Earth Science Modules 1-4

Mars has __ [ Select ] __ rings and __ [ Select ] __ moons.

0 2

Convert this number written in scientific notation to standard notation. 3.00769 x 10-8

0.0000000300769

861 mL = _____________ L

0.861

When using longitude, where do we start counting from? (Choose 3) 0° The prime Meridian The international dateline 180° Greenwich, England The Equator

0° The prime Meridia Greenwich, England

Describe in detail the 3 different plate boundaries. This should be 5 to 6 sentences long and using your best grammar.

1) The first plate boundary is the convergent plate boundary. This process involves the plates slamming into each other. 2) The second plate boundary is the divergent plate boundary. This process involves the plates splitting apart. 3) The third plate boundary is the transform plate boundary. This process involves the plates sliding next to each other.

The luminosity of Polaris is approximately _______________ solar units. 100 100,000 1 10 1,000 10,000

1,000

How far do you indent the first line of a paragraph? 1/2 inch 1 inch You don't indent. eight spaces 10 spaces

1/2 inch

1.09 x 104 is equal to ____________________ 10,900 10,900,000 109 109,000 1,900

10,900

The luminosity of Rigel is _______________ solar units. 100,000 1,000,000 1 100 10,000 10

100,000

2.32 + 6.8 + 2.056 = Round the answer using proper significant figures.

11.2

The Sun's diameter could have _____________________ Earths stretched next to each other. 1,100 10 110 110,000 1,000

110

Use your browser's zoom feature if you need to. What is the elevation of the marked contour line?

1600

Remember, the number of grains of sand on all the world's beaches is approximately 7,500,000,000,000,000,000 How many significant figures does this number have? 19 2 1 15 7 4

2

The mid-Atlantic ridge spreads at a rate of ________, and the East Pacific ridge spreads at a rate of ____________. 10-12 in/yr 2-5 cm/yr 60-80 cm/yr 6-16 cm/yr

2-5 cm/yr 6-16 cm/yr

2.3682 x 1.2 = Round the answer using proper significant figures!

2.8

2.08 x 104 is equal to ____________________. 208,000 2,800 20,800,000 20,800

20,800

What is the distance between the two index contour lines? 20 ft 100 ft 200 ft 10 ft

200 ft

A person lives on the Tropic of Capricorn. What is the altitude of Polaris? 45° 90° 66° 33" 23 1/2° 15° 30°

23 1/2°

On this map, 1 inch equals ___________ inches on the earth. 24 24,000 40 2,400

24,000

46.5 - 16.9324 = Round the answer using proper significant figures!

29.6

A scientist weighs a beaker at 30.68 grams. He adds 2.3 g of a substance. How many significant figures are there in the answer? 1 3 6 4 2 5

3

What is the minimum number of stations required to pinpoint the epicenter of an earthquake? 5 2 3 1 4

3

If you have two numbers, 593.00431 and 359.2, and add them together, how many significant figures will be in the answer? 6 4 8 3 7 5

4

The number 0.000000004589 can be written _____________ 4.589 x 10-8 4.598 x 109 4.589 x 109 4.589 x 10-9 4.598 x 10-8

4.589 x 10-9

The Sun is ___________ times larger than the Moon, and it is 400 times further away. 50 100 400 10 200

400

How long ago did the Flood as described in Genesis start? 4300 yrs ago 2 million yrs ago 6000 yrs ago 3 billion yrs ago

4300 yrs ago

According to this quadrangle, what line of latitude is it located on? 18° 43º 30' 30°43' 79° 116° 00'

43º 30'

If a sailor uses an instrument called a sextant and discovers that Polaris is 45° in altitude, Calculate his latitude. His latitude is _________. 180° 15° 45° 10° 90° 30°

45°

How many significant figures are in 45,006?

5

The crust on the Earth ranges in thickness from approximately ____________ . 10-100 km 2-5 miles 3-44 km 5-70 km

5-70 km

The Moon rises and sets _____________ minutes later each day. 15 50 5 25 75

50

Mafic igneous rocks contain about _______________________. (You may use your rock identification chart.) 60% silica 50% silica 30% silica 80% silica 70% silica 100% silica

50% silica

Saturn has __ [ Select ] ["63", "62", "9", "43", "53"] __ moons, __ [ Select ] ["63", "62", "53", "9", "1"] __ provisional moons, and __ [ Select ] ["Ganymede", "Titan", "Callisto", "Europa", "Io"] __ is its largest moon.

53 9 Titan

How many elements are found in most minerals? 20 1 2 3 6

6

Jupiter has about _____________ moons. 14 23 62 3 57

62

The Earth's diameter is approximately 12,756 km. What is the approximate radius? 6370 miles 6370 km 63,700 km 63,000 miles 3185 km 6300 km

6370 km

Spiral galaxies make up of about _______________ percent of all known galaxies. 1 75 25 10 50

75

What percent of the Earth does the mantle make up? 60% 84% 75% 90%

84%

The distance from the Earth to the sun is 92,000,000 miles. Convert 92,000,0000 to significant figures. 9.2 X 107 9.2 X 10-7 9.2 x 106 920 x 105

9.2 X 107

Someone gets on an airplane in Greenwich, England. They fly forward in time six hours. What degree longitude would they be near? 180°W 45° W 23.5° N 90°W 90°E 45°E

90°E

Someone gets on an airplane in Greenwich, England. They fly forward in time six hours. What degree longitude would they be near? 45°E 23.5° N 90°E 90°W 180°W 45° W

90°E

Match the letters to the names of the layers of the Earth. Atmosphere Upper Mantle Lower Mantle Inner Core Outer Core Mantle Mohorovicic Discontinuity Crust

A B C D E F G H

What does a black square or black rectangle represent on a topographical map according to its legend? A cemetery The highest point of elevation A tank The lowest point of elevation A building A boat ramp

A building

What is a dwarf planet?

A dwarf planet is a planet that does not qualify to be a planet but is similar. Pluto, for example, is a dwarf planet.

___________ come after the initial earthquake. There can be as many as 1,000. (Choose the BEST answer) Uplifts Aftershocks Volcanoes

Aftershocks

___________ come after the initial earthquake. There can be as many as 1,000. (Choose the BEST answer) Uplifts Volcanoes Aftershocks

Aftershocks

Who was the person that first proposed the theory of continental drift? Isaac Newton Alfred Wegener Charles Darwin Albert Einstein

Alfred Wegener

Color is not the best way to identify a mineral, why? There are too many different gradations of color to use accurately. Impurities can change the colors of minerals. All of the choices are correct. Color is determined by the elements. Some minerals have several different colors.

All of the choices are correct.

There is an angler layer of metamorphic or igneous rock under a sedimentary layer.

Angular conformity

Pushing up of rock layers from magma below.

Anticline

Methane, Western most region, sandstone forms flat top mountain caps, series of plateaus, coal,

Appalachian

Large plutons that are found inside of mountains.

Batholiths

Why is oil not a mineral? (Choose 2) Because it is inorganic Because it has a crystal shape Because it is a solid Because it is a liquid Because it is made of dead things

Because it is a liquid Because it is made of dead things

Igneous, metamorphic, old rounded mountain tops, quarried quartzite, tallest peaks in Virginia

Blue Ridge

What gas causes the temperature of Venus to be the hottest in the solar system? Carbon dioxide Oxygen Carbon monoxide Nitrogen

Carbon dioxide

Sandy soil

Coastal Plain

Which feature is usually found where oceanic crust converges with continental crust? Rift Hot spots Continental arc

Continental arc

Which is the best explanation for the movement of the plates? Tsunamis Convection currents in the mantle Earthquakes in the lithosphere

Convection currents in the mantle

Mountains typically form at which boundary? Convergent Divergent Transform

Convergent

What type of boundary occurs between the Nazca Plate and the South American plate?

Convergent

When the lithospheric plates bang into each other?

Convergent boundary

Any rock that cuts across another rock is younger than the rock it cuts across.

