east Asia 2.0
Sino-Japanese War
(1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate. made self-strengthening movement look wweak Treaty of Kangwha: 1876 ends Korea tributary status: makes it independent treaty was between Japan and Korea China doesnt accept them it opens Koreas ports Japanese had extraterritoriality however china still regards Koreas as a tributary state Japanese focus on Korea trying to consolidate treaty
Russo-Japanese War
(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious. background: after the Sino-Japanese war, Russia, along with Germany and France, force Japan to return the Liaodong Peninsula Japan angry about this anti-japanese faction in Korea now also become bold, seeing that the Japanese did not resist the west Russians take advantage of rebellions and begin to control Korea however they can't rule easily and in 1989, they agree to rule jointly with Japan
Self-Strengthening Movement aims and results
- aimed to increase military and naval strength and did so to a great degree - Jiangnan Arsenal from 1868-76, according to Meng Yue, shipbuilding in the Jiangnan Arsenal was highly productive, when 11 ships were built in 8 years
the Tonghaks
- indigenous Korean nationalists, want rid of China and Japan - Chou-Cheu: one of the founders - established Tonghak (Eastern learning) as opposed to Soak (western learning) first they were primarily a religious group later says the are undermined by foreign influence kind of peasant uprising economic problems: people cut secure their livelihoods and want to bring it back, which they associate with confucianism sense of people being the root of the state, if the root is cut, the state will whither and die way of trying to bring democracy into confucianism by 1890 they become political attacked hierarchy and elites
Elman and the self-strengthening movement
- most scholars look at the self-strengthening movement from the perspective of the Sino-Japanese war and conclude it was a failure Elman says this is wrong as it doesn't look at the self-strengthening movement in its own terms
new culture movement 1916
- plain speech movement: need something that common people can understand, not just intellectuals - learning from the west
post-revolutionary and warlords
- post revolutionary fragmentation Yuan Shikai: 1859-1916: official who wants to become emperor - warlord period 1916-1928 china gets split up sentiment even under qing warlords: feng Yuxiang Wu Peifu Zhang Zongchang Zhang Zuolin
Effects of Russo-Japanese War
1. Japan recognised as a power - asian nations become more confident as it beat a western/white nation 2. europeans worry, asians rejoice - asian nations see Japan as a model - proves Christian world arrogant - decanters Christianity, shows there are other strong religions - shows they do not need Europe to make people 'civilised' - anti-colonial sentiment - paradox as Japan comes onto be a coloniser - Japanese success become a model for constitutional Govs, not only in east Asia but in revolutions in Iran and ottoman revolution - Japanese inspire national movements in India, Indonesia, Vietnam and Egypt - but image of Japan was 2 sided, east and west
why was the Japanese model so appealing to asian intellectuals
1. shortcut to the western level of civilisation 2. Japanese obsacltes showed that non-western cultures dont have to be obstacles to progress 3. rise of Japan made Egyptians, Indians and ottomans conclude that its not too late for them to be recognised by the west as equals
Treaty of Shimonoseki
1895 treaty that forced China to recognize the complete independence of Korea no tribute, independent Korea Taiwan along with the Liaodong peninsula is ruled by Japan opening of 5 ports including Suzhou and Hangzhou
Mid-Tokugawa Crises and National Learning
18th and 19th c. combines stagnation and growth population doesn't grow much from 1720-1860 background: 1786 Tenmei Famine increase in Vagrant population: 1692: 5366, 1837: 13,366 repatriation act stockade of labour: workhouse in which vagabonds and criminals are classified as one and the same inequality and the development of commerce peasant unrest
Song Dynasty
907-1279 smaller than Tang different type of consciousness emerges surrounded by other ethnicities Zhao Kuangyin: founder, 927-976 conquers other dynasties and gets rid of militaries military of Song is weaker paradox of the Song although it was a time that China led the world in tech, commercial prosperity and sophisticated culture, it was still somewhat a diminished and more vulnerable china an economic revolution: expansion of monetary system, trade networks along with rapid commercialisation and urbanisation problem of vulnerability: to Liao Dynasty or Khitan Empire (907-1125)
Self-Strengthening Movement
A late nineteenth century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways Qing gov attempt strengthen themselves in military also called foreign affairs movement China-opium war is wake up call key promoters: Zeng Guofan Li Hongzhang Zuo Zongtang
Revere the Emperor; Expel the Barbarian
