EASC 150 Final
IMF Loan Period
IMF bails out Korea during Korean recessions
5 Year Plans
1st (1962-66) • Growth in infrastructure, exports • 24/7 electricity provisions 2nd (1967-71) • Export-oriented growth • Heavy industries
1889 Constitution
Established a bicameral legislature
Koban
"Police Box"; a small neighborhood police station.
The Juche Speech
(1955) o Korean War solidified Kim's power o Aim: to secure his absolute rule o Emphasizes: self-reliance, autonomy, nativism, and national unity o Argues: over-dependence on foreign models/ideas hinders North Korea's progress o Criticizes: some factions of global communist movement
Jo Mansik
(Presbyterian, anti-colonialism, anti-communism, anti-Korean division) USSR tries to convert him to their cause to appoint him as leader, fails, had him arrested
Na Hyeseok
(artist and author) Criticizes gender norms in Korea; calls for liberation of women's sexuality
Syngman Rhee
1956: ______ reelected and amended the constitution • Incumbent president able to run for re-election indefinitely • Led to mass opposition
April Student Revolution
1960 • Mass protests across South Korea • Government response: police shoot demonstrators • Protests widen, Rhee resigns 1960 and flees South Korea • Lee Ki-Poong, his wife, two sons die in a suicide pact
Korean Central Intelligence Committee
1961 - started by Park Cung Hee: surveillance internally for oppositions
Horizontal Keiretsu
alliances across different industries
Sakoku Ends
1853 • Black Ships, Matthew Perry/USA in Japan o makes trading demands, threatens to destroy Edo • Japan's reluctant proposal: The Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854) o Allows Korean/China/ Dutch/USA to trade
Meiji Emperor
1866 Tokugawa shogun was overthrown by Satsuma and Choshu • Power given back to emperor o Emperor Komei, "_______" • Tokugawa shogunate: Yoshinobu transferred power to emperor
Treaty of Portsmouth
1905 treaty between Russia and Japan ending the Russo-Japanese War; o Russia backs off; Japan to explore interest in Korea
March First Independence Movement
1919 • Student-led, mas movement for independence • Leaders drafted a "Declaration of Independence" • Uprising grow, Japan stunned • Japanese colonial government brutally suppresses uprisings o Forced to re-evaluate their rule of Korea o Governor General issues reforms Life restrictions on the press Ease restrictions on local enterprises Loosen restrictions on public gathering, organizations Advance infrastructure and transportation
Vertical Keiretsu
alliances between specific industrial concerns, their suppliers, their distributors
Japan-Korea Treaty of 1910
As a result of Ito Hirobumi killed by a Korean, Japan complete takeover of Korea • Korea annexed by japan • Koreans given power: supporters of Gabo Reforms (earlier supporters of Japan's intervention) • 1910-1920: military rule o Heavy military, police presence o Public activities, gatherings suppressed o Japanese build infrastructure, schools, hospitals for their own migrant communities Some Korean elites able to benefit from these changes
Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905
As a result of Russo-Japanese War • Korea to become Japanese protectorate • Signed by Korean officials under coercion • Established the Resident-General (ex: The Japanese Protectorate Government) o Controls foreign, financial affairs o First Resident General: Ito Hirobumi • Japanese police, military stationed throughout Korea • Korean army: over 20,000 soldiers -> 1000
Gim Jiha's Five Bandits Poem
Criticism of Yusin Park exploiting the masses o Gim arrested, violating "Anti-Communism Laws" Laws used to arrest people against Park's rule
Donghak
Eastern Learning/Korean Learning
Tokugawa Japan
Edo Period/• 1603-1868 • Edo (Tokyo) • Japan unified • Ideology: Confucianism • Shogun controlling the daimyos (feudal landowners) o Samurais gave oath to the daimyo that they will serve him in times of war o Samurais devoted to the shogun
Yutori
Low pressure, No cramming
1952
Japan resumes sovereignty • 1949 MacArthy gives up authority • 1951 USA and other nations sign peace treaty with Japan
Yakuza
Japanese mafia
Japan's urban-rural divide
• Majors cities all concentrated at the front of Japan • Tokyo-centeredness • Front/Back Divide o Back = less developed/uncivilized