Cross-cutting

What is the correct order (starting from the surface) of Earth's layers? Outer core, inner core, crust, mantle Crust, outer core, inner core, mantle Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core Mantle, outer core, inner core, crust

Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

Magma that fills cracks in rock layers that were there before the magma came.

Dikes

One sedimentary rock layer overlies another sedimentary rock layer that has been eroded.

Disconformity

Tensional stress is associated with which type of plate boundary? Rift Divergent Convergent Transform Collision

Divergent

What type of boundary occurs between the North American Plate and the African plate?

Divergent

boundary formed when the two plates pull away from each other?

Divergent boundary

What are the rings of Neptune made from? Rocks and ice Asteroids Comet tails Methane clouds Dust

Dust

Which of these geologic events is most closely associated with a transform plate boundary: Earthquake Volcanic eruption Sea Floor Spreading Mountain building

Earthquake

Which of Kepler's laws states that the movement of a planet around the Sun covers the same area in the same period of time. Gravitational Law Harmonic Law Equal Area Law Law of Orbits

Equal Area Law

True or False: Volcanoes can only occur on plate boundaries? True False

False

What are cracks in the Earth's crust where there has been some kind of movement called? Folds Faults Tilting

Faults

Put the layers of the Earth in order from outside to inside. Crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core

First Second Third Fourth

What are the two major divisions of textures for metamorphic rocks? Foliated and Non-Foliated Foliated and Thermal

Foliated and Non-Foliated

Which day of Creation did God create the Sun? Second First Fifth Fourth Sixth Third

Fourth

The hardness scale was developed by ______________________________. Freidrich Mohs Fredrick Van Mousse Rick Mosley Eric Moons Ricky Van Monte Richard Moss

Freidrich Mohs

Explain why from a Creationist point of view there are marine fossils at the top of the Himalayan Mountains. Please answer the question with at least 2 to 3 sentences using good grammar.

From the point of view of a Creationist, the reason there are marine fossils at the top of the Himilayan Mountains is because of the Flood. When the Flood occurred, there was so much water for a long enough amount of time that the animals rose up to the Mountains and became fossils.

His observations gave scientific evidence to the idea that the Earth was not at the center of our solar system, but the Sun was.

Galileo

What Bible verses tells us that all the land was once together?

Genesis 1: 9-10

What Bible verse(s) tell(s) that God gathered all the land together? Hebrews 11:3 Genesis 1:9-10 Genesis 7:11 John 1:1-3

Genesis 1:9-10

Round and flat maps; their outward edges fall along one of the great circles; generally show distortion in size and distance

Gnomonic Projections

Which is an example of an extrusive igneous rock? (You may use your igneous rock identification chart.) Pegmatite Scoria Diorite Peridotite Gabbro Granite

Granite

A famous comet that comes into the view of Earth every 76 years is known as _____________ Comet. Halley's Eris Lyrid Leonid Ceres

Halley's

Describe how helium is formed on the Sun through nuclear fusion.

Helium is formed on the sun when hydrogen is converted into helium through nuclear fusion.

Sedimentary rock layers are laid down horizontally in the order that the deposits occurred.

Horizonality

I need a citation any time ___________________. (Select all that apply) I write anything I copy a quote a bit of information does not come from my own thoughts something is common knowledge I rearrange the words in a sentence

I copy a quote a bit of information does not come from my own thoughts I rearrange the words in a sentence

If I use the author's last name in my sentence, then _________________ (Choose 2) I do not need to use it in the in-text citation. I put the year of publication and the page number. I also need to use it in the in-text citation. I only put the page number in parentheses. I put the author's last name, a comma, and the publication date.

I do not need to use it in the in-text citation. I only put the page number in parentheses.

You research your favorite topic: earthquakes. You build a tall LEGO building, and you want to know which type of motion is most damaging to your building. You discover in your research that side-to-side motion is the worst. You will place the building on a piece of wood and shake it for durations of 30 seconds, 60 seconds, and 90 seconds. You will try an up-and-down motion and side-to-side motion. Using this example, give a proper hypothesis using the if-then format.

If a LEGO building is shaken using side-to-side motion and up-and-down motion, then you can see the side-to-side motion is more damaging to the LEGO building.

If you are standing on Mars and you stepped onto a weight scale, what would it say if on Earth you weighed 150 lbs?

If you are standing on Mars, and on earth, you weigh 150 lbs, you would weigh around 50-60 lbs on mars.

Which type of rock forms when molten magma from within Earth cools and solidifies? Metamorphic rock Sedimentary rock Igneous rock

Igneous rock

Where do plutonic rocks form? As pyroclastic rocks While being ejected out of the volcano At the surface of the Earth In the Earth below ground On Pluto

In the Earth below ground

Where do plutonic rocks form? At the surface of the Earth On Pluto While being ejected out of the volcano As pyroclastic rocks In the Earth below ground

In the Earth below ground

The pieces of rock that are inside the rock that included them are older.

Inclusions

Which one of these is not a step in the scientific method? Analysis Independent Variable Conclusion Data

Independent Variable

Which line of longitude marks the difference between one day and the next?

International Date Line

Which of the following are true of the Equator? (Check all that apply) Polaris is located directly above the Equator. It encircles Earth at its widest point. All other latitude lines are measured from the Equator. It is located at 0° latitude.

It encircles Earth at its widest point. All other latitude lines are measured from the Equator. It is located at 0° latitude.

How does the TOPEX and Jason data help scientists? Choose all that apply. It helps them understand currents. It helps them understand global climate change. It helps to predict El Niño events. It allows the forest service to monitor the forests. It allows them to give farmers important data regarding their crops. It helps them find fossils.

It helps them understand currents. It helps them understand global climate change. It helps to predict El Niño events.

Triton, the largest moon of Neptune, has a retrograde orbit. What does that mean? It orbits clockwise, in the opposite direction of Neptune. It orbits in the same direction of Neptune. It rotates counterclockwise when viewed from the top. It rotates from east to west instead of west to east. It rotates from west to east instead of east to west.

It orbits clockwise, in the opposite direction of Neptune.

The "Father of Modern Day Geology" is known to be ___________________. James Gandolfinni James Spellman James Hutton James Horton

James Hutton

Which volcano has continuously erupted since the early 1980s? Mount Saint Helens Kilauea Mount Rainier

Kilauea

Pluto is now in orbit outside of Neptune in the _________________________. magnetosphere Dwarf Planet Belt Kuiper Belt asteroid belt Great Dark Spot

Kuiper Belt

The last earthquake waves to arrive are the __________. S waves tsunami waves L waves or surface waves P waves subcutaneous waves

L waves or surface waves

Thick magma forces younger rock into a dome shape.

Laccoliths

Oil spills, the health of the Earth's coral reefs, deforestation, natural resources, and water pollution are monitored by ________________. GPS Landsat Poseidon Jason Voyager TOPEX

Landsat

Which of Kepler's laws states that planets travel in an ellipse with the Sun at one focus? Law of Orbits Equal Area Law Gravitational Law Harmonic Law

Law of Orbits

Gravitational force between two objects is directly related to the masses of the two objects as well as the distance between the two objects.

Law of Universal Gravitation

What is the hard, rigid outer layer that floats on top of the asthenosphere? Mesosphere Troposphere Lithosphere Stratosphere

Lithosphere

What month had the highest amount of rain, and how much was it? Mar, 75 Mar, 5.5 Dec, 2.5 Jul, 80

Mar, 5.5

What processes cause igneous rock to form? Heat and pressure Deposition and erosion Compaction and heat Sedimentation and compaction Melting and solidification Pressure and solidification

Melting and solidification

Maps made by distorting the north and south poles, making the sphere of the Earth flat; has parallel lines of longitude and latitude

Mercator Projections

In what type of map projection does the space between lines of longitude increase the polar distortion? Mercator projection Planar projection Robinson projection Conic projection Bonaguro projection Gnomonic projection

Mercator projection

The types of projection that are useful for making maps of the United States are called __________. (Choose 2) geologic projection Mercator projection topographic projection Gnomonic projection conic projection road projection

Mercator projection conic projection

Explain why Mercury has very little atmosphere surrounding the planet. Please remember to write using your best grammar.