A much more conservative position, urging rejection of almost everything coming from Western colonization get rid of the foreigners Tosa and Satsuma has this movement (restoration) the most the foreigners coming in shows weakness of shogun system as he doesnt resist the foreigners, the emperor does so the people are trying to restore the emperor this restoration pushes Japan into modern period
China: May 4th movement
After the Versailles treaty failed to give China back territories they were hoping for, - a response to treaty of versailles - anti-imperialist gratning Shandong to Japanese they boycott Japanese goods - iconoclastic movement: anti- traditional - related to the birth of chinese communism 1. communists in movement: Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu
prelude to parts 3 and 4: Japanese Confucians rethink China
Arai Hakuseki 1657-1725 began to write a history of Japan separate form the normative principles in China
a new world after 1895
China not centre of the world for Japan and Korea now no longer tribute system subject to nation state
Yuan Shikai
Chinese general stood in the way of the democratic movement led by Sun Yat-sen attempted to turn Korea into state dependent on China
effects of the Meiji restoration
Colin Barker argues that the MR allowed Japan to avoid the fate of other Asian nations and compete in the global capitalist market Japan eventually becomes an imperialist state and the MR is part of the reason the state provides the condition for national capitalism MR prevented semi-colonial development and made Japan a aggressive industrialising capitalist power, MR made state able to seize initiate in Japanese industrialisation
Qing Empire and the McCartney Mission
Emperor Yong Zheng 1678-1735 and rule of minorities he provides us an example of how empires could deal with minorities: we might call it imperial multiculturalism
Giovanni Arrighi's thesis
European and American capitalist economics have different logic from that of the Chinese in particular, the Western capitalist form of economic organisation involved military expansion capital must expand in order to make a profit evidence for his thesis is that there are relatively few wars among E Asian nations themselves
liberal reaction-national unity in war
Fukuzawa Yukichi and Uchimura Kanzo, both liberal intellectuals were happy with the war the entire nation was behind this effort Japan is now an imperialist power
Il Fukuzawa Yukichi 1835-1901: Outline of a Theory of Civilization
Fukuzawa's outline defends the nation and evolution and tries to reshape public opinion 1. the nation the nation is important and the Han is unimportant 2. common people and public opinion claims most people don't understand the situation 3. necessity of change 4. division of civilisations a. a primitive man b. semi-developed: thinking about agricultural societies and book learning (Confucianism) c. civilised: men subsume things of the universe within a structure but it doesn't bind them, they are autonomous as they question the structure 5. making civilisation relative - there is no perfect civilisation e.g. in west there is robbery, war and murder - if perfect civilisation is obtained gov would become entirely superfluous - politics is a state of progress - nations differ only in the rate of evolution 6. deeper aspects of civilisation 7. goal of national independence - he is a nationalist a. Nation, legitimacy and lineage - Japan: many political changes rather than national and lineage as they go way back - Japan has a great continuity 8. China and Japan - in both there evolved autocracy/theocracy, united in one person, people had no freedom to think themselves - Japan has balanced the element of military power against theocracy - it is easier for Japan to adopt a W civilisation than China - Japan has the balance of the shogun and emperor, he says competition is healthy and helps it learn from west as it is similar to feudalism - the Meiji negates that separation 9. despotism
Tokugawa Ieyasu: Battle of Sekigahara 1600
Hideyoshi dies in 1598 and there is a struggle for succession son of Hideyoshi vs. Tokugawa Ieyasu Ieyasu wins battle and becomes Shogun (two before don't become Shogun, so after a long period we have a shogun again in power) he makes Edo (Tokyo) the capital, but we should realise that Edo was not developed at the point, it was considered a hinterland makes it capital for strategic reasons: considered about rebellion and Hideyoshi wanting power, helps him to control whole of Japan as he takes not so well cultivated area
Russians are interested in both Korea and Manchuria
Japan therefore exchange Manchuria for korea at the same time, in 1902, Japanese sign treaty with British concerning aid in war
similar oppositions
Japan: revere the emperor vs western learning enlightenment Korea: projapanese factions (more like enlightenment) vs tonghaks/pro-chinese faction china: conservatives vs reformers each of these sides express a certain side of the nation state - this tension will cause people to constantly attempt to synthesise tradition and modernity - this synthesis will need to make traditional ideals and texts meet the world of global capitalist modernity - people will have to re-universalise Chinese ideas and institutions