Park Geun-hye
Korea's first female President (arrested bc of corruption) • Sewol Ferry sinking (2014) • Impeached in 2016
The Ryugyong Hotel
Monument from 1992: Reinforcement of Kim lineage as superior leaders
MacArthur drafts new constitution
o Protects civil liberties (suffrage) o Emperor preserved as state symbol but no power o Article 9 - forbade Japan from waging War
1987 election
o Roh Tae-woo o Kim Dae Jung o Kim Young Sam Roh elected
House of Councilors
Sangiin/Upper House: • 242 members o 146 elected by districts o 96 elected by proportional representation • 6 years terms o Elections on 3 year rotation cycles • Cannot be dissolved
House of Representatives
Shugiin/Lower House: • 465 seats o 289 elected from single-member constituencies o 176 elected from 11 multi-member constituencies by proportional representation • 4 years terms
SCAP
Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers: General Douglas MacArthur
Four-Tiered Class system
o Samurai: only 10% of the population, reporting directly to daimyo o Farmers/peasants: 80% of population, heavy tax burdens, controlled by daimyos o Artisans o Chonin (Merchants): travelling traders, shop-keepers
Judicial Branch
o Supreme Court: highest court in Japan 15 judges • Chief Justine: selected by Cabinet and appointed by emperor • Other 14: selected by Cabinet (mostly LDP)
Japan with USA
o Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security (1960) USA promises to defend Japan o Japan stresses its "Comprehensive Security" policy Contributes via development aid o Nearly ¾ of USA military stationed in Okinawa Major point of tension between locals and USA Ex: Futenma airbase relocation, opposed by the locals
Hikikomori
social withdrawal, in Japan
Juku
cram schools in Japan where students prepare for rigorous and highly competitive high school and college entrance exams
Burakumin
descendants of people who performed low-class jobs, including some earlier ethnic minority groups (from Tokugawa period) o Discrimination issues
Kyoiku mama
education mothers
Choe Jeu
founded the Donghak movement, a religious movement against foreign invasions and critical of Joseon Dynasty's policies o Christianity was oppressed by Korean Government Later executed
Foreign Aid from Japan
used as soft power to remove anti-Japanese sentiments
Roh Tae-woo
new presidential candidate of 1987 election • Roh: doesn't stop nor enhance democratization, but isolated North Korea on international stage
Japan with China
o 1972: normalization talks o 1978: formal peace treaty o China provides Japan with export market
Japan with North Korea
o 1990: normalizing talk with North Korea o 2002: joint declaration o Uses NK as excuse to grow the SPF's strength
Gwangmu Reforms
o Abolish old class system o Registration by surname: new citizenship concept o Western style uniforms (civil officials, soldiers, police) o Army soldier increase: 5000 -> 28000 o New forms of artillery, army organization o Land ownership, new land tax system o Infrastructure (railways, streetcars) o New industries (cutting off dependence on export in terms of textile) o Public education (govt. funds elementary schools) o Public medicine (western medicine, vaccinations, etc. )
Local Government
o Central govt holds the power o 47 prefectures (each has elected assembly and governor) o Tokyo-centeredness: all decisions checked with Tokyo
Executive Branch
o Constitutional monarchy: emperor's power limited o Prime minister Elected by Diet, 4 year term Shinzō Abe: current Prime Minister
1947 Constitution
o Emperor Hirohito preserved but powerless Out of fear of being indicted for war crimes, Hirohito can only support • 1946: promulgated by the Diet and comes into effect 1947
Japan with Asia
o Japan views itself as distinct o ASEAN = Assoication of Southeast Asian Nations o Fukuda Doctrine (1977) Japan provided economic assistance o Japan invested heavily in SE Asia But mostly polluting manufacturing work
Okinawa
o Nearly ¾ of USA military stationed in _______ Major point of tension between locals and USA Ex: Futenma airbase relocation, opposed by the locals
residential survey
police visits to houses
Choe Gyuha
temporary president after Park's assassination o Doesn't hold actual power as General Chun Doo-hwan staged a military coup and holds the real power