Mercury has very little atmosphere because it has very weak gravity. It is also close to the sun, so solar wind particles carry most of the atmosphere away. Any gas found on Mercury does not last long because the heat takes it away.

What causes the blue color of Neptune? Methane Artist rendering Hydrogen Water Helium

Methane

The Croatian seismologist, Andrija Mohorovicic', discovered a boundary change in the Earth's layers. Please explain how he discovered this using two to three sentences in your best grammar.

Mohorovicic' discovered a boundary change in the earth layers when he compared P waves to S waves. He found that there was a zone where the S waves and P waves traveled slower, and after some research, he found what is now called the Mohorovicic' Discontinuity.

You make a bar graph with the following data. What do you plot on the x-axis? Climate Data Average Temperature Average Precipitation Month

Month

Which volcano erupted violently in Washington state 1980? Mount Vesuvius Mount Saint Helens Mount McKinley

Mount Saint Helens

Which of these geologic events is most closely associated with a convergent plate boundary between two continental plates? Mountain building Volcanic eruption Seafloor spreading Earthquake

Mountain building

Sedimentary rock layer overlies a non-sedimentary rock layer.

Non-conformity

Between which two plates would you find a ridge and seafloor spreading occurring? North American - African plates Indian - Arabian plates Juan de Fuca - North American plates Pacific - Philippine plates

North American - African plates

An example of an orogenic belt is __________. Mount Saint Helens Mount Fuji North American Cordillera

North American Cordillera

The Earth's circumference is smallest at the _________ and largest at the __________.

North and South poles / equator

The two largest moons of Uranus are named ____________ and ________________. Ganymede Oberon Titania Deimos Europa Eris Triton Eos

Oberon Titania

What did Galileo observe/discover which provided evidence that the Sun was the center of the solar system?

Observed the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, and Jupiter/Jupiter's moons

Which tectonic plate is the densest? Bilaterial Oceanic Continental

Oceanic

What are the three different seismographs? One that records the up and down direction, one that records the side to side direction, and one that records the diagonal direction One that records the up and down direction, one that records the diagonal direction, and one that records the in and out direction One that records the up and down direction, one that records the north to south direction, and one that records the east to west direction One that records the north to south direction, one that records the east to west direction, and one that records the side to side direction One that records the in and out direction, one that records the east to west direction, and one that records the north to south direction

One that records the up and down direction, one that records the north to south direction, and one that records the east to west direction

What are the two most abundant elements in the Earth's crust? Silicon and carbon dioxide Oxygen and carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide and argon Oxygen and silicon Oxygen and nitrogen Gold and silver

Oxygen and silicon

In the P-wave shadow zone __________. (Choose 3) P waves are not found S waves are refracted earthquakes are not recorded S waves do not penetrate

P waves are not found earthquakes are not recorded S waves do not penetrate.

What happens when the P waves and the S waves reach the Earth's core? Neither P waves nor S waves move through the core. Both P waves and S waves move through the core. P waves move through the core, and S waves do not. S waves move through the core, and P waves do not. P waves move through the outer core but not through the inner core, and S waves move through the inner core but not the outer core.

P waves move through the core, and S waves do not.

When part of the Moon remains outside the umbra

Partial eclipse

Largest physiographic region

Piedmont

Rolling Hills

Piedmont

All of the dwarf planets that are beyond the orbit of Neptune are considered _______________. Meteors Moons Plutoids Satellites Comets Asteroids

Plutoids

Magma that cools between rock layers.

Pluton

As a ship sales south from Washington state towards Mexico, the North Star, Polaris, does not rise as high in the sky. This is because _________ Polaris is located near the Equator. The Earth is concave. Polaris is located directly over the North Pole. Polaris circumnavigates the globe. Polaris was too tired. Polaris is located directly over the South Pole.

Polaris is located directly over the North Pole.

What are the three types of faults? Reverse Thrust Strike-Slip Continental

Reverse Thrust Strike-Slip

Which fault is important to mountain building? Reverse or thrust fault Normal fault Strike-slip fault

Reverse or thrust fault

Why does rhyolite have smaller crystals than granite? (You may use your identification charts.) Rhyolite is a mafic rock. Granite is a aphanitic rock. Rhyolite is a phaneritic rock. Rhyolite cooled slower than granite. Rhyolite cooled quicker than granite. Granite cooled faster than rhyolite.

Rhyolite cooled quicker than granite.

The __________ measures the amount of energy released in an earthquake. Wegener scale earthquake scale seismic scale Richter scale seismogram

Richter scale

What landform is created by a divergent plate boundary?

Ridge

Which part of the United States has the biggest risk of earthquakes? Northeast United States West Coast of California San Andreas Fault

San Andreas Fault

How do scientists prove a scientific theory before it becomes widely accepted? (Select all that apply) Scientists collect results from many, many different experiments. Scientists come up with a good idea. Scientists do experiments over and over again, getting facts to see if they can disprove the theory. Scientists design multiple experiments. Scientists test other scientists' results to see if they get the same results.

Scientists collect results from many, many different experiments. Scientists do experiments over and over again, getting facts to see if they can disprove the theory. Scientists design multiple experiments. Scientists test other scientists' results to see if they get the same results.

Explain how scientists have determined that the Earth's outer core must be liquid. Use at least two examples to explain it, and use your best grammar.

Scientists have determined that the Earth's outer core must be liquid, because of two reasons. One, because S-waves cannot penetrate it and S-waves cannot go through liquids. Two, S-waves are not received from the seismic stations opposite from the area it came from, meaning it did not go through.

What law explains that the movement of a planet around the Sun covers the same area in the same period of time?

Second Law of Planetary Motion

Triagonal movements Up and down movements Side to side movements

Side to side movements

How does a shear/S-wave move? Front and back, like it is compressing Up and down, like a ripple Side to side, like a snake Around and around, like a spring

Side to side, like a snake

Magma goes between parallel rock layers forming columns.

Sills

What are solar flares, and how do they impact Earth?

Solar Flares are streams of photons or light energy. They can produce gamma rays, and can affect earth by potentially causing blackouts, damaging satellites or affecting communication.

Explain some of the effects that people felt from the Loma Prieta earthquake in San Francisco, CA, that happened in 1989. Please explain in at least four sentences using your best grammar.

Some of the effects that people felt from the Loma Prieta earthquake in San Francisco, CA is seismic waves from the earthquake. They also had severe damage to buildings, roads, and other places in the area (due to the waves and earthquake itself). Bridges were destroyed, making it difficult for help to arrive. Sadly, sixty people died from the earthquake as well.

The first orbiting spacecraft was sent up by the former Soviet Union. It was called ________________. bumper rockets Apollo Voyager 1 Viking 1 Sputnik

Sputnik

Large piece of magma that has cooled and become granite.

Stocks

Which test would you use if you wanted to see the color of the powder of a mineral? Streak test Specific gravity Acid test Hardness test Color test Luster

Streak test

The third-largest earthquake from 1900-2004 occurred in [ Select ] ["Japan", "San Francisco", "Sumatra"] . It triggered a tsunami that killed over [ Select ] ["100,000", "40,000", "200,000"] people worldwide.

Sumatra 200,000

In undisturbed rock layers, older rock layers are laid down first and younger on top of them.

Superposition

The U-shaped rock that forms as other rocks are pushed up.

Syncline

What are the two types of folds? Syncline Limb Anticline

Syncline Anticline

Scientists use(d) _________________ to monitor the Earth's oceans. TOPEX remote sensing Landsat GPS Jason 1 Poseidon

TOPEX remote sensing Jason 1 Poseidon

What is the softest mineral on the Moh's hardness scale? Talc Diamond Quartz Calcite Graphite Sulfur

Talc

Explain how the Flood changed the locations of the tectonic plates, using 5 to 6 sentences. Make sure to use your best grammar.

The Flood changed the locations of the tectonic plates in a few different ways. First, there is proof the land was once in one piece when it was made, and volcanoes broke the land apart. Also, there was lava in the mantle and it pushed the land around slowly. The Flood added to all of this and sped up the process, causing the land to break apart even more. Because of the Flood, the land is more broken apart than it would have been had there not been a Flood.