china: reformers vs revolutionaries
Kang Youwei 1858-1927 famous reformer early life: believed china was backwards and abandoned attempt to pass imperial exams and focused on Westen studies instead became interested in and began to read translations put out by the self-strentheners and missionary orgs 2. submits memorial to the throne 1888 - talks about need to reform - it praised Japan's reform imperial college refused to forward the memorial as they thought it was crazy 3: Kang: Confucius as reformer? we can understand the debate around various writings of Confucius he says Confucius himself was a reformer "if you can study the old to learn the new you can be a teacher" after the Sino-japanese war, Tang published A Study of Confucius on Institutional Reform in 1897 4. implementing reform: Kang Youwei attempts to implement his reforms these are the Hundred Days Reform 1898 he wanted a constitutional monarchy: keep emperor but reform under emperor 5. reforming emperor: emperor Guangxu heard about this meeting and said that Kang should be allowed to present memorials he said that only a man of complete devotion could have made such a direct statement at the risk of his life 6. the court allows Kang to meet the people in the Qing gov - Kang tells the court that the world is no longer united, and the laws and Government currently are institutions of an empire, and these make China weak and will ruin her and should done away with basically the world is moving on and China isn't adjusting to this capitalist world 8. Empress Dowager Cixi (Guang Xu's Aunt) - Coup D'Etat she was in retirement but came back on Sep 19th 1898 and staged a coup d'etat there was a struggle between emperor and her Guang Xu's mother died before and so there were few people to mediate between them 100 days reform crushed by empress 9. Tan Sitong - famous reformer, Confucius mixed with modern ideas - gets executed - martyr
Song and Khitan International Relations
Khitan is the root of 'Cathay' which now means Chinese international rivalry coinciding with an overlapping in political form the Jurchen or Macnhus eventually conquer the Liao dynasty and create another Dynasty (Jin)
Li-Ito Convention
Li Hongzhang and Ito Hirobumi 1885 settlement to leave Korea: the Li-Ito Convention settlement both will leave Korea (China and Japan) this is problematic as there is now a 3rd faction in Korea: the Tonghaks - indigenous Korean nationalists, want rid of China and Japan
key figures in Restoration period
Saigo Takamori (1828-1877) Yoshida Shoin (Japanese spirit western knowledge) Ito Hirobumi
Japan response to Samil movement
Saito Makato: talks about coexistence, mutual welfare and increased censorship his 2 objectives: - ensure that such rebellions don't happen again - placate the people - cultural policy: Koreans and Japanese must be treated like members of same family: propaganda
Tokugawa Ieyasu: Sankin Kotai and New Daimyo
Sankin Kotai: refers to the rule that all daimyo had to spend alternate years of residence in Edo and their wives would stay in Edo (sometimes referred to as hostages) don't want them to have too many ties to the locality and have leverage if they have their family - links to centralisation but there is a difference, the Tokugawa state did not completely deprive them of control of their land, vassals and peasantry
korean and chinese movements connected
Shanghai developed into one of the bases of the Korean independence movement Korea's 3.1 movement caught attention of professors at Peking university and featured their movements in theyr magazines
Silver
Silver flow into China grew from 3 million taels. in 1760s to 7.5million in 1770s and 16 million in 1780s
Woodrow Wilson's 14 points
The President's vision for US involvement to promote principles such as peace in the post war world but they didn't want freedom for their colonies so korea has own movement: Samil/ March 1st movement 1919
Macartney Mission 1793
The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire in order to trade before the mission got started, there were protocol issues the Qing wanted Macartney to kowtow Macartney said he would only if someone of the same rank of him kowtows to a King George portrait Macartney brought gifts British want Chinese porcelain but need silver to trade Chinese image of barbarians: hairy (Japanese call this keto)
Chon Pongjun
Tonghak leader in 1890 proximate cause of Sino-japanese war as they both start sending troops to suppress this and they clash
suppression of Taiping
Zeng Guofan - used local militias and decentralised suppression - shows that centralised military of Qing not effective, changing military structure foreign military - British and French also aid in suppressing Taipings
Song: Zhu Xi
