Earth Science, or Geology, can be described as:
In a sequence of sedimentary strata, an unconformity represents:
A missing layer of rock, that was either eroded or not deposited
A mineral is defined as:
A naturally occurring solid crystalline substance, generally inorganic, with a specific chemical composition.
A passive continental margin is an area of _______. Select all answers that are correct.
Beach and shallow seas Swamps and marshes
If a rock body is subjected to a force, and it deforms by breaking or faulting, that represents ______________ deformation.
Brittle
A type of metamorphism created by the intrusion of an igneous dike into shallow pre-existing rock is called
Contact metamorphism
The Atlantic Mid-Ocean Ridge is mainly a type of:
Divergent margin
How can the risk of earthquakes be reduced?
How about public education, building codes, restricted zoning, among a few...
If you have sandstones that are compacted and lithfied what kind of rock can you expect to find?
sandstone
Relative ages of rocks may be determined using
Both the principle of original horizontality and the principle of cross-cutting relationships
An igneous intrusion known as a sill is ________.
Concordant
Sedimentary rocks include which two lists of the following rock groups?
limestone, gypsm, salt deposits Shale, sandstone, conglomerates
A meandering stream has which of the following characteristics
natural levees
reverse fault indicates that the rocks were under what type of force:
Compressional
How do sedimentary rocks begin?
They begin by being weathered away and transported into a sedimentary basin
The folded rock layers shown below forms a structure known as a(n):
Anticline
Pangea is a name for:
The name of an ancient supercontinent that made up of all present day continents
If we wanted to find a convergent tectonic plate boundary on an unknown continent, we could look fo
A deep sea trench offshore and a line of volcanoes or a line of mountains
A naturally occurring solid crystalline substance, generally inorganic, with a specific chemical composition.
A mineral is defined as:
Catastrophism can be described as:
A volcanic eruption A sudden impact crater Meteor Impact Crater
The three axes (A, B, C) of the metamorphic rock diagram below should be labeled how:
A= Pressure, B=Temperature, C=Depth
What 2 different types of unconformity is present at the base of layer B? Check 2 boxes.
Angular Unconformity Correct! Disconformity
Actualism can be described as:
Applications of a modern process to an ancient system.
When a rock erodes or disintegrates by chemical reactions rather than by mechanical processes, that form of weathering is called __________.
Chemical weathering
how are sedimentary rocks lithified?
Compaction and cementation
A reverse fault indicates that the rocks were under what type of force:
Compressional
Thanks to seismology and a variety of other investigative tools, we know we live on a layered Earth. From the outermost layer to the innermost layer, the layers are described as:
Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core
Which two letters represent rock of the same age?
D and
The names of the appropriate metamorphic rocks in the correct places in the chart below should be:
D= Slate, E= Schist, F= Gneiss
According to the __________, earthquakes occur when ___________ accumulates until it exceeds the strength of the rock.
Elastic Rebound Theory / stress
The actual location on the earth's surface that represents where an earthquake occurs is called the:
Epicenter
If igneous rock contains mostly quartz, in the form of silica, and feldspar, it is considered to be__________.
Felsic
The actual location on a fault plane below the earth's surface, where the rupture occurs that causes an earthquake is called the:
Focus
If the minerals in a rock has a crystal arrangement or fabric caused by directional stress, that metamorphic texture is called:
Foliation
Magmatic differentiation may happen by which of the following? Choose all answers that apply.
Fractional crystallization Crystallization through Bowen's Reaction Series Minerals selectively settling out of the liquid part of the magma
The mineral Diamond has which of the following physical characteristics? Choose all answers that apply.
Glassy fracture Hardness of 10 on the Moh's Hardness Scale
A very large intrusion of felsic magma deep in the Earth would form a _______.
Granite Batholith
Continental crust floats on oceanic crust because the continental crust:
Has a lower density than the oceanic crust
Gneiss is a:
High-grade metamorphic rock.
How would you best describe the geologic record?
Information about geologic events and processes that have been preserved in rocks as they have formed at different times throughout the Earth's history.
Did the rock in the previous question form as an intrusive igneous rock or an extrusive igneous rock?
Intrusive igneous rock
A syncline:
Is 'U-shaped' in cross-section and is the result of compressional stress
Geology is different from many other sciences because:
It is a diachronous science, that is, the geological record will never be exactly the same in different areas.
__________ and __________ are examples of non-foliated metamorphic rocks.
Marble and quartzite
Match the concept with the scientist(s) that developed it for the Theory of Plate Tectonics.
Maurice 'Doc' Ewing Young -oceanic crust Alfred Wegener- Continental drift J. Tuzo Wilson- Plate geometry Hugo Benioff- Seismicity of subduction Vine & Matthews- Seafloor spreading Harry Hess- Seafloor bathymetry
Igneous rocks form from what material?
Molten liquid deep in the earth
A rock can be described as:
Naturally occurring solid aggregates of minerals, or in some cases non-mineralic solid matter
Electrons have a _______ charge and can be shared with or transferred to other atoms.
