified as a stimulant drug? a. Phenobarbitol b. Alprazolam c. LSD d. Methamphetamine
The correct answer is D. Methamphetamine is classified as a stimulant drug. Phenobarbitol and alprazolam (Xanax) are both sedative hypnotic drugs; LSD is an hallucinogen
Marijuana has been approved for the medical treatment of a. glaucoma. b. depression. c. appetite stimulation in anorexics. d. nausea caused by chemotherapy.
The correct answer is D. Nausea caused by chemotherapy may be treated with Marinol, a synthetic THC. Marinol may also be given to AIDS patients to help with appetite stimulation, but not to anorexics, choice C. Marijuana may be beneficial to the treatment of patients with glaucoma, choice A, and depression, choice B, but the FDA has not given approval for such use.
Which of the following is an example of primary prevention? a. Alcoholics Anonymous b. Drinking in moderation c. Smoking Cessation d. Just Say No to Drugs
The correct answer is D. Primary prevention involves actions that encourage abstinence, such as Just Say No to Drugs
Which of the following is commonly associated with excessive doses of opioids? a. temperature instability b. muscle paralysis c. pupil dilation d. respiratory depression
The correct answer is D. Respiratory depression is the most dangerous side effect of excessive doses of opioids.
Snuff refers to tobacco typically administered through which of the following? a. Subcutaneous absorption b. Smoking c. Intravenous injection d. Inhalation directly into the nostrils
The correct answer is D. Snuff refers to tobacco typically administered through inhalation directly into the nostrils. Smoking is another popular form of tobacco administration.
State-dependent learning is a phenomenon associated with which of the following classification of substances? a. inhalants b. opioids c. CNS depressants d. stimulants
The correct answer is D. State-dependent learning is a phenomenon associated with stimulants.
Which of the following individuals is more likely to be involved in a motor vehicle collision while driving under the influence of alcohol? a. an individual who has consumed 2 shots of whiskey in an hour b. an individual who has consumed 3 beers over 5 hours c. a 45-year-old female d. a 17-year-old male
The correct answer is D. Statistics have indicated that a 17-year-old male is more likely to be involved in a motor vehicle collision while under the influence of alcohol.
Substance A and substance B are ingested simultaneously but in a smaller quantity than if either substance A or substance B were ingested separately. The resulting dose-effect curve shifts to the left. This represents a. the effective dose b. the lethal dose c. drug antagonism d. drug synergism
The correct answer is D. The dose-effect curve shifts to the left if two substances (A and B) are taken simultaneously, at a lower dose. This shift in the curve represents drug synergism.
The dose-response (dose-effect) curve for a substance is a method to evaluate the a. risk of physical dependence based on the frequency of substance use b. length of time the substance can be measured in body tissues c. effect of age on the effect of a substance on the average individual d. response of an individual to a measured amount of a specific substance
The correct answer is D. The dose-response (dose-effect) curve is a method to evaluate the response of an individual to a measured amount of a specific substance.
The reinforcing (rewarding) effects of psychomotor stimulants (cocaine and amphetamine) depend on the a. neurotransmitters. b. dendrites. c. central nervous system. d. dopamine system.
The correct answer is D. The reward from these stimulants affects the dopamine system. Neurotransmitters transmit the stimulants, dendrites communicate between neurotransmitters, and the central nervous system receives messages from the stimulants, but the effect is in the dopamine system.
Currently, there is ______________ for the treatment of marijuana use disorder. a. therapy and medication b. no therapy c. medication d. no medication
The correct answer is D. There is no medication for the treatment of marijuana use disorder. Therapy is a treatment for marijuana use disorder, but medication is not.
Alcohol dependence during pregnancy is most likely to lead to which of the following? a. Fetal alcohol syndrome b. Cervical cancer c. Dysplasia of the placenta d. Sudden infant death syndrome
The correct answer is A. Alcohol dependence during pregnancy is most likely to lead to fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). FAS comprises multiple abnormalities that may affect fetuses in utero and infants after birth.
Antipsychotic drugs are also referred to by which of the following terms? a. Neuroleptics b. Antidepressants c. Dyskinesics d. MAO inhibitors
The correct answer is A. Antipsychotic drugs are also referred to by the term neuroleptics. Antidepressants are used to treat depression, not psychosis; MAO inhibitors are a type of antidepressant.
All of the following are associated with employees who abuse alcohol EXCEPT a. criminal activity. b. absenteeism. c. accidents. d. tardiness.
The correct answer is A. Being absent from work or frequently late are typical characteristics of alcoholic employees. Employees who have alcohol or drug abuse issues are also involved in more accidents than employees who do not abuse drugs or alcohol. Therefore, the correct answer is choice A. Unlike individuals who abuse narcotics, most alcoholics are able to support themselves with employment instead of criminal acts
Which of the following is commonly associated with an overdose of opioids? a. constricted pupils b. agitation c. convulsions d. hot skin
The correct answer is A. Common symptoms of opioid overdose include constricted pupils, clammy skin and slow respirations.
Which of the following approaches is most likely to be effective for the treatment of marijuana addiction? a. Counseling b. Methadone treatment c. Phenobarbital treatment d. Oxycodone treatment
The correct answer is A. Counseling is the approach most likely to be effective for the treatment of marijuana addiction. Methadone is used in the treatment of heroin addiction.
The history of inhaling fumes to alter consciousness dates back to the 1800s when ______ was used recreationally in place of alcohol. a. ether b. resin c. oils d. nitrous oxide
The correct answer is A. Ether was used medically to reduce pain and in place of alcohol to alter consciousness. Resin and oils used as inhalants in the 1800s did not alter consciousness. Nitrous oxide, known as laughing gas, was used in the 1800s as a sedative.
Forty percent of world tobacco production is _________, which is characterized by the sugar-to-nitrogen ratio. a. flue-cured b. burley c. dark air-cured d. oriental
The correct answer is A. Flue-cured tobacco is contained in 40% of tobacco products. The burley is 11% and is used primarily in cigarette blends. The dark air-cured is 20% and is characterized by the types used mainly for chewing, snuff, cigar, and pipe blends. The oriental is 16% and is characterized by the aroma from wax and resins.
Haldol and Thorazine are classified as a. antipsychotics. b. barbiturates. c. opioids. d. stimulants.
The correct answer is A. Haldol and Thorazine target symptoms of psychosis such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. Barbiturates are central nervous system depressants, opioids are used for pain reduction, and stimulants increase brain activity.
Hashish is classified as which of the following types of drugs? a. Cannabinoid b. Stimulant c. Sedative d. Antipsychotic
The correct answer is A. Hashish is classified as a cannabinoid drug. Other cannabinoids include marijuana and tetrahydrocannabinol.
Which of the following printed information contained on the label of common household products increases the risk that the product may be used experimentally as an inhalant? a. Do not use in an enclosed place. b. May cause skin irritation. c. Contact the poison control center if ingested. d. Keep out of the reach of children.
The correct answer is A. Many household products have a warning about use in an enclosed space and this may increase the risk that the product may be used experimentally as an inhalant.
A neurotransmitter is a. a chemical that is released from a neuron that initiates a local effect b. an enzyme that changes the action of another molecule c. a lipid-soluble compound that impacts the action of a chemical d. a hormone that changes the permeability of the cell membrane
The correct answer is A. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released from a neuron that initiate a local effect.
Nicotine has which of the following physiologic effects at low doses? a. elevation of blood pressure b. suppression of respirations c. reduction of oral secretions d. stimulation of appetite
The correct answer is A. Nicotine at low doses causes an increased respiratory rate and blood pressure.
Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States. Upon entering the bloodstream, nicotine immediately stimulates the _______ to release the hormone epinephrine, which stimulates the central nervous system and increases blood pressure, respiration, and heart rate. a. adrenal glands b. thyroid c. hippocampus d. amygdala
The correct answer is A. Nicotine is absorbed into the bloodstream when a tobacco product is chewed, inhaled, or smoked, which affects the adrenal glands and results in increased blood pressure, respiration, and heart rate. While most parts of the body are affected by nicotine, stimulating the thyroid, the hippocampus (a part of the brain), and the amygdala (another part of the brain) does not result in the symptoms of increased blood pressure, respiration, and heart rate.
Drug interactions are an avoidable cause of patient harm, which may occur due to an increased drug effect causing toxicity. A drug interaction occurs when a drug response is modified due to other factors, which can include a. other drugs. b. lifestyle. c. age. d. education.
The correct answer is A. Other drugs are ingested, which could react to current drugs. Lifestyle, age, and education do not directly react to the biology of taking drugs
Phenelzine is classified as which of the following types of antidepressants? a. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor b. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) c. Trycyclic antidepressant d. None of the above
The correct answer is A. Phenelzine is a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor. Tranylcypromine is another MAO inhibitor.