Zhu Xi: 1130-1200 - the great synthesiser of Neo-Confucianism who combined the philosophies of earlier Song Neo-Confucian masters - the organiser of the School of Principle within the Neo-Confucian tradition what is Li? - some say it is like reason, the character literally means pattern - modern Chinese use this concept - we can say the li is the inner rules that things follow what is Qi? - ether/energy - Zhu Xi believed that things in the world were made up of principle (li) and energy (qi) - Qi makes up the material base of things - Li is the principle law of things to understand Li: - study the classics - meditate - study nature given this emphasis on the principles of things, some people have credited the Song dynasty with the beginnings of science Zhu Xi: his work served as a common denominator for education in E Asia
Neo-Confucianism
a new type of Confucianism adequate to Song gov the ancients are held as an ideal, but there is no attempt to go back to the former decentralised system Zhu Xi: 1130-1200
voices going against Fukuzawa
a. pan-asianists in the Meiji - Japan should join hands with Asian nations and fight the West b Kotoku Shusui 1871-1911 - publishes imperialism: he was an anarchists and wanted to give Japan gov a wake up call - he connects nation state w imperialism and contends that Meiji ideology supports imperialism and it doesn't benefit all Japanese, only elite - abasing Fukuzawa on nationalism: he contends nationalism/patriotism leads to imperialism, so he develops anarchist position
Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
affirmed Japanese presence in Korea and Manchuria Ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905); signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize).
japanese influence in korea
after 1876, japans influence had grown in Korea and they were selling western cotton goods and such things in exchange for foodstuffs many Koreans saw Japanese as enlighteners and the enlightenment faction encouraged between Japan and Korea 2 factions now in Korea: Japan advocators and china advocators Kim Ok-Kyun: pro Japan
Shogn response and unequal treaties
allow west to trade Li Naosuke and others respond to this unequal treaties: - forced to open up ports for trade and foreign merchants allowed to reside - forced to accept extraterritoriality - lost tariff autonomy and was limited to relatively low import duties - had to accept a most favoured nation clause with European nations which extended rights given to one country to all of the most favoured nations (imperialist nations form pack)
china feels it is shrinking after losing Korea as tributary state
already a problem with the opium war boundaries determined from the outside Sino-french war which they lost
Okuma Shigenobu 1838-1922
attempted to support the English constitution, which enabled more freedom and rights, German was more state centred
revolutionaries
background: after 100 days reform, there is a radicalisation of Chinese Intelligentsia can't reform under that system and need to replace whole structure 1. Boxer Rebellion resistance to foreigners and imperialism warriors, kung fu empress dowager supported them ended in faisco and some say this contributed to a revolutionary culture 2. Sun Zhongshan 1886-1925 both Chinese and Taiwanese support him now studied abroad in Hawaii, so quite westernised started xinshong hui movement theory of three peopleism: nationalism, democracy, people's livelihood must create a republic 3. revolution: anti-Manchu vs reform - Liang Qichao and Kang Youwei 3. inventing revolution term didn't exist in china Japan was an important resource here meaning is to throw all dynasties and create a republic word also connected to restoration: trying to restore ming dynasty, restore power to Han people 4. opens issue of who is Chinese? how to determine revolutionaries speak of the yellow race that was then further split into Siberian and Chinese races - important concept of race reformers claim that Han, Manchus and Mongolians, muslims ad tibetans are all chinese - to do with culture
China's internal rebellion: Taiping rebellion
background: for numerous reasons, including a great population increase, peasants suffer greatly in the later half of the Qing dynasty Hong Xuiquan (1814-64) - leader of rebellion - a Christian rebellion, vs confucianism - can see as peasant rebellion or indigenous form of Christianity - in 1836, he meets a Christian and reads a Christian book - he has a dream that god tells him he is Jesus' brother - he must save the people and tries to create a new system - Hong had converts from many different backgrounds e.g. woman bandit leaders, legal clerks etc. - his rebellion is fairly successful
Il Fukuzawa Yukichi 1835-1901
because of changes to japans isolation he became exposed to western ideas when young he read many Chinese histories, where the dominant view was the Chinese were civilised, which he would challenge as well as the Japanese past
Opium war
become a commodity the Chinese want the opium triangle demand for opium in china social problems about Opium: people selling their wives for opium Emperor Yