Early Childhood Education (Kyzar) Exam 1

Common Elements of the Three Approaches

All of the founders viewed children as active participants in their own development and had a clear vision of how to improve society by helping realize their full potential.

Four-year-old Zoe is able to wait a short time for a turn with a favorite toy, can make a choice between two or three simple options, understands that her behavior can have an effect on others, knows that people don't always feel the same way that she does and is usually able to follow classroom rules. Which of the following describes Zoe's abilities?

She is able to self-regulate

Four-year-old Gabriella is playing in the sand and dumps it in a pail (physical development), then fills three smaller containers from the pail and says she is measuring flour for a cake (cognitive). Mitzu is near and Gabriella asks her to play (social). This is an example of which of the following principles of development?

The child develops as a whole. Physical, social, emotional, and cognitive development are interconnected and influence one another

Early childhood educators share a fundamental belief that the way to ensure that children behave appropriately is to

create caring, supportive relationships

early childhood educators do all of the following EXCEPT

create learning standards

Howard Gardner's work

defines intelligence from a cultural perspective, based on what is valued with particular societies or social groups

Early Learning Standards were created to

describe what children should know and be able to do before they start kindergarten

When an individuals are able to understand the feelings of oneself and of others and to use that same knowledge to guide thinking and decision making, they are said to have

emotional intelligence

because families use guidance and discipline strategies that may be different from those used in an early childhood classroom, an appropriate practice is for teachers to

engage in ongoing dialogs with families about their child-rearing practices and beliefs

Which communication strategy contributes to a warm and nurturing relationship with young children?

engaging in meaningful conversations about interests and experiences

When people are able to plan, organize, pay attention and remember details, they have developed

executive function

Educational standards

written descriptions of the knowledge and skills that students should possess at specific stages in their schooling - teachers are expected to address in their work with children

Child guidance

refers to the practice that adults use to help children learn about and use acceptable behaviors and to understand the feelings of others and themselves

child guidance

refers to the practice that adults use to help children learn about and use acceptable behaviors and to understand the feelings of others and themselves

Which of the following types of programs provides care for the majority of children under age 5 in the United States?

relatives

The core in the field of early childhood education and care are

statements which represent early childhood educators central beliefs, commitments to society and common purposes.

The core values in the field of ECE

statements which represent early childhood educators central beliefs, commitments to society, and common purposes

Drew and Issac are both healthy one-year-old boys, born within a few days of each other. Drew has been walking since he was 10 months old and Isaac took his first steps at 13 months. This is an illustration of

the developmental principle that rates of development vary

Which of the following statements best defines the term bias?

the inclination to favor or reject certain individuals or groups of people

Bias

the inclination to favor/reject certain individuals/groups of people - working to identify biases can help teachers recognize when they might be having negative effects on children

Research has shown that one of the critical elements in program quality is

the level of teacher education and training

ethical responsibilities

things that must and must not be done in work with young children

when you pay very careful attention to a child's words and body language, then ask a question or make a statement so the child can clarify his/her meaning and express his/her feelings, you are

using active listening

which of the following techniques is useful when you are having a problem with the behavior of a child or a group of children?

using an "i-message"

active listening

when you pay very careful attention to a child's words and body language, then as a question or make a statement so the child can clarify their meaning and express their feelings

What is important for teachers to know and understand about their personal biases and attitudes towards diversity?

working to identify biases can help teachers recognize when they might be having negative effects on children

The Head Start/ Early Head Start Program

- designed to provide programs for children from low income families

Conflict Resolution Process

(1) Cool Down --- everyone involved take a moment and take deep breaths and relax, particularly if the conflict includes violence (2) Identify the problem --- figure out what the problem is and what needs to be solved without making judgements (3) Describe the underlying feelings, worries, concerns, and values --- must be acknowledged before solutions can be generated (4) Brainstorm solutions --- ask the children what they can think of to solve the problem (5) choose one and try it --- encourage students to follow one of the suggested solutions (6) follow up --- invite children to reflect on how they solved the issue at a later time and discuss what can be done to prevent the problem in the future and on how their solutions worked