As the benzodiazepine level in some people's bodies decline, they begin to experience an increase in anxiety called _______ anxiety. a. rebound b. repeat c. resuscitate d. regain
The correct answer is A. Rebound anxiety can be severe and is more common for short-acting drugs. There are no terms titled repeat anxiety, resuscitate anxiety, or regain anxiety with this definition.
The primary effects of cannabis are caused by chemicals such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which has psychological and physiological effects on the human body that can induce a. auditory and visual hallucinations. b. hearing loss and decreased eating. c. loss of sight and motor control. d. death.
The correct answer is A. THC is a very potent chemical that typically reaches the brain seconds after it is inhaled, resulting in auditory and visual hallucinations. Hearing loss, decreased eating, loss of sight and motor control, and death are not caused by the influence of THC specifically.
The marketing of tobacco and alcohol a. is a major barrier to prevention. b. is over-exaggerated as a cause of adolescent alcohol and tobacco use. c. is a primary cause of drunk driving. d. cannot be restricted.
The correct answer is A. The advertising of tobacco and alcohol is immense throughout social media and online. Since tobacco is no longer advertised on television, it has many other media outlets thanks to technology. Alcohol is prevalent in advertising on television, billboards, paper ads, social media, etc. Choice B is untrue. The marketing of alcohol is not the primary cause of drunk driving, but rather people choosing to drive after drinking. Marketing has been restricted: for example, tobacco is no longer advertised on television.
Which of the following statements regarding alcohol is true? a. The blood alcohol concentration (BAC) that produces a surgical anesthesia effect is almost equivalent to the LD50 of alcohol. b. Alcohol toxicity is associated with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.10%. c. Methanol is the form of alcohol commonly found in homemade wines. d. Ethyl alcohol is nonflammable.
The correct answer is A. The blood alcohol concentration (BAC) that produces a surgical anesthesia effect is almost equivalent to the LD50 of alcohol.
Antidepressants are a common treatment method for depression. While antidepressants are not a cure for depression, they can a. reduce symptoms. b. cure depression. c. increase symptoms. d. induce additional mental health disorders.
The correct answer is A. The purpose of taking antidepressants is to reduce the symptoms resulting from depression like unhappiness, lack of concentration, etc. There is no cure for depression, only treatment, as depression can be treated and return again later in life. Antidepressants do not increase symptoms, but are designed to reduce symptoms. There is no evidence to support that antidepressants induce additional mental health disorders.
The smoking cessation drug varenicline goes by which of the following brand names? a. Chantix b. Wellbutrin c. Prozac d. Lexapro
The correct answer is A. The smoking cessation drug varenicline goes by the brand name Chantix. Wellbutrin is the brand name for bupropion; Prozac is the brand name for fluoxetine; and Lexapro is the brand name for escitalopram.
Which of the following occurs first during the withdrawal syndrome from stimulants? a. intense craving b. inability to experience normal pleasure c. runny nose d. loss of appetite
The correct answer is A. The withdrawal syndrome from stimulants begins first with the crash that includes an intense craving for the drug.
When a substance occupies a receptor site, which of the following actions can occur? a. The action of the neurotransmitter can be blocked. b. The substance can become active. c. The receptor can change shape. d. The substance can cause physical dependence.
The correct answer is A. When a substance occupies a receptor, the action of the neurotransmitter can be blocked.
An individual who is withdrawing from the use of stimulants commonly experiences a. irritability b. euphoria c. shallow respirations d. hot skin
The correct answer is A. Withdrawal from stimulants commonly causes irritability.
One belief about the benefits of Alcoholics Anonymous is that it builds a. psychological tolerance b. acceptable social relationships c. self-esteem d. moral character
The correct answer is B. Alcoholic Anonymous is believed to be beneficial since it builds social relationships that are socially acceptable (i.e. relationships that are not based on substance use).
Which of the following statements is true regarding individuals admitted to rehabilitation facilities for the treatment of cocaine addiction? a. Users who seek treatment typically do not use alcohol or other drugs. b. Most individuals admitted for treatment are abusers of crack cocaine. c. Relapses are uncommon among patients who complete rehab programs. d. Medical antidotes are the most effective treatment for cocaine withdrawal.
The correct answer is B. Among those admitted to rehabilitation facilities for the treatment of cocaine addiction, most individuals are abusers of crack cocaine. Powder cocaine users are also admitted for treatment.
Antipsychotic medications commonly produce which of the following conditions? a. Coronary thrombosis b. Tardive dyskinesia c. Otitis media d. Dementia
The correct answer is B. Antipsychotic medications commonly produce the condition of tardive dyskinesia. Tardive dyskinesia involves facial tics and abnormal movements of the tongue, lips, and limbs.
Sedative-hypnotic agents are used medically to treat a. schizophrenia b. anxiety c. depression d. anorexia
The correct answer is B. Anxiety disorders are treated with sedative-hypnotic agents.
There is little evidence that people experience _______ withdrawal symptoms if they suddenly stop taking the hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). a. psychological b. physical c. emotional d. lifetime
The correct answer is B. Because LSD is a hallucinogen, psychological withdrawal is a more common withdrawal effect, as LSD is considered psychologically addictive vs. physically addicting. Evidence supports that people experience psychological and emotional withdrawal symptoms from the sudden stop of LSD use. Lifetime symptoms is not a viable term used in LSD or substance use/abuse.
The bioavailability of a drug is affected by the a. dose that is taken b. route of administration c. site of metabolism d. rate of excretion
The correct answer is B. Bioavailability of a drug is affected by the route of administration, drug absorption and distribution.
Cholinergic agonists produce which of the following physiologic effects? a. decreased body temperature b. blurred vision c. rapid breathing d. muscle rigidity
The correct answer is B. Blurred vision is one physiologic effect of cholinergic agonists.
Cocaine addiction has been associated with an increase risk for a. acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) b. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) c. renal failure d. hepatic cirrhosis
The correct answer is B. Cocaine addiction has been associated with an increased risk of transmission of HIV since sexual activity may occur in exchange for cocaine.
Death associated with delirium tremens (DTs) is most often due to a. the rapid decline in the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) b. cardiovascular collapse c. a below normal body temperature d. liver failure
The correct answer is B. Death associated with delirium tremens (DTs) is often due to cardiovascular collapse.
Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in nicotine dependence? a. Glutamate b. Dopamine c. Serotonin d. Endorphin
The correct answer is B. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter involved in nicotine dependence. Nicotine causes the brain to produce more dopamine, resulting in pleasurable feelings. In order to perpetuate the sense of pleasure produced by dopamine, nicotine consumption must continue. This creates dependence on the drug.
Ecstasy is classified as which of the following types of drugs? a. Cannabinoid b. Hallucinogen c. Stimulant d. Opioid
The correct answer is B. Ecstasy is classified as an hallucinogen. Other hallucinogens include LSD, mescaline, and phencyclidine (PCP).
Which of the following theories is gaining increased credibility as a contributing factor to alcohol abuse and dependence? a. alcoholic personality b. genetic predisposition c. alcohol subculture d. defensive ego structure
The correct answer is B. Genetic predisposition is gaining increased credibility as a contributing factor to alcohol abuse and dependence.
Inhalation is a method of drug delivery (or route) traditionally used for respiratory care (e.g., relief of asthma). Abusers of inhalants breathe them in through the nose or mouth; this is known as a. sacking. b. huffing. c. shadowing. d. blowing.
The correct answer is B. Huffing is a common term for inhalant abuse. Sacking, shadowing, and blowing are not correct terms for this definition
Methadone is a commonly used treatment for heroin addiction due to which of the following chemical properties? a. It blocks alpha-adrenergic receptors. b. It is an agonist that lessens the severity of withdrawal symptoms. c. It reverses respiratory suppression while inducing sleep. d. It has serotonergic-effects.
The correct answer is B. Methadone is an opioid agonist that produces less severe withdrawal symptoms when used to treat heroin addiction
Which of the following has been identified as a nondrug factor that contributes to the individual response to drinking alcoholic beverages? a. social status b. mood c. room temperature d. activity
The correct answer is B. Mood state prior to ingestion of alcoholic beverages has been identified as a nondrug factor that contributes to an individual's response to the ingestion of alcohol.
Which of the following is a common effect of heroin when injected by individuals who abuse heroin? a. itching b. vomiting c. sweating d. laughing
The correct answer is B. Nausea and vomiting are common effects after the injection of heroin by individuals who abuse heroin.
Psychomotor stimulants affect how the brain controls impulses and regulates behavior by influencing the availability of certain chemicals called _____________ in the brain. a. dendrites b. neurotransmitters c. receptors d. neurons
The correct answer is B. Neurotransmitters are the chemicals that are carried between neurons through the receptors. Dendrites carry the message from one neuron to another. Receptors receive and pass the neurotransmitters (chemicals) to the neurons.
Opioid drugs are excreted primarily via the a. skin b. kidneys c. lungs d. intestines
The correct answer is B. Opioid drugs are excreted primarily via the kidneys.
Which of the following occurs at a low rate when opioids are used for medical purposes? a. dizziness b. sedation c. constipation d. analgesia
The correct answer is B. Opioids are used medically for the benefit of analgesia without causing unconsciousness (sedation).
Which of the following occurs less often with intranasal use of cocaine? a. tolerance b. physiological dependence c. constriction of blood vessels d. hypertension
The correct answer is B. Physiological dependence occurs less often with intranasal use of cocaine.
Stacking is a practice associated with the use of a. alcohol b. anabolic steroids c. inhalants d. amphetamines
The correct answer is B. Stacking is the practice of taking more than one anabolic steroid at a time
Which of the following routes of drug administration has the slowest rate of absorption? a. oral b. subcutaneous c. intramuscular d. intravenous
The correct answer is B. Subcutaneous routes of drug administration have the slowest rate of drug absorption.
Symptoms of marijuana withdrawal are most likely to last for which of the following durations? a. 1 to 2 days b. 4 to 12 days c. 2 to 3 weeks d. 4 to 6 weeks
The correct answer is B. Symptoms of marijuana withdrawal are most likely to last for durations of 4 to 12 days. Symptoms typically start 1 to 2 days after the individual stops the drug.
Which of the following can be determined using the dose-response (dose-effect) curve? a. addictive potential b. potency c. affinity for the receptor site d. rates of excretion
The correct answer is B. The dose-response (dose-effect) curve helps to determine the efficacy and potency of a substance.
The clinical effects of the different types of benzodiazepines on anxiety are the same; however, the drugs differ by a. the time of day taken. b. how long they stay in the body. c. patient age and race. d. food ingested before and after taking the drugs.
The correct answer is B. The drugs differ by how long they remain in the body (time for the body to excrete the drug). Some remain in the body for brief periods, while others remain as long as 40 hours. Research does not support clinical effects based on the time of day the drugs are taken, patient age and race, or food ingested before and after taking the drugs.
Drugs can affect the nervous system by entering the body via oral, transdermal, inhalation, and ________ methods. a. smoking b. intravenous c. eating d. saliva
The correct answer is B. The intravenous method is commonly through injections, which results in a quicker reaction to the drug. Smoking is the inhalation method, and eating drugs and saliva are the oral method, both of which were already stated.
During pregnancy, women have been found to use __________ most frequently. a. alcohol b. tobacco c. sedatives d. prescriptive analgesics
The correct answer is B. Tobacco is used most frequently during pregnancy. While some women drink alcohol or use sedatives or prescriptive analgesics during pregnancy, tobacco is used most frequently during pregnancy.
Which of the following is an example of a peer self-help group associated with substance use disorders? a. The Compassionate Friends b. Reach for Recovery c. Alcoholics Anonymous d. Just Say No to Drugs
The correct answer is C. Alcoholics Anonymous is an example of a peer self-help group for substance use disorders.
An individual with a long-term dependence on marijuana is LEAST likely to display which of the following? a. Increased appetite b. Increased heart rate c. Improved memory d. Increased blood pressure
The correct answer is C. An individual with a long-term dependence on marijuana is least likely to display improved memory. Marijuana consumption is likely to cause cognitive dysfunction, including short-term memory loss.
Anabolic steroids are included in which of the following Schedules of the Controlled Substances Act? a. I b. II c. III d. IV
The correct answer is C. Anabolic steroids are a Schedule III drug of the Controlled Substances Act.
Which neurotransmitters are made more available to the brain with anti-depressant medication? a. Serotonin and dopamine b. Acetylcholine and dopamine c. Norepinephrine and serotonin d. Glutamate and norepinephrine
The correct answer is C. Anti-depressants trigger either norepinephrine or serotonin in the brain to help relieve depression symptoms. Dopamine is made more available by cocaine and causes euphoria and agitation, so choices A and B are incorrect. Glutamate is found throughout the body and is not specifically triggered by antidepressants.
___________ are the most commonly abused sedative-hypnotics. a. Barbiturates b. Narcotics c. Benzodiazepines d. Stimulants
The correct answer is C. Benzodiazepines are sedative-hypnotics and typically overprescribed, which has resulted in a high level of abuse. Barbiturates, narcotics, and stimulants are not sedative-hypnotics.
Which of the following classifications of drugs does not currently contain a substance that is commonly used by inhalation? a. stimulants b. opioids c. CNS depressants d. sedatives
The correct answer is C. CNS depressants are usually administered orally or by injection but not currently by inhalation.
Which of the following types of Cannabis plant is primarily used in the manufacture of hemp rope? a. Cannabis ruderalis b. Cannabis indica c. Cannabis sativa d. Cannabis chamba
The correct answer is C. Cannabis sativa is primarily used in the manufacture of hemp rope. Cannabis sativa and cannabis indica are the two main types of cannabis used for medicinal and recreational purposes.
Which of the following opioids can cause a moderate level of physical dependence? a. demerol b. methadone c. codeine d. morphine
The correct answer is C. Codeine is an opioid that can cause a moderate level of physical dependence.
Which of the following is a common additive to MDMA tablets sold on the street? a. codeine b. ibuprofen c. dextromethorphan d. aspirin
The correct answer is C. Dextromethorphan and caffeine are included as common additives to MDMA tablets that are sold on the street.
Which of the following is an opioid analogue? a. naprosyn b. acetaminophen c. dextromethorphan d. paregoric
The correct answer is C. Dextromethorphan is an opioid analogue that is used as a cough suppressant.
Drinking an alcoholic beverage to counteract the effects of a hangover from drinking alcoholic beverages may contribute to heavy use of alcohol due to which of the following effects? a. liver damage b. brain damage c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement
The correct answer is C. Drinking alcoholic beverages to counteract the effects of a hangover from drinking alcoholic beverages may contribute to heavy use of alcohol due to positive reinforcement.
During the 1950s, amphetamines were prescribed to treat a. depression b. anorexia c. fatigue d. anxiety
The correct answer is C. During the 1950s, amphetamines were prescribed to treat fatigue.
U.S. health officials reported a dramatic increase in recent years for the number of calls to poison control centers for nicotine poisoning from a. pipes. b. bidis. c. e-cigarettes. d. burls.
The correct answer is C. E-cigarettes use liquid nicotine, and increased use of e-cigarettes has resulted in an increase of nicotine poisoning. Nicotine poisoning has not increased using pipe tobacco or bidis and burls, which are types of tobacco.
Which of the following is most likely to be prescribed to treat a patient with depression? a. Valium b. Haldol c. Escitalopram d. Oxycodone
The correct answer is C. Escitalopram is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) prescribed in the treatment of depression. Valium is a sedative, haldol is an antipsychotic, and oxycodone is used for pain relief.
Which of the following over-the-counter analgesics contains a stimulant? a. Bufferin® b. Mediprin® c. Excedrin® d. Nuprin®
The correct answer is C. Excedrin® contains caffeine, a stimulant.
Which of the following appears historically to be a protective factor regarding heavy alcohol consumption amongst students enrolled in undergraduate programs? a. living in a dormitory that is restricted to either all males or all females b. living in a campus-based apartment with less than four roommates c. attending a historically black college or university d. attending a college with a small student enrollment
The correct answer is C. Historical data suggests that protective factors regarding heavy alcohol consumption amongst students enrolled in undergraduate programs include attending a religious school or a historically black college or university.
Inhalant use can result in alcohol-like intoxication, euphoria, and hallucinations. Inhalants are psychologically addictive and users become physically dependent, which most often results in a. autism. b. enuresis. c. hypoxia. d. 0dyspareunia.
The correct answer is C. Hypoxia (deprivation of adequate oxygen) occurs if the user does not receive enough oxygen while inhaling the substance. Research does not support that autism, which begins in childhood, enuresis (repetitive urination), or dyspareunia (persistent genital pain) results from inhaling substances.
In general, estimates of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) should be adjusted upward for individuals who are a. young adults b. adolescents c. female d. male
The correct answer is C. In general, estimates of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) should be adjusted upward for females since females, in general, tend to have a higher percentage of body fat than do men and also may have less alcohol dehydrogenase than males.