Explain where the North American Cordillera is and what mountain ranges are included in it. Remember to use complete sentences when answering the question.

The North American Cordillera goes through Alaska all the way to Mexico's Sierra Madre Mountains and combines with South America's Andes Mountains. Along with the Andes, it is a part of the Ring of Fire as well.

Transform boundaries mostly surround the Scotia Plate. Which direction is the Scotia plate moving compared to the South American plate?

The Scotia plate is moving North compared to the South American plate.

Which one of these are possible results? The actual number of new leaves on a plant Counting the leaves on a plant Seeing the pretty leaves on a plant How much sunlight you put the plant in How often you watered the plant Seeing the flowers on a plant

The actual number of new leaves on a plant

Which of the following are measurable? (Select all that apply) The actual number of new leaves on a plant How often a plant is watered How much sunlight a plant receives Seeing the pretty leaves on a plant

The actual number of new leaves on a plant How often a plant is watered How much sunlight a plant receives

Why does the color of stars help scientists to know the temperature of stars?

The color of stars helps scientists to know the temperature of stars because the color reveals the temperature. For example, a yellow star would be somewhere between 5,000-6,000 kelvin.

Why do we see a particular color?

The color we see is the wavelength that is reflected where the other color wavelengths are absorbed.

The core of the Earth is divided into two parts. Please describe three differences between the two parts of the core. Please write in complete sentences, and use your best grammar.

The core of the earth is divided into the inner and outer core. The inner core is made of solid iron and nickel, while the outer core is made of liquid iron and nickel. The inner core is 750-800 miles thick, while the outer core is 1430-1450 miles thick. Lastly, the inner core is 5000-7000 degrees Fahrenheit, while the outer core is 4000-5000 degrees Fahrenheit.

What is the difference between the apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude of stars?

The difference between the apparent and absolute magnitude of stars is that absolute magnitude is how luminous a star appears, and apparent magnitude is how luminous the star is from the earth.

What is an astronomical unit or AU? The distance between the Moon and the Sun The distance between the Earth and the Moon The distance light travels in a year The distance between the Earth and Sun

The distance between the Earth and Sun

What is the difference between a meteor, meteoroid, and meteorite?

The meteor is the light streak that follows the meteoroid which is the object itself. If the meteoroid crashes into earth, then it is a meteorite.

What is Pangaea? The names of an ancient fossil The name of a German scientist The name of the supercontinent that existed thousands of years ago Another name for continental drift

The name of the supercontinent that existed thousands of years ago

At a convergent plate boundary where the oceanic crust and continental crust collide, which crust is subducted below the other? Where is one place on Earth where this interaction occurs? (Name both plates involved in the collision.)

The oceanic crust is subducted below the continental crust. One place this occurs is the Aleutian Islands, with the Pacific and North American plates.

What is the difference between a planet and a dwarf planet? A dwarf planet is the size of a planet and can be considered a moon. The planet has no objects in its orbit other than what it contains in its gravity, but a dwarf planet does not. The dwarf planet has objects in its orbit other than what it contains in its gravity, but a planet does not. A planet has a moon, and a dwarf planet does not. A dwarf planet orbits the sun in an opposite direction from a planet.

The planet has no objects in its orbit other than what it contains in its gravity, but a dwarf planet does not.

Research has shown that Saturn is 95 times the mass of the Earth, and it is 765 times the volume of the Earth. What explains why the volume is much larger than the mass difference to the Earth? Please remember to write using your best grammar.

The reason Saturn is has a bigger mass and volume than the earth, is because it is so large, and the inner core is solid rock.

Explain the alignment of the Earth, Sun, and Moon to be able to have a total lunar eclipse. Please remember to write using your best grammar.

The sun needs to be facing the earth, and the moon needs to be exactly lined up on the opposite side of the earth from the sun. Normally, lunar eclipses only happen partially, but sometimes they are total if the moon is in the proper orbit.

What are the three basic types of rock groups?

The three basic types of rocks are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.

Where is the troposphere located in comparison to the Earth?

The troposphere is the layer closest to the earth.

What is a control variable? The variable that changes in response to what the scientist changes The variable that can impact the dependent variable The variable the scientist keeps constant The variable the scientist changes

The variable the scientist keeps constant

What is a control variable? The variable the scientist changes The variable that can impact the dependent variable The variable that changes in response to what the scientist changes The variable the scientist keeps constant

The variable the scientist keeps constant

The asthenosphere is the partially melted part of the mantle. What happens when P and S waves encounter the asthenosphere? The S waves go through the asthenosphere, but the P waves do not. The velocity of the P and S waves change as they hit the asthenosphere. The P waves go through the asthenosphere, but the S waves do not.

The velocity of the P and S waves change as they hit the asthenosphere.

It says that the amount of time a planet takes to orbit the Sun is called its period.

Third Law of Planetary Motion (Harmonic Law )

What is another name for a reverse fault? Friction fault San Andreas Fault Normal fault Tensional fault Thrust fault

Thrust fault

Why was Landsat placed into orbit? To analyze the light that reflects off the Earth's surface To determine where you are on the roads To map the height of the world's oceans To measure currents To locate things on the Earth's surface by latitude and longitude To map the topography of the ocean surface

To analyze the light that reflects off the Earth's surface

How can scientists apply the Landsat data? (Choose 3) To map the topography of the Earth's oceans To see the increase in temperature of the Earth's oceans To find fossils To locate where we are on Earth To track urban growth To help farmers know if their crops are healthy

To find fossils To track urban growth To help farmers know if their crops are healthy

When the Moon is full, and the Moon, Earth, and Sun are in alignment

Total Eclipse

Where are trans-Neptunian objects located?

Trans-Neptunian objects are located in the Kuiper belt outside of Pluto.

The type of fault in Izmit, Turkey, is the same as the San Andreas Fault in California. What type of fault was it that caused all that damage? (Choose 2) Thrust fault Subduction fault Oceanic-continental fault Transform Strike-slip fault

Transform Strike-slip fault

As two plates rub horizontally against each other, the boundary is called a?

Transform boundary

The largest moon on Neptune is ____________. Titan Titania Io Triton Oberon

Triton

The line of latitude found at 23 1/2° north latitude is called the _________. Arctic Circle Tropic of Cancer North Pole Tropic of Capricorn Equator South Pole

Tropic of Cancer

Look at the following picture. The Sun's rays are directly over which line of latitude? What is the season in the Southern Hemisphere? Tropic of Capricorn, summer Tropic of Capricorn, fall Tropic of Capricorn, winter Tropic of Cancer, winter Tropic of Cancer, spring Tropic of Cancer, summer

Tropic of Cancer, winter

Based on the video in the lesson Galaxies & the Universe, write a paragraph explaining two points where the Big Bang and Creation do not match up. Please write in your best grammar.

Two examples of where Creation and The Big Bang Theory do not match:1) The time periods do not match, because God made the Bible in six days, while The Big Bang Theory says that it was made over billions of years. 2) The process is not the same. God made the world because He chose to according to the Bible, and the world slowly appeared according to The Big Bang Theory.

Rock layer is removed by erosion to show a break between two rock types.

Unconformity

What mineral can be identified by radioactivity? Gold Titanium Silver Carbon Copper Uranium

Uranium

Karst topography, shale, narrow valleys, sandstone ridges, limestone,

Valley and Ridge

In visible light, which color has the shortest wavelength? Indigo Blue Violet Yellow Orange Red

Violet

Which scientist first proposed the theory of continental drift? Griffin Waegner Einstein Darwin

Waegner

Which test is not a test used for identifying minerals? Weight Color Hardness Luster Streak Specific gravity

Weight

Chunks of rock that don't completely melt from contact with magma

Xenolith

The inclusions of other rock types in igneous rocks.

Xenoliths

This map section has quadrangles. What are the names? (Be sure to capitalize)

Younts Peak and Hardluck Mountain

Earth's inner core is a dense ball of solid metal a layer of molten metal a layer of rock that forms Earth's outer skin a layer of hot rock

a dense ball of solid metal

A type of scale model of the Earth could be _________________. a sonar map a topographical map a map of the Earth's surface a Landsat map geographical map a globe

a globe

The mass of Mt Everest can be found in a marble-sized piece of ________________. a black hole a red supergiant a neutron star a white dwarf a main sequence star

a neutron star

The largest mountain in the solar system is __________________. a stratovolcano on Mars called Mauna Loa a shield volcano on Earth called Olympus Mons a shield volcano on Mars called Mt Chimborazo a shield volcano on Earth called Mauna Loa a stratovolcano on Earth called Mt Chimborazo a shield volcano on Mars called Olympus Mons

a shield volcano on Mars called Olympus Mons

The rock cycle indicates that each type of rock can __________. provide materials to make other rocks form other rocks be changed by forces at Earth's surface all of the above

all of the above

What does the word Pangaea mean? moving of continents liquid under the crust all the Earth continental drift

all the Earth

When the Moon is at its apogee and it passes in front of the Sun, it is called ________________. an annular eclipse a partial eclipse a full solar eclipse a total eclipse a new moon

an annular eclipse

A hypothesis is ____________________. an experiment a theory an observation an educated guess

an educated guess

Gabbro is all of the following choices except ________________________. (You may use your charts.) mafic coarse-grained aphanatic slow cooling plutonic phaneritic

aphanatic

When the planet orbits the sun it is an elliptical path. At the farthest point away from the Sun, the planet is at its ______________. ellipse perihelion foci aphelion sweep

aphelion

The __________________ of the Moon is when the Moon is at its farthest point from the Earth. eclipse apogee umbra perigee penumbra

apogee

Solar flares _____________. (Select all that apply) create the auroras found in the northern and southern lights are 1,000,000 degrees Celsius are photons, or packages of light that come from the sun are streams of electrically charged particles that head out in all directions can affect satellites, communications, and can cause worldwide blackouts occur close to the sun and give off gamma rays

are 1,000,000 degrees Celsius are photons, or packages of light that come from the sun can affect satellites, communications, and can cause worldwide blackouts occur close to the sun and give off gamma rays

Conic projections __________. distort the landmasses are fairly accurate show elevation have the bottom edge along the line of latitude always have contour lines are not very accurate

are fairly accurate

Island arc complexes _______________________. are mostly andesitic stratovolcanoes formed at active oceanic margins are mostly basaltic shield volcanoes formed at hotspots are mostly sedimentary rock layers built on coral reefs

are mostly andesitic stratovolcanoes formed at active oceanic margins

Divergent boundaries are where two oceanic crusts __________. are colliding with each other are pulling apart from each other are sliding past one another

are pulling apart from each other

Fault-block mountains _____________________. are where mountains form along the fault in huge blocks are where a child builds a mountain with blocks are where large blocks of sedimentary rock layers are uplifted and tilted

are where large blocks of sedimentary rock layers are uplifted and tilted

In an elliptical orbit, the Sun is __________. in the center orbiting the planet at one of the foci around the outside

at one of the foci

A scientific theory should always be _________________________. based on one experiment based on a full set of proven facts based on unsubstantiated ideas based on unproven facts based on a few select facts based on the scientists' educated guess

based on a full set of proven facts

A sill can be identified from other rock layers __________. because a sill has contact metamorphism on both the top and the bottom because a sill is a covered up lava flow because a sill has contact metamorphism on the top of the layer

because a sill has contact metamorphism on both the top and the bottom

The moon is red during an eclipse because red light is ____________________. (Choose 2) bent by the Earth's atmosphere to the Moon refracted by the Sun going to the Moon reflected by the Moon from the Sun absorbed by the Sun refracted by the Moon from the Sun

bent by the Earth's atmosphere to the Moon reflected by the Moon from the Sun

Asteroids are primarily found in the belt _____________________. between Jupiter and Mars around Saturn around Jupiter outside of Neptune's orbit between Earth and Mars

between Jupiter and Mars

Have such a strong gravity that light cannot escape

black holes

What color on a topographic map represents water?

blue

The biggest damage after an earthquake is _________________.

buildings falling

Transform boundaries __________. cause the plates to collide into each other, causing one to go under the other cause the plates to slide away from each other cause the plates to slide past each other

cause the plates to slide past each other

Weakens the rock structure and is caused by rainwater reacting with the mineral grains in rocks to form new minerals (clays) and soluble salts.

chemical weathering

Resource used for energy

coal and natural gas

The type of igneous rocks found in dikes are __________ due to the slow cooling under the earth. coarse-grained vesicular layered

coarse-grained

Flat

coastal plain

Forces that shape Earth's surface by building up mountains and landmasses are called temperature and pressure seismic waves constructive forces destructive forces

constructive forces

Heat from magna changes sedimentary rock to metamorphic rock.

contact metamorphism

The rock that changes around the magma.

contact metamorphism

The ? lithosphere is relatively thick, old, and less dense

continental

The outermost layer of Earth's lithosphere and this makes up the planet's continents and continental shelves and is formed near subduction zones at plate boundaries between continental and oceanic tectonic plates. The continental crust forms nearly all of Earth's land surface.

continental crust

The Himalayan Mountains are formed by the [ Select ] ["oceanic-continental", "oceanic-oceanic", "continental-continental"] convergence, and they are still growing because the [ Select ] ["Pacific", "Indian", "Arabian"] plate is still moving toward China.

continental-continental Indian

In seafloor spreading the liquid mantle is brought up to the surface through the process of ___________.

convection

Choose the best answer. Plasma can make its way to the surface of the Sun by movements in the _____________________. core corona reflective zone radiative zone convective zone chromosphere

convective zone

The place where two plates come together in known as a divergent boundary rift valley convergent boundary transform boundary

convergent boundary

Hydrogen fusion, which powers all stars including the Sun, occurs in the __________________. reflection zone corona core photosphere CME's sunspots

core

The highest point of a wave is called the ______________. The lowest point of the wave is called the ______________. (Use your vocabulary words from the lesson, or it will be wrong.)

crest trough

Subduction occurs where the oceanic crust bends down toward the mantle at a convection deep-ocean trench mid-ocean ridge radiation

deep-ocean trench

In an experiment, the ___________________ variable changes as a result of the variable that was changed by the experimenter. independent experimental manipulated observational dependent control

dependent

Mercator projections __________. (choose 2) have colors representing elevation distort the land masses distort the poles always show contour lines are sometimes conical are usually round

distort the land masses distort the poles

A rift valley forms where two plates slide past each other converge sink back toward the mantle diverge

diverge

S waves __________. (Choose 3) do not go through liquid Good work understanding the Earth's interior. are not found in the shadow zone Good work understanding the Earth's interior. can go through the outer core cannot reach the inner core

do not go through liquid Good work understanding the Earth's interior. are not found in the shadow zone Good work understanding the Earth's interior. cannot reach the inner core

Pluto is now considered a ____________. dwarf planet planet planetesimal comet moon

dwarf planet

A(n) _______________ galaxy does not have any dust or gas in the center and is round or oval. irregular elliptical spiral circle

elliptical

The process of carrying away rock particles.