Russo-Japanese War
• 1904-1905 • Rival Imperialists: Russia, Japan remain interested in Korea and Manchuria • War location: Manchuria, seas around Korea/Japan • Japan forces Korea to sign cooperative agreements o Japanese soldiers in Korea; Japan to advise Korean govt • Japan defeats Russia again, and again
Taisho Democracy Period
• 1912-26 • Son of Meiji: Yoshihito -> Emperor Taisho o Physical, mental issues o Power shifted to the Diet: "Democracy" • Rise of labor unions, protests • Political parties emerge • 1925: universal male suffrage • Women's rights movement
Sakoku
• "Locked Country", "Closed Country" • Act of Seclusion (1636): foreigner had to move out and all trade stopped • Purged: Christianity, trade with West except for a group of Dutch at Nagaskai Harbor • Purpose: o Social peace o Tokugawa Supremacy (stop daimyo from trading with outside world) • Impact: success o Power maintained by Shogun o Daimyo maintained allegiance to shogun
Joseon dynasty
• 1392-1897 • Last dynasty • Strong relations with China o Confucian influence • Structure o King o Royal court o Aristocracy (yangban) - paid land o Commoners (farmers) o Outcasts (slaves)
Hong Gyeongnae Rebellion
• 1811-12 • Hong Gyeongnae - rebel leader of NW Korea • Led rebellion against oppressive taxes of local admins • Rebellion crushed in 1812, but small uprising continued
Treaty of Amity and Commerce
• 1858 • Between USA and Japan • Mutual peace and trade • Japan to open, assist USA navy and open ports to USA • Extraterritoriality: giving American citizens rights to move and get citizenship in Japan • American consulate
Boshin War
• 1868-1869 • Emperor orders dissolution of Tokugawa clan • Tokugawa sends troops to depose emperor • Fails and surrenders in 1869
Treaty of Ganghwa
• 1876 • Described Korea as "independent", "equal in status" to Japan • Opened Korea for trade with Japan • Japan seeking to end Korea's loyalty to China, to gain Korea's trust
Gobu Revolt
• 1894 • Gobu magistrate creates bogus laws, exploits peasants • Peasants revolt and were successful • Korea asks Qing dynasty for help o Qing sends 2700 soldiers without informing Japan o Violated the Tianjin Convention (1885) o Japan declares First Sino-Japanese War
The Great Kanto Earthquake
• 1923, scale of 7.8 • Tokyo devasted, social unrest • Martial law instituted • Prime Minister assassinated
Japan's economic decline
• 1974: oil prices rise -> recession • 1979: oil prices rise again -> recession • Japanese businesses invest poorly • "Black August" of 1990 o Iraq invades Kuwait (market panics) o Value of Japanese stock market fell by over 16% o Bursting of bubble • Bubble period created great debts o Companies sell off assets at losses • Issues: Japanese's low level of consumer demand; high value of Japanese Yen lead to decrease in exports as people turn to other countries • Solutions: foreign investments (but other countries cannot repay Japanese banks); interest rate cuts (leads to more bad lending) • Japan moved production to SE Asia, "Hallowing Out" the Japanese Economy • Now prices are fixed by supply and demand
Soviet Central Administration
• Begins 1945 • Finds NE conducive to Communist growth, NW lots of right-wing nationalists • NW Nationalists, tended to be Christian and business-oriented o Example: Jo Mansik (Presbyterian, anti-colonialism, anti-communism, anti-Korean division) USSR tries to convert him to their cause to appoint him as leader, fails, had him arrested
Park Chung Hee
• Born into poor, rural family o Experience of countryside preoccupies him later • Japanese influences o Trained with Japanese military in Manchuria, Tokyo • Served in South Korean Army • Militaristic rule o Gained power by a coup detot o Regimented policies, culture, and economy o Supreme Council for National Reconstruction
KPR
• Central authorities of KPR comprised of many ideologies, political interests • PR centrally governed over 100 local "people's committees" • Leader: Syngman Rhee o Right wing nationalist o Independence activists, previously exiled in USC • Kim Il-Sung o Had been in China, Manchuria leading Communist group o Soviet assistance • Gim Gu o Had formed a Korean Restoration Army in China o Had formed a Korean Provisional Government in exile in China
Second Republic
• Chang Myon as Prime Minister • Extends electorial democracy to provinces
Gabo Reforms
• Chinese influence expelled • Reshapes E Asia order and power structure • Under Japan's influence o Gunguk Gimucheo (Deliberate Council) Cabinet included nearly 50 % commoners o Financial affairs centralized o Taxation system reformed o Japanese currency, measurement systems o Social reforms (ending class sytem, slavery, underage marriage) o Korea announces an end to subordinate relationship with China
1987 Declaration
• Chun Doo-Hwan announces end of his regime • Pushes for a preferred candidate: Roh Tae-woo
Japan's cultural and social patterns
• Collectivism: group over individual • Consensus: harmony, agreement over dissent • Hierarchy: seniority, status
CPKI
• Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence • Led by Yeo Unhyeong • Established by the Japanese colonial authorities • By September 1945: CPKI transforms into the Korean People's Republic (KPR)
Yusin
• Constitutional dictatorship forced in 1972 • Context: USA and China initiate talks, North and South Korea behin to speak • Park feels power is vulnerable • Yusin constitution: o Prohibited political dissent o New village movement: improve countryside o Urban industrial growth
Kim Il-Sung
• Derives from Protestant family, Pyongyang • Guerilla leader, had escaped Japanese hunt • Eventually wins USSR trust, becomes leader of the local political system in N.Korea • 1946: election - single candidate for ballots
Kim Young Sam
• Elected 1992 • Protects democratization reforms • Gwangju investigation: Chun and Rho arrested for illegal power grabbing
Kim Dae Jung
• Elected 1997 • Also protects democratization process • "Sunshine Policy" o Reconciliation with north Korea o Awarded Nobel Peace Price
The Diet: Japan's Legislature
• Elected by national vote • Voting age lowered to 18 • Bicameral structure o The Upper house o The lower House • The lower house holds more power o Can override upper house with 2/3 majority vote o Can pass no confidence vote in cabinet o Can be dissolved by Prime Minister
New Woman
• Feminist, modern girl • Women's presence grows in literacy world, music, dance, art
Daimyo
• Feudal-central hybrid society • "Alternate Residence" Policy: Daimyo must move around so they don't establish local roots
Chaebol
• Financial conglomerate • Government reward them with cheap/large loans, tax benefits, state guidance • Scandals, corruption issues
Ito Hirobumi
• First Resident General • 1909: assassinated by An Junggeun • 1910: Japanese government decides to enact a complete takeover of Korea
Liberal Democratic Party
• Focuses on economic growth, exports • 1955: economy went back to pre-war production level • Prime Minister's 1960 "Income Doubling Plan"
Japanese Imperialism in Korea
• Forced assimilation into Japanese Empire o Molding Japanese imperial subjects o Attempts to erase Koreans of their own culture, history, identities, memories o Bans on Korean language, Korean newspapers o Forced visits to Japanese religious shrines o Koreans forced to adopt Japanese-style surnames o Koreans organized into 'Neighborhood Patriotic Association' Facilitated the implementation of the assimilation program o Forced donation of food and materials to Japanese war efforts
Keiretsu
• Interlocking alliances
Juche
• Kim shifts from USSR-sponsored North Korea state to one of greater autonomy • Still had some foreign dependencies: Chinese troops remain until 1958; Chinese, USSR foreign aid still taken; USSR, Chinese economic advisors • Historical details fabricated to form a strong consciousness of Korea's historical experiences of being attacked
King Gojong
• King becomes the Emperor: named "Gwangmu Emperor"
Aging Society
• Longest life expectancy o Low fat diets o National healthcare system • Low birth-rates • Negative population growth o Expense of raising, education children o New opportunities for women
Queen Min
• Outspoken critic of Japan's influence in Korea • Represents the royal court • Japanese order her assassination (Oct 8, 1895) • Leads to domestic issues for Japan o Anti-Japanese sentiment o King flees to Russian consulate for protection 1896: King Gojong and the Crown Prince flee to Russia o Some Japanese officials killed, ending Gabo reforms
The Minjung Movement
• People's Movement • Anti-government, anti-corruption • Fight for democratization • Leaders later known as "386 generation"
Self-Defense Forces
• Post War USA took on burden of defending Japan • Japanese public uneasy about militarism, wide public support for Article 9 • SDF are defense oriented o Only act is attacked o Take minimum actions • National defense program Outline (1976) o Allowed some growth of SDF for surveillance o Expenditure limited to 1% of GNP • Diet approves of SDF going global as LDP hoped that going global would break ice, the revise Article 9
Japanese Miracle
• Post war- became world's second largest economy • SCAP and Zaibatsu Reform o SCAP (Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers) o Goal: democratize Japan Break up Zaibatsu (grown into too much power) Failed to do so o SCAP builds a strong capitalist economy "the Dodge Line": cut spending, control inflation • Korean War boosted Japan's economy as Japan was fulfilling orders for USA and UN (uniforms, machinery, arms) • Cold War also boosted Japans economy o USA decided to build a strong capitalist Japan to prevent Japan from going into communism • Japan continues to support USA during Vietnam War
Gwangju Uprising
• Resistance against Park's Yusin system • Park assassinated in 1979 • Park's state of emergency (martial law) cancelled
Warring States
• Sengoku Jidai (1467-1603) • Power delegated to the Shogun • Central authority collapses • Wars between hundreds of local daimyo/fiefdoms • Battle of Sekigahara (1600) o Tokugawa leyasu naed shogun
Yangban
• Social system hereditary o System later relaxed with rise of merchants (Chonin) • Held much power at local levels o Landowners; local govt. ministers/counselors • King later tries to lessen their power
Kim Jong Il
• Succeeded Kim Il Sung in 1994 • Close relationship with the military • "The General" • Faces challenges to personal rule
Kim Jong Un
• Succeeded his dad in 2011 • Inherits the struggle to prop up the economy • Public provocation to attract foreign aid
Shinto
• Supernatural within humans, nature • Kami- the spirits concerned with human beings (diety, Gods) o If treated properly, they intervene in our lives to bring health and success • Offers rituals to enable humans to communicate with kamis
Emperor Hirohito
• Taisho dies 1926, his son Hirohito ascends • Military power grows unchecked • Imperial expansion • "The Fifteen Year War" (1931-1945) o Invades Manchuria (1931) o Bombs Pearl Harbor (1941) o USA bombs Hiroshima, Nagasaki (1945) • War responsibility surrounding emperor
Comfort Corps
• Tens of thousands of women round up, forced into prostitution • Designed for Japanese soldiers • Women recruited via abductions, misleading or untrue promises of other employment opportunities
Meiji Restoration
• Transition: centralization, modernization • Leaders: young, urban dwellers; powers from position, not land estates • Use of monarchy as strong state symbol o Role of Shinto Religion: Emperor as Semi-Divine o Moral themes in education: respecting emperor • Commitment to science and technology • Changes: o Education for all; textbooks written by themselves o National army (1872) Conscription of 3 years o National Tax system • Engagement with the West to "Catch Up" o Foreign advisers • Abolished feudalism o New investments, industries o Zaibatsu (cooperate conglomerate)
USAMGIK
• USA Military Government in Korea • 1945: USA and USSR announce 5-year trusteeship over Korea • Right-wing nationalists o Anti-trusteeship, anti-communist o Supported by USAMGIK (because of anti-communist stance)
The Korean War
• Wider geopolitical context: o Preceded by civil war in China o USA (anti-communism) and USSR/China (Communism) tensions carried into Korea with north/south split • War begins on June 25, 1950 o North Korean People's Army crosses 38th parallel Commanded by Kim Il-Sung • Northern army swiftly captures Seoul, most of South o "Liberating" the South • Republic of Korea, with USA/UN, plans counter-attack o Battle of Pusan Perimeter (1950) Holding off the North Korean forces until more UN, USA support arrives • North Korean troops retreat, chased northward • USA, UN, Republic of Korea troops recapture Seoul, even take Pyongyang • Stalemate: no one progresses