Stages of cognitive play

(1) Practice - explore the sensory qualities of objects and practice motor skills (2) symbolic - 2-7 years of age - use one object to represent another object and use make-believe actions and roles to represent familiar or imagined situations (3) games with rules - 7-11 years - recognize and follow preset rules in the interest of sustaining solitary or group play that conforms to the expectations and goals of the game

Consequences

(1) Reinforcement (2) Punishment (3) Extinction - what is reinforcing to one student may be aversive to another - serve to reinforce behaviors only if observations of future behaviors verify behavioral increases

Stages of social play

(1) Solitary - children play alone and independently with objects - dominant in infancy and younger children (2) Parallel - toddlers - children play side by side but still are engaged with their own play objects (3) Associative - young, pre-school age children - pairs/groups of children playing in the same area and sharing materials Cooperative play = most social form of group play - older pre-school/kindergarten - plan, negotiate, and share responsibility

6 Principles of Child Development

(1) The child develops as a whole --- all domains of development are considered as we look at how the child grows and learns EX: sterling digging and dumping sand (2) Development follows predictable patterns --- children acquire skills and achieve milestones in a predictable sequence EX: going from crawling to walking, etc. (3) Rate of development vary --- the direction and sequence of development are similar for every child, but each individual develops at their own pace EX: twins, one being able to talk before the other one (4) Development is influenced by maturation and experience --- maturation is the unfolding of genetically determined potential that occurs as the child grows older. Experience is made up of a persons interactions with the environment, with people, and with things. EX: being able to complete a puzzle on their own (5) Development proceeds from top-down and from center-outward --- as children mature and engage in motor activities, they become more capable of coordinating their movements EX: developed skills in painting (6) Culture affects development --- children's development is influenced by the culture in which they live and grow EX: strict parents, etc.

Issues in play

(1) diversity and play --- different cultures, different styles of play (2) gender-stereotyped play --- control the environment so all feel welcome, break down gender stereotypes (3) violent dramatic play --- provide children with an alternative and help them learn to be responsible and thoughtful members of their community (4) Rough-and-Tumble play --- physical play, learn to read social signals, good for there health in a safe environment (5) Exclusion play --- Vivian play - you can't say you can't play; help children include others, be clear that exclusion is unacceptable, if one child is particularly excluded give them desirable responsibilities, teach excluded children to handle disappointment and find alternatives (6) shrinking opportunities for play --- children play less today because of safety issues, fewer places for them to play, tend to spend their time being passively entertained through technology, increase of academic importance

The Role of play in Development

(1) physical development --- builds strength, stamina, and skills that they need to succeed as learners. (2) emotional development --- devise and confront challenges and anticipate changes. Master their fears, resolve internal conflict, act out anger, resolve personal problems for which the real world offers no apparent solutions (3) social development --- way of expressing emotions and develop behaviors that enable them to create positive relationships with others; increase social interaction skills (4) cognitive development --- skills for learning and problem solving - learn to set goals, plan how to proceed, develop the ability to focus, and create ways to organize their approach to cognitive tasks (5) integrating development --- express who they are, what they are able to do, what they know and feel

Programs in ECE

(1) programs for children under the age of 5 --- child care centers, preschools, child development centers, pre-k (2) programs for young children and their families --- home-visitor programs, family-child interaction (3) children ages 5-8 --- kindergarten (5-6), primary grades (1-3)

Froebel and the Kindergarten

- Frederich Froebel = father of modern-day kindergarten - developed kindergarten -- a philosophy of education and a program for 4-6 years old that provided a transition between home and school and between infancy and childhood - believed that children were social beings, activity was the basis for knowing, and that play was an essential part of learning 3 forms of knowledge as the basis for all learning: (1) knowledge of forms of life -- gardening, care of animals, domestics tasks (2) knowledge of forms of mathematics -- geometric forms (3) knowledge of forms of beauty -- design with colors and shape, harmonies, and movement - Froebels gifts were designed to expose children to shapes and allow them to explore their symbolic truths - education must begin with the concrete and more to greater abstraction and that perceptual development precedes thinking skills - kindergarten began in the U.S. in 1873

Reinforcement

- INCREASES the probability that a behavior will occur in the future 1. positive reinforcement = provide something this is pleasant (reward) 2. negative reinforcement = remove something that is unpleasant (relief)

John Dewey and Progressive Education

- John Dewey -- not the founder, but most influential spokesperson; schools should reflect the life of the society and education should be viewed as the life of the child in the present Progressive education: reaction against traditional forms of public schooling - advocated greater freedom and spontaneity in play and involvement of children in the social life of the classroom - children learn through doing Teachers: - expected to provide a carefully designed learning environment and curriculum that prepared children to be members of a democratic society - guide and observer

Communication

- a powerful tool - respectful and authentic speech - conversations with the students - listen to the students - respond

Performance standards

- achievement standards - standardized tests - developed by states to determine the extent to which children had mastered the content prescribed in the standards

Core Values in ECE

- appreciate childhood as a unique and valuable stage of the human life cycle - base our work on knowledge of how children develop and learn - appreciate and support the bond between the child and family - recognize that children are best understood and supported in the context of family, culture, community, and society - respect the dignity, worth, and uniqueness of each individual - respect diversity - recognize that children and adults achieve their full potential in the context of relationships that are based on trust and respect

Behaviorism

- behavior is learned - can be influenced by consequences that follow it - consequences can either increase or decrease the probability that the behavior will occur in the future (1) Antecedent -- any situation, action of event that immediately precedes a behavior (2) behavior -- an observable/measurable act (3) consequence -- a response, action, or event that immediately follows a behavior

Early childhood

- birth to age 8

Early Learning Standards

- created by states to describe what children should know and be able to do before they start kindergarten/different stages of their development

professional ethics

- describe the moral commitments of a profession, extending the personal values and morality of individuals through shared, critical reflection about right and wrong actions in the workplace. - code of ethics --- NAEYC, assures the public that practice is based on moral standards and supports the best interests of those being served.

Early childhood education

- education and care provided in all settings for children between birth and age 8 - education = core function if the early childhood educator's work - those who implement ECE support development and help children learn in the context of caring relationships

Core values

- express EC educators central beliefs, commitment to society, and common purpose - reach agreement on issues of professional ethics by relying on professional values that apply to all educators - merge personal values with professional values

Children-centered approach

- humanistic ideals - developmentally appropriate practice Important ideas: (1) importance of the early years (2) education based on the growing abilities, needs, and interests of the child (3) attention to all aspects of children's development (4) important role of play in childrens development (5) connection between mind and body (6) value of learning about children through observation (7) commitment to universal education -- available to all without regard to sex, ethnicity, or economic status (8) value of childhood in its own right, not just preparation for adulthood (9) significant roles of families in child development

Punishment

- positive and negative punishment DECREASE the probability that a behavior will occur in the future 1. positive punishment = provide something that is unpleasant (write "I will not be rude in class" 20 times) 2. negative punishment = remove something that is pleasant (time out) - generally ineffective in decreasing problem behaviors and is often counter-intuitive to many schools' philosophies

Managing inappropriate behaviors

- reframing misbehavior as mistaken behavior -bullying strategies for dealing with mistaken behavior - teaching children to deal with conflict

Humanism

- roots of ECE - a cultural and intellectual movement that focused on human needs and values rather than on religious authority

professional values

- set forth in a code of ethics - spell out a profession's beliefs and commitments - agreed-on statements that members believe to be the foundation of their work

Why study child development?

- similarities in children's development/what makes them unique - insight into how children grow and learn - greater understanding for the patterns/sequences of development

Facilitating play

- supportive attitudes - supportive roles --- teacher = stage manager and observer

Guiding Groups

- use authority - create guidelines for behavior - anticipate problems - orchestrate transitions - manage large group times -build a positive classroom climate - teach children to deal with conflict

State funded Public pre-K Programs

- vary by state in their availability and their eligibility requirements

Extinction

- withhold something this pleasant to eliminate the likelihood that a behavior will occur in the future Drawbacks: - doesn't produce a quick change in behavior - depends on the ability to control all sources of reinforcement - can result in "extinction burst" = behavior gets worse before getting better - previously extinguished behaviors can re-occur spontaneously

Early child educators

- work as a part of a professional team - "set the stage" --- practice based on knowledge of children (DAP), intentional teaching, addressing standards - interact with families

_________________ is a type of program that provides care for the majority of children under the age of 5 in the USA

Relatives

NAEYC stands for....

National Association for the Education of Young Children

School Readiness

Definition: children's preparation to function successfully at the next level of education - refers to the state of early development that enables a child with kindergarten learning experiences and to successfully meet school expectations - children usually enter kindergarten at age 5, or turn 5 during their first year - schools should meet the needs of all children who are eligible to attend without consideration of their ability to perform academic tasks

Waldorf Education

Goals: (1) to build a free, equal, and collaborative society, (2) develop free human beings who have purpose and direction in their lives (3) achieve balanced development of young children Significant ideas: - childhood is important in its own right - birth-7 years --- children respond to movement and are sensitive to the environment - warmth and security are important - emphasis is on development of inner strength - imitation and example are important strategies for learning - teachers should protect early childhood - focus is not on scores -- 12 year curriculum - music, story telling, project based approach to subject learning - avoid giving grades - stress free learning environment - focus on arts rather than academics

Reggio Emilia Approach

Goals: (1) to work collaboratively in a community (2) develop the Childs potential (3) develop children's symbolic languages (4) ensure the young child is visible to community and society - teaches children how to find answers for themselves - art is central - only in Italy - promotes the intellectual development of children through the systematic focus on symbolic representations - encouraged to engage in many modes of expressing their understanding through "The Hundred Languages of Children - Loris Malaguzzi = associated with the Reggio Emilia model of education

The theorist who developed the sociocultural theory is

Lev Vygotsky

The Montessori Method

Maria Montessori -- began her work in early childhood education because of an interest in children with serious cognitive delays - method emphasizes children's engagement and self- directed activities, with teachers using clinical observations to act as children's guides Role of the teacher = director, observe, guide, and direct children learning rather than instruct - individual plan for each child -- doesn't move onto the next level until they are ready - children are free to move about the classroom and are responsible for their own learning - purposeful activity Goals: to preserve the dignity of the child, develop the Childs independence and productivity, ensure the psychological health of the child

Developmentally appropriate programs are based on

What is known about how children develop and learn; individual differences between children; and qualities of their families and culture

ethical dilemma

a workplace issue that involves competing professional values and has more than one defensible resolution.

programs that have met a set of criteria for high quality as determines by a professional organization are referred to as

accredited

content standars

address goals and objectives for each subject are for each grade

Early Childhood is defined as which period in a child's lifespan?

age birth through 8

professional

an individual who has received training and who used their specialized knowledge and skills to serve society through doing the work of the profession

profession

an occupation that provides an essential service to society

Training and professionals preparation requirements for teachers of children from birth through age 5

are determined by program licensing requirements developed by each state

A toddler who frequently says "no" and wants to do many things independently is showing characteristics of which of Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development?

autonomy verse shame

Which of the following names is NOT used by ECE professionals to describe those who provide professional care and education to young children?

babysitter

Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory helps teachers to understand that

children's development is best understood in the context of social, political, legal, and economic systems

The theory of cognitive development which explains how children build knowledge and understanding of their world by interacting with the people and things in their environment is the

constructivist theory

young children need to develop skills for living in a community. These include

cooperation, responsibility, empathy

Which of the following is considered to be the centerpiece of the knowledge base of skilled early childhood educators?

knowledge of child development

Multiple Intelligences theory that there are 9 kinds of intelligences. They are

musical, bodily kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, linguistic, spatial, interpersonal, interpersonal, existential, and naturalist.

Common core standards

nationally agreed on literacy and math curriculum standards

"time-out" is

not appropriate because it is adult controlled and does not encourage children to learn appropriate social skills

challenging behaviors

persistent behaviors that prevent them from being able to participate in a group or that threaten their own safety or the safety of others

The stage of development that involves building initiative is

preschool period (3-5 years)

An individual's personal values are

principles or standards that a person believes to be worthwhile

The greatest percent of programs for children under 5 are

private and supported by tuition paid by the families of the children who attend

The greatest percentage of programs for children under 5 are...

private and supported by tuition paid by the families of the children who attend

Accredited programs

programs that have met a set of criteria for high quality as determined by a professional organization

Full inclusion refers to

programs where children with disabilities are placed in general education classrooms for the entire school day

The term "full inclusion" refers to

programs where children with disabilities are placed in general education classrooms for the entire school day