erosion

Pumice is an example of a (an) ______________. (You may use your charts.) intrusive, coarse-grained igneous rock porphryitic, fine-grained igneous rock extrusive, coarse-grained igneous rock phaneritic, coarse-grained igneous rock plutonic, fine-grained igneous rock extrusive, vesicular igneous rock

extrusive, vesicular igneous rock

An area with a measurable value of a particular quality, like temperature, at various points

field

Seismograph stations are used to __________. report the weather find the epicenter of an earthquake connect with satellite images of the earthquake report on the structural damage from earthquakes send robotic probes down to the focus of the earthquake

find the epicenter of an earthquake

The clouds on Venus are made up of _________________________________. fine droplets of nitric acid fine droplets of nitrogen fine droplets of water vapor, like Earth fine droplets of sulfuric acid fine droplets of carbon dioxide

fine droplets of sulfuric acid

A refracting telescope __________. focuses at a particular focal point uses a series of mirrors uses laser beams uses gamma rays uses infrared radiation

focuses at a particular focal point

Andesitic magma ____________________________. (You may use your charts.) is felsic forms at subduction boundaries is always explosive has the highest silica content is mafic is very light in color

forms at subduction boundaries

Basaltic magma ____________________________. (You may use your charts.) is sometimes explosive forms in rifts or oceanic hotspots forms at subduction boundaries is always explosive contains high amounts of silica has the lowest temperature

forms in rifts or oceanic hotspots

Any trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock is called a landmass continent fossil landform

fossil

A total lunar eclipse can only happen when the moon is ____ ____ and the Moon, Earth, and ____ ____ are in the same plane.

full sun

A fusion reaction, such as that that occurs on the Sun, _____________________. directly results in solar flares splits the nuclei of 2 atoms, such as hydrogen fuses the nuclei of 2 atoms, such as hydrogen directly results in coronal mass ejections directly causes atoms to be bombarded by photons

fuses the nuclei of 2 atoms, such as hydrogen

Select all of the characteristics that belong to the ALL of the outer planets. (Select all that apply) solid iron core gaseous rings moons low density high density rocky land mass

gaseous rings moons low density

This is an example of a __________. conic projection globe Gnomonic projection Mercator projection geologic map topographic map

geologic map

Scientists who study the forces that make and shape planet Earth are called ecologists biologists geologists chemists

geologists

The size of Arcturus is that of a _______________ star. giant main sequence black dwarf super giant white dwarf

giant

A ___________________ projection uses a great circle as the edge.

gnomonic

The rate of change in a field value; also called the average slope; calculated by dividing the change in field value divided by change in horizontal distance

gradient

The Earth's crust is made up largely of __________. granitic and basaltic rocks sedimentary and metamorphic rocks basaltic and metamorphic rocks

granitic and basaltic rocks

Resource used for road and building construction

gravel and crushed stone

Connect any two points along a circle where the Earth is able to be divided into equal halves

great circles

Evaporated water can leave behind the mineral _________. feldspar hematite pyrite fluorite halite

halite

Rhyolitic magma ____________________________. (You may use your charts.) has the highest silica content forms at ocean rifts is intermediate is mafic is very runny (not viscous) forms at oceanic hotspots

has the highest silica content

Spiral galaxies ___________. are oval and do not have any gas or dust between the stars have a center cluster of millions of stars with 2 arms are formed from the collision of 2 galaxies emit radio waves do not include the Milky Way

have a center cluster of millions of stars with 2 arms

Conic projections __________. always have contour lines have the bottom edge along the line of latitude show elevation are not very accurate distort the landmasses are fairly accurate

have the bottom edge along the line of latitude

Result of hydrogen fusion reaction

helium

Saturn is mostly made up of _______________________. helium ammonia sulfuric acid hydrogen carbon dioxide

hydrogen

The Sun is made up primarily of ___________________. lithium hydrogen nitrogen helium argon

hydrogen

Uranus has an atmosphere made mostly of _____________. methane nitrogen helium carbon dioxide hydrogen

hydrogen

What is Jupiter's atmosphere made of? nitrogen-oxygen hydrogen-helium oxygen-hydrogen carbon dioxide-helium helium-nitrogen

hydrogen-helium

Saturn's rings are made up of __________________. ionized particles hydrogen ice and rock asteroids helium

ice and rock

The lithosphere includes all of the following except _________. soil ocean basin icebergs rocks mantle magma

icebergs

It is not plagiarism ______________________. if someone told me the information if I only copy a sentence or two if I only paraphrase a sentence or two if I reference ALL my sources if I rearrange a few words in a sentence if I use a thesaurus to change the sentence

if I reference ALL my sources

All of the following are evidence for plate movement except __________. tilting faulting volcanoes igneous intrusions

igneous intrusions

When magma is cooled, it changes into ____.

igneous rock

Two thirds of the world's freshwater is located _________. in the oceans in glaciers and ice caps in moisture in the Earth's soil in water vapor in groundwater in all the lakes and rivers

in glaciers and ice caps

If an observer sees Polaris at 66° 33", he would most likely be standing _________. in Australia at the South Pole in Virginia in the Bahamas in northern Russia at the Equator

in northern Russia

The silica content of igneous rock ___________________________. decreases as it becomes an extrusive rock increases as it is formed deeper in the ground increases as the sample of rock gets darker in color increases as it becomes an intrusive rock increases as the sample of rock gets lighter in color decreases as the sample of rock gets lighter in color

increases as the sample of rock gets lighter in color

The Earth's __________ is solid, made up mostly of iron. The Earth's __________ is molten, made mostly of iron and nickel, which gives it its magnetism. The semi-solid ___________ is found underneath the solid lithosphere.

inner core/outer core/ mantle

Andesitic magma has ____________________. (You may use your charts.) felsic composition and is formed at an oceanic hot spot mafic composition and is formed at a continental hot spot felsic composition and is very runny mafic composition and is very runny mafic composition and is highly explosive intermediate composition and is formed at a subduction boundary

intermediate composition and is formed at a subduction boundary

Andesitic magma has ____________________. (You may use your charts.) felsic composition and is very runny felsic composition and is formed at an oceanic hot spot intermediate composition and is formed at a subduction boundary mafic composition and is formed at a continental hot spot mafic composition and is very runny mafic composition and is highly explosive

intermediate composition and is formed at a subduction boundary

Granite is formed when magma cools slowly. Granite is a (an) ____________. (You may use your rock charts.) extrusive igneous rock clastic sedimentary rock intrusive igneous rock non-foliated metamorphic rock foliated metamorphic rock bioclastic sedimentary rock

intrusive igneous rock

Eighty-five percent of the radius of Mercury is found on/in its __________________________. surface crust iron core mercury core gaseous atmosphere magnetic field

iron core

The atmosphere of Mercury ____________________ (Choose 2) is made up of Carbon Dioxide and Sulfuric Acid traps the heat on the surface evaporates is almost non-existent gets blown away by solar wind from the Sun is very substantial

is almost non-existent gets blown away by solar wind from the Sun

A place where the mountain is folded into an A shape __________. is a syncline shows the rock was overturned is an anticline

is an anticline

A continental arc __________. is formed at active continental margins is formed at passive continental margins is a continent shaped like an arc

is formed at active continental margins

The Earth's lighter, outer shadow ______________________. is the penumbra is the umbra is the shortest shadow is the orbital plane is the ecliptic plane

is the penumbra

Fluorescence ____________________________. is what fluorite is made of is the way certain minerals appear under UV light is the way the minerals look in the pitch dark is the way a mineral looks like under fluorescent light is the way a mineral reflects light is a form of flour

is the way certain minerals appear under UV light

Lines of equal field values or lines of equal pressure values

isobars

Solar wind travels in all directions from the Sun. When it hits the Earth, _________________. (Select all that apply) the atmosphere absorbs the charged particles causing lightening it causes a hydrogen fusion reaction it creates the auroras seen as the Northern and Southern Lights it is deflected by our magnet field of the Earth, protecting us it causes the north and south magnetic fields to switch places that can disrupt electrical systems on Earth

it creates the auroras seen as the Northern and Southern Lights it is deflected by our magnet field of the Earth, protecting us

Solar wind travels in all directions from the Sun. When it hits the Earth, _________________. (Select all that apply) it is deflected by our magnet field of the Earth, protecting us it causes the north and south magnetic fields to switch places that can disrupt electrical systems on Earth it causes a hydrogen fusion reaction it creates the auroras seen as the Northern and Southern Lights the atmosphere absorbs the charged particles causing lightening

it is deflected by our magnet field of the Earth, protecting us it creates the auroras seen as the Northern and Southern Lights

You come upon a huge, domed-shaped rock that was evidently revealed by erosion. This rock was most likely a __________. neck laccolith stock

laccolith

What are some of the effects of an earthquake? landslides fires flooding tsunamis snow storms lava erupting

landslides fires flooding tsunamis

Imaginary parallel lines that encircle the Earth are called ____________________.

latitude lines

Kepler came up with his First Law of Planetary Motion which is now known as the ...

law of orbits

Resource used for concrete

limestone

In liquefaction, the soil begins to __________. liquify solidify shake

liquify

If you are going to study the Earth's crust, you'll be studying the _________. hydrosphere crustosphere lithosphere atmosphere asthenosphere biosphere

lithosphere

When melting of a metamorphic rock occurs, it changes into ______.

magma

Sirius is the size of a _______________ star like the Sun. Main Sequence Star Supernova Giant Super Giant White Dwarf

main sequence star

The current secular Big Bang Theory says that ______________. there was a large explosion in the galaxy at the beginning of creation matter appeared simultaneously in all directions at the same time matter began as a swirling cloud of dust matter started as a speck and moved out from the central point

matter appeared simultaneously in all directions at the same time

A seismograph _______________________. measures the vibrations of an earthquake as the plates shift measures the density of the earthquake measures the temperature of an earthquake measures the height of an earthquake measures the amount of pressure exerted by the plates

measures the vibrations of an earthquake as the plates shift

When heat and pressure are applied to a sedimentary rock, it changes into _____.

metamorphic rock

Rays on the Moon's surface were probably caused by _____________________. the man in the moon the Sun's corona meteor impacts solar flares solar wind

meteor impacts

The cooling of basaltic magma allows ____________________ to orient themselves towards the magnetic North Pole. minerals such as diorite minerals such as feldspar minerals such as magnetite

minerals such as magnetite

The Big Bang is really a ________________ because __________________. hypothesis, it has been proven by some scientific experiments theory, it has been proven scientifically with the scientific method theory, because it was a scientist's good idea model, it can not be proven by the scientific method of experimentation model, it has been scientifically proven

model, it can not be proven by the scientific method of experimentation

Check all that apply. A P-wave, or primary wave __________. (Select all that apply) is the second wave to arrive is a surface wave moves front to back is a compression wave is the first wave to arrive moves like a snake

moves front to back is a compression wave is the first wave to arrive

clouds of dust and gas

nebula

The most abundant element in the Earth's atmosphere is _________. water vapor nitrogen oxygen carbon dioxide

nitrogen

Spring tides _________________________ . (Select all that apply) occur when the Moon and the Sun are at a 90 degree angle to each other occur during the new and full moon produce very high, high tides occur in the spring occur when the Moon and the Sun are in alignment produce very low, high tides produce very low, low tides

occur during the new and full moon produce very high, high tides occur when the Moon and the Sun are in alignment produce very low, low tides

Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) _____________________ . (Select all that apply). are dark areas of lower temperature on the sun occurs when two magnetic field lines opposite each other come together are streams of photons are highly charged particles given off by the corona create shock waves that take a day and a half to reach the Earth can disrupt electrical systems on the Earth

occurs when two magnetic field lines opposite each other come together are highly charged particles given off by the corona create shock waves that take a day and a half to reach the Earth can disrupt electrical systems on the Earth

The ? lithosphere is relatively thin, young, and dense.

ocean

The outermost layer of Earth's lithosphere that is found under the Earth's oceans and formed at spreading centers on oceanic ridges, which occur along divergent plate boundaries.

oceanic crust

Life on another planet, as we know it, requires all of the following except ________________. the proper percentages of gases in the atmosphere seasons due to the planet's tilt a distance far enough from stars to prevent ionizing radiation fresh water oceans of salt water a magnetic field

oceans of salt water

According to plate tectonics, when a ridge forms with a rift valley, new crust is formed __________. on each side of the ridge with the opposite magnetic direction in the subduction zones on each side of the ridge equally

on each side of the ridge equally

Some minerals are made out of ____________ element(s), called ___________ element(s). one, carbon one, singular three, carbon one, native two, native two, carbon

one, native

Some minerals are made out of ____________ element(s), called ___________ element(s). one, carbon two, native two, carbon three, carbon one, singular one, native

one, native

Mud cracks found in rock layers with an opening wider at the bottom and smaller at the top show evidence of __________. overturning shells tilting

overturning

The field of study that involves looking that the magnetic fields in rocks is called ________________. paleontology biology paleomagnetism oceanography

paleomagnetism

In MLA format, when you directly quote, paraphrase, or summarize an outside source, you must always make a(n)? Select all that apply parenthetical citation parenthetical reference nothing, it is okay to paraphrase, summarize, or quote an addition to your Works Cited block citation with a hanging indent in-text citation

parenthetical citation an addition to your Works Cited in-text citation

What type of lunar eclipse is the most common? umbra partial penumbra total

partial

The lighter part of the shadow

penumbra

If the Moon never makes it into the umbra, what type of eclipse is it? penumbral polar eclipse penumbral lunar eclipse penumbral solar eclipse reverse umbral lunar eclipse umbral solar eclipse umbral polar eclipse

penumbral lunar eclipse

A circle or pie graph is usually used to show ______________. temperature relationships of three variables how variables are interrelated percentages comparisons of two variables how variables change over time

percentages

When the planet orbits the Sun it is an elliptical path. At its closest point from the Sun, the planet is at its _____________. foci aphelion perihelion ellipse sweep

perihelion

The amount of time a planet takes to orbit the sun is called its ...

period

The yellow surface of the Sun is called the ___________________. corona atmosphere chromosphere photosphere asthenosphere

photosphere

Some asteroids may also be referred to as ______________________ , or minor planets. planetesimals small planets peripheral planets satellite planets

planetesimals

The formation of volcanoes and mountain ranges can be explained by the theory of plate tectonics conduction continental drift Alfred Wegener

plate tectonics

The geological theory that states that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in constant, slow motion is the theory of sea-floor spreading plate tectonics deep-ocean trenches subduction

plate tectonics

Ozone _________. protects us from harmful radiation is a type of nitrogen is dangerous to us is found in the troposphere is located in the thermosphere is found in the mesosphere

protects us from harmful radiation

detected by infrared radiation

protostars

7.5-minute map sections of the United States made by the U.S. Geological Survey, named after a local physical feature

quadrangles

Quasi- stellar radio sources are also known as ______ ______ and emit ______ ______.

quasars, radio waves

All of the following are characteristics of minerals except: solid definite composition specific physical properties inorganic crystalline random arrangement of atoms

random arrangement of atoms

Mars is also known as the ____________ Planet.

red

Venus rotates backwards from Earth. The definition for this is called _________________. reverse direction retrograde rotation retrograde orbit random rotation reverse orbit

retrograde rotation

When the iron-bearing rocks align themselves with the South Pole, it is known as __________. (Choose the best answer) magnetic reversal paleomagnetism reverse polarity

reverse polarity

Scientists were surprised to discover that just like Saturn, all of the Jovian planets had _____________. (Choose 3) volcanic craters rings impact craters inner core, mantle, outer surface intense heat in their atmosphere small diameters moons

rings inner core, mantle, outer surface moons

The ______________ shows how one rock type changes into another rock type. cooling process rock cycle melting process formation of crystals

rock cycle

The depth of focus of an earthquake is where the __________. rocks began to wiggle, somewhere between 0 and 300 km upper mantle is found rocks began to shake, somewhere between 0 and 70 km rocks began to slide in relation to each other, somewhere between 0 and 700 feet rocks began to break, somewhere around 0 to 700 km below the Earth's surface

rocks began to break, somewhere around 0 to 700 km below the Earth's surface

When rocks are affected by weathering and erosion, they change into ______.

sediment

When sediment is compacted and cemented, it changes into _______.

sedimentary rock

Computers have the mineral _______________ in their motherboard. calcite iron gypsum halite silica garnet

silica

Resource used in electronics

silica

When magma intrudes in horizontal rock layers, forming a large sheet sandwiched in between, it forms a __________. laccolith stock sill

sill

Liquefaction is when ____________. water goes solid to liquid soil is shaken so much that it acts like liquid the ground opens up and there is water in the crake

soil is shaken so much that it acts like liquid

Times of greater sunspot activity is called _______ _______. Times of lesser sunspot activity is called _______ _______. (Must be exactly as read in the lesson.)

solar maximum, solar minimum

A comet's tail is a result of _____________________ (Choose 2) reflection of light as the comet enters the Earth's atmosphere light trailing the comet along its entire orbit an explosion of gas and subsequent burning solar wind blowing particles off the comet nucleus as it is near the Sun vaporization of ice and dust when the comet goes near the Sun

solar wind blowing particles off the comet nucleus as it is near the Sun vaporization of ice and dust when the comet goes near the Sun

What was developed after World War II that allowed scientists to map the ocean floor?

sonar

The giant red spots on Jupiter are as a result of __________________. storms on the planet's surface movement of the magnetic field volcanic eruptions the movement of liquid magma different colored and types of magma swirling around

storms on the planet's surface

The process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle is known as conduction subduction continental drift convection

subduction

one plate sinks (subducted plate) into the mantle below the other plate (the overriding plate); where this happens is called a ? zone.

subduction

The system of latitude and longitude is called _________. aquatic coordinates coordinate plan coordinate program terrestrial coordinates coordinate parallels

terrestrial coordinates

Mercury rotates so slow _______________________. that it has extreme temperature differences that is has gravity greater than the Earth that its atmosphere is destroyed that a year is longer than a day

that it has extreme temperature differences

Our Sun is part of ____________. the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy the Andromeda Galaxy an irregular galaxy the Alpha Centauri Galaxy the Milky Way Galaxy

the Milky Way Galaxy

The basis for determining the luminosity of the other stars is ___________. temperature size color apparent magnitude the Sun absolute magnitude

the Sun

The Andes Mountains were formed from __________. the collision of an oceanic plate and another oceanic plate destructive plate boundaries the collision of the Nazca Plate and the South American plate

the collision of the Nazca Plate and the South American plate

The difference between gravity on the Moon and gravity on the Earth is related to ______________. the density of the rocks caverns below the Moons crust the age of the rocks on each one's surface the size of each one's atmosphere

the density of the rocks

The definition of declination is: the difference between magnetic and geographic North Pole. the direction of the magnetic field 100 years ago. how fast the plate will move. the magnetic North Pole has been reversed.

the difference between magnetic and geographic North Pole.

Newton discovered that tides are caused by _________. the gravitational pull of Jupiter Kepler's 3rd law the gravitational pull of the Sun the gravitational pull of the Moon Kepler's 2nd law the Coriolis effect

the gravitational pull of the Moon

The red spot found on Jupiter has allowed astronomers to estimate __________________. the length of rotation the atmosphere of the planet the length of revolution the temperature of the planet the size of the orbit of the planet

the length of rotation

The magnetic field on the Earth that protects us from solar wind is caused by ______________________. (Select all that apply) the liquid outer core the Earth's tilt on its axis the seasons the Earth's revolution the Earth's rotation the solid inner core

the liquid outer core the Earth's rotation the solid inner core

Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen discovered (Choose 2) ______________________. new ocean creatures a way to put GPS satellites in outer space uses for infrared satellite images the mid-Atlantic Ridge how to cause satellites to map the surface of the ocean rift valleys

the mid-Atlantic Ridge rift valleys

A total eclipse is caused when ___________________. the Sun's light is partially blocked by the Moon you can see the Sun in a ring around the Moon at its apogee the Sun's light is partially blocked by the Earth the moon completely blocks the light from the Sun the umbra crosses the penumbra

the moon completely blocks the light from the Sun

Choose the best answer. The Tropic of Cancer is _________. the northern boundary where the suns rays strike vertically the southern boundary where the suns rays strike vertically found in the Arctic Circle found north of the equator found south of the equator found in the Antarctic

the northern boundary where the suns rays strike vertically

Newton discovered that if two planetary objects moved twice as far from each other, __________. the gravity didn't change their gravity reduced by 1/4th their gravity multiplied by 2 their gravity was quadrupled

their gravity reduced by 1/4th

Seafloor spreading is the ____________. theory that new ocean crust is formed at divergent boundaries theory that new ocean crust is formed at convergent boundaries theory that new ocean crust is formed at transform boundaries theory that ocean crust rises to become continents

theory that new ocean crust is formed at divergent boundaries

What is the consistency of the mantle compared to in the video? thick peanut butter mashed bananas bowl of oatmeal chocolate syrup

thick peanut butter

The _____________ on a graph describes what you are displaying. X axis dependent variable independent variable Y axis title

title

Europe and the USA joined resources to study the Sun and launched the Solar Heliospheric Observatory. What is SOHO's mission? to study the energy movement between the Sun's surface and the atmosphere to study the Moon to study the solar system to take high-quality photographs in different wavelengths to study the Sun's internal structure, atmosphere, and solar wind

to study the Sun's internal structure, atmosphere, and solar wind

Europe and the USA joined resources to study the Sun and launched the Solar Heliospheric Observatory. What is SOHO's mission? to study the energy movement between the Sun's surface and the atmosphere to study the Sun's internal structure, atmosphere, and solar wind to study the solar system to study the Moon to take high-quality photographs in different wavelengths

to study the Sun's internal structure, atmosphere, and solar wind

Maps showing the elevation of a particular area

topographic map

A place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions, is known as a transform boundary convergent boundary divergent boundary rift valley

transform boundary

The dark part of the shadow

umbra

Mercury has a surface __________________. that is gaseous that is the hottest because it is closest to the Sun very similar to the Moon very similar to the Earth

very similar to the Moon

Venus's surface is largely __________________. pockmarked with impact craters, like the Moon gaseous, like Jupiter terrestrial with the land and water masses, like the Earth covered with steam volcanic

volcanic

When molten rock flows or erupts through a crack on the Earth's surface, it came come from which structures? (Check all that apply) waterfalls in a river earthquakes volcanic cones vents in the ground fractured dome

volcanic cones vents in the ground fractured dome

The spacecraft that was launched by NASA which studied most of Venus ____________________. was Mariner 10 in 1991 was Magellan in 1991 was the Venus Express launched by Europe was Messenger in 2011 was Mariner 10 in 1975

was Magellan in 1991

The process by which rocks are broken apart.

weathering

Scientists can tell from the zigzag pattern on a seismograph __________________________. how much energy released and how much damage it did what type of wave it was and how much energy it released what type of wave it was and how far it went what type of wave it was and how deep it went how much energy it released and how much pressure it exerted

what type of wave it was and how much energy it released

The Himalayan Mountains formed ___________. You Answered when an active continental margin piled up into fault-block mountains when India crashed into Eurasia when volcanoes erupted at a hot spot

when India crashed into Eurasia

A syncline is seen __________. by constructive plate boundaries by passive continental margins when rock layers are folded in a U shape

when rock layers are folded in a U shape

Analysis is _______________. where you analyze your research and form a hypothesis where you look for connections in your data where you write a list of materials where you try to solve a problem where you find information on the Internet

where you look for connections in your data

Analysis is _______________. where you find information on the Internet where you look for connections in your data where you write a list of materials where you try to solve a problem where you analyze your research and form a hypothesis

where you look for connections in your data

After an earthquake, aftershocks __________________ . will cause more damage than the foreshocks don't really affect anything always occur far away from the epicenter

will cause more damage than the foreshocks

(image earth top tilted right) summer in the Southern Hemisphere an spring in the Northern Hemisphere winter in the Southern Hemisphere and summer in the Northern Hemisphere spring in the Northern Hemisphere and fall in the Southern Hemisphere summer in the Northern Hemisphere and spring in the Southern Hemisphere winter in the Northern Hemisphere and summer in the Southern Hemisphere spring in the Southern Hemisphere and fall in the Northern Hemisphere

winter in the Northern Hemisphere and summer in the Southern Hemisphere

A scientist makes a graph of temperature versus time. Time will be plotted on the ______ axis.

x

Large rocks sometimes break off and get lodged in magma. This is a(an) ? , which can be affected by ? .

xenolith, contact metamorphism