Negative
Supporting concepts in the development of the Theory of Plate Tectonics includes all the answers below EXCEPT:
None, all of the answers are correct.
Earthquakes that occur along continental tectonic rift valleys are associated with ______ faults.
Normal
A convergent boundary is where:
Oceanic crust subducts beneath another oceanic plate and forms a volcanic island chain
According to Bowen's Reaction Series, the first minerals to crystallize out of a melt are _________;
Olivine and Calcium-rich Feldspar
Hot spots or mantle plumes are characterized by intense, localized volcano formation and appear where?
On the ocean floor, as in the Hawaiian Islands
The distance between a seismograph and an earthquake's epicenter can be determined by the elapsed time between the arrival of the ______ and ______ at a seismograph.
P waves and S waves
When a rock is broken down into particles (sand, gravel, boulders), clay minerals, and dissolved ions, without changing the chemical composition, that form of weathering is called _____________.
Physical weathering
At convergent margins, _________.
Plates come together and oceanic crust is subducted and recycled back into the mantle.
All of the following are types of magmatic intrusions _______. Choose all answers that apply.
Plutons, stocks, and sills Plutons, batholiths, and dikes
________ and _______ are found in the nucleus of an atom.
Protons and neutrons
Scientists still use the scientific theory today.
True
Below is a 3-dimensional block diagram with a map view of a fault. The type of fault is best described as:
Right-lateral strike slip fault
________ are broad, dome shaped volcanoes.
Shield volcanoes
What commonly found kid's toy did we use in class to illustrate how rocks react to deformation?
Silly Putty
Mid-ocean ridges are also known as:
Spreading centers
______ are volcanoes made of alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic material.
Stratovolcanoes
The San Andreas Fault in California is a type of:
Strike-slip fau
If a folded structure such as an anticline has limbs that dip symmetrically from the axial plane, the fold is best described as:
Symmetrical
On the Mohs Scale of Hardness, what mineral and commonly found object have a hardness of 1?
Talc and baby powder
The Earth System is composed of _______ and how it/they interact as overlapping geosystems.
The Climate System (all earth systems that determine climate across the Earth) The Plate Tectonic System (Earth's mantle and overlying tectonic plates) The Geodynamo (produces magnetic system from deep in the earth)
James Hutton is known as ___________?
The Father of Modern Geology
The folding of rock layers G through C in the cross-section below was most likely caused by:
The collision of tectonic plate
How would you best describe Mantle Convection?
The engine that drives plate tectonics
How do geomagnetic isochrons on the ocean seafloor indicate where there is a faster rate of spreading at a mid-ocean divergent boundary?
The isochrons are narrower and closer together.
What is the Angle of Repose.
The maximum angle at which a slope that has loose material will sit without sliding.
One key phrase that summarizes the Principle of Uniformitarianism is:
The present is the key to the past
The stratigraphic principle stating that the sedimentary rock layers in an outcrop contain distinct fossils in a definite sequence is described by:
The principle of faunal succession
The stratigraphic principle stating that each sedimentary layer of an undisturbed sequence is younger than the one beneath it and older than the one above it is: Correct!
The principle of superposition
What are the most deadly aspects of earthquakes occurring with epicenters in or near an ocean:
Tsunami waves
A radioactive isotope's half-life is:
The time required for one-half of the original number of radioactive parent atoms to decay into stable daughter atoms
Seismic P waves and S waves travel how?
Through the Earth's interior
Geologic maps represent rock formations exposed at the earth's surface:
True
Rock types, seismic activity, and other features are predictive for plate tectonic boundary types.
True
An active continental margin is an area of _______. Choose all answers that are correct.
Volcanoes and earthquakes Tectonic plate boundary Mountain building
What is the Ring of Fire?
Volcanoes lined up around the edge of the Pacific Ocean and the pacific plate. where the volcanoes are lined up there is a lot of earthquake activity.
An outcrop can best be described as:
Where the bedrock that underlies the ground surface is exposed at the Earth's surfaceand is also a basic source of geologic information.
During metamorphism, a rock undergoes mineralogical and textural changes:
While primarily in a solid state, under the influence of increased heat and pressure.
A measurement of the space between grains in a rock is called?
porosity
List four (4) physical or identifying properties of minerals.
Your Answer: hardness color density streak
View the attached 3-Dimensional block diagram. Match the appropriate labels to each letter noted.
a- oceanic crust b continetnal crust c plates moving twards ed- area pf subduvtopm e-melting in the mantal f-ocean trench g-valcno
What type of plate boundary is depicted in the 3D diagram above?
continental to Oceanic convergence. No penalty for you,
Faulting, shaking, landslides, and ground failures all describe features associated with ________:
earthquake hazards mass wasting
The stratigraphic principle stating that sediments are deposited as essentially horizontal beds is described by:
he principle of original horizontality
In the cross-sectional photo that is below, where the dark layer was once continuous, the faulting shown is known as a:
ormal fault
The measure of interconnectedness between pores is called.
permeability
If clay particles are compacted and lithified what can you expect to find?
shale.