Which of the following is the primary benefit of using levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) to treat addiction to heroin? a. This substance acts as an antidepressant like naloxone. b. This substance stimulates opioid receptors like naloxone. c. This substance has a longer-lasting effect than methadone. d. This substance requires a lower dose than methadone.
The correct answer is C. Levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) has pharmacological actions that are similar to methadone but this substance has a primary benefit of a longer-lasting effect.
Per capita statistics regarding alcohol consumption in the United States indicate that a. members of social clubs consume less than members of athletic teams b. residents of small cities consume more than residents of large cities c. members of the Protestant religious group consume less than members of the Catholic religious group d. residents of rural areas consume higher volumes than residents of urban areas
The correct answer is C. Per capita statistics regarding alcohol consumption in the United States indicate alcohol consumption is lower amongst members of Protestant religious groups than amongst members of Catholic religious groups.
According to a 2013 survey by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), which population has the highest rate of drug use? a. Caucasians b. Hispanics c. Persons of two or more races d. African Americans
The correct answer is C. Persons of two or more races had the highest rates of drug use at 13.5%. African Americans abused drugs at a rate of 10%, and Caucasians abused drugs at a rate of 8.7%. Hispanics had the lowest rates of drug use, at 8.4%.
The depressive abstinence syndrome has been associated with abuse of a. nicotine b. marijuana c. cocaine d. alcohol
The correct answer is C. The depressive abstinence syndrome has been associated with the abuse of cocaine.
An individual who has rapid, jerking eye movements may have recently used which of the following substances? a. marijuana b. alcohol c. ketamine d. cocaine
The correct answer is C. The recent use of ketamine may cause rapid, jerky eye movements.
During the 1600s, tobacco was so popular that it was frequently used a. to pack wounds. b. to make aroma rooms. c. as money. d. for medical cures.
The correct answer is C. Tobacco was a valuable commodity in the 1600s, and was often used as a means to barter or use as money. Tobacco was not popular in the 1600s to pack wounds, to make aroma rooms, or for medical cures.
Loss of consciousness begins at approximately which of the following blood alcohol concentrations (BAC)? a. 0.15% b. 0.20% c. 0.30% d. 0.55%
The correct answer is C. Unconsciousness typically occurs when the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is approximately 0.30%.
Each of the following is a common symptom of nicotine withdrawal EXCEPT: a. Irritability b. Nicotine cravings c. Weight loss d. Anxiety
The correct answer is C. Weight loss is not typically associated with nicotine withdrawal. Individuals who quit smoking typically experience increased appetite and weight gain.
____________ symptoms of marijuana use most commonly include irritability, boredom, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. a. Heavy use b. Hashing c. Withdrawal d. Lifetime
The correct answer is C. When withdrawing from marijuana use, users commonly experience irritability, boredom, anxiety, and sleep disturbances, which often results in returning to marijuana use. Heavy marijuana use produces symptoms of hallucinations, cravings, reduced motor skills, etc., and links to mental illness. Hashing is not a term related to symptoms. Lifetime symptoms is not a viable term used in marijuana or substance use/abuse.
Alcohol and tobacco are considered a. opioids. b. OTC drugs. c. illicit drugs. d. gateway drugs.
The correct answer is D. Alcohol and tobacco are considered gateway drugs. Gateway drugs are typically used first by individuals who later move on to illicit drugs, such as heroin and cocaine. Choice A. is incorrect because alcohol and tobacco are not derived from opium. Alcohol and tobacco are licit drugs, so choice C. is incorrect. Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, choice B., are medicines purchased without prescriptions, such as antihistamines and aspirin.
Which of the following occurs when alcohol is ingested at low levels on a regular basis and the typical pattern of food intake remains the same? a. vitamin deficiency b. elevated blood sugar c. appetite suppression d. weight gain
The correct answer is D. Alcohol is a source of calories so ingesting low levels of alcohol on a regular basis along with the typical pattern of food intake results in weight gain (i.e. the "beer belly").
Which of the following substances is associated with the highest rate of emergency department (ED) visits? a. heroin b. methamphetamine c. marijuana d. cocaine
The correct answer is D. Cocaine use is associated with the highest rate of emergency department visits.
Which of the following is commonly used as an antidote for barbiturate overdose? a. Codeine b. Methadone c. Naloxone d. None of the above
The correct answer is D. Currently no antidote exists for an overdose of barbiturates. Naloxone may be used as an antidote for opioid overdose.
Until the 1800s, the most popular way to use tobacco was by a. rubbing it on the gums. b. smoking cigarettes. c. smoking cigars. d. dipping snuff.
The correct answer is D. Dipping snuff, chewing tobacco, and smoking pipes were the most popular methods of using tobacco. Native Americans often made syrup out of tobacco and rubbed it on their gums. Some people enjoyed cigars, but snuff was considered fashionable. Cigarettes did not become popular until the late 1800s, when a cigarette-rolling machine was invented.
When determining the actions of drugs, a physician writes a prescription thinking about how the drug would affect ___________ or functional changes. a. eyesight b. eating c. psyche d. organs
The correct answer is D. Drug action relates to organs and functional change. Eyesight and eating may be side effects, but those are not the only determiners. Psyche does not align with drug action.
Boston's Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard School of Public Health found that a middle-aged person's risk of _________ rises nearly fivefold in the first hour after smoking marijuana. a. hallucinations b. blurred vision c. eye redness d. heart attack
The correct answer is D. Due to heart muscle function declining with age, the immediate reaction to use of marijuana is an elevated heart rate. Using marijuana can result in hallucinations, blurred vision, and eye redness for people at any age; these are not increased risks specifically for middle-aged people.
Historically, which of the following supported LSD research? a. The American Psychological Association b. The American Cancer Society c. The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms d. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
The correct answer is D. Historically, LSD was considered for use in treating alcohol dependence and research was supported by the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
Which of the following has been identified as having a general influence on the repeat use of drugs? a. ethnic origin b. level of education c. economic status d. personality
The correct answer is D. Influences on drug use include personality, advertisements, social groups/peers and television/movies.
Which of the following substances has typically been omitted when studying the economic cost of alcohol and drug use in the United States? a. inhalants b. caffeine c. sleep-aids d. nicotine
The correct answer is D. Nicotine has typically been omitted from studies investigating the economic impact of alcohol and drug use in the United States.
The most commonly abused class of inhalants is a. flues. b. octane. c. liquid. d. nitrites.
The correct answer is D. Nitrites (helium or laughing gas) are in gas that can be inhaled and often abused through the use of capsules known as poppers. Flue is a type of tobacco. Octane is a rating of gasoline. Liquid is too vague and not considered an abuse of inhalants, which are in smoke form.
The central nervous system (CNS) is the command center of the body and connects with the brain, spinal cord, and retina. The most common disorder of the CNS is pain, which is treated using a. opioids and stimulants. b. depressants and stimulants. c. amphetamines and antipsychotics. d. opioids and barbiturates.
The correct answer is D. Opioids treat pain through the CNS, and barbiturates target the CNS to cause drowsiness and control seizures. Stimulants are used to treat sleep disorders and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and depressants are used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders. Amphetamines treat the CNS as a stimulant for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, antipsychotics are used to treat symptoms of psychosis.
PCP is commonly added in powder form to which of the following substances? a. caffeine b. tobacco c. alcohol d. marijuana
The correct answer is D. PCP is commonly added in powdered form to marijuana.
Per capita statistics regarding consumption of alcoholic beverages includes individuals who are at least what age? a. 21 years old b. 18 years old c. 16 years old d. 14 years old
The correct answer is D. Per capita statistics regarding consumption of alcoholic beverages includes individuals, drinkers and nondrinkers, who are at least 14 years old.
Which of the following is commonly associated with high-dose exposure to inhalants? a. dry mucus membranes b. decreased pupil size c. increased hunger d. slurred speech
The correct answer is D. Slurred speech is often seen with high-dose exposure to inhalants.
The Biologic Model of the cause of substance use supports which of the following treatments? a. legal punishment associated with substance use b. confrontation regarding substance use c. taxes on substances such as alcohol d. risk identification associated with substances
The correct answer is D. The Biologic Model supports risk identification as a method of treatment.
What is the recommended maximum prescription timeframe to reduce the risk of benzodiazepine dependence? a. 24 months b. 10-12 months c. 7-10 weeks d. 2-4 weeks
The correct answer is D. The recommended maximum prescription timeframe to reduce the risk of benzodiazepine dependence is 2-4 weeks. The risk of dependence increases with long-term use.
Which of the following sedative-hypnotics has the shortest half-life? a. Ativan b. Valium c. Klonopin d. Xanax
The correct answer is D. Xanax has the shortest half-life of the sedative-hypnotics that are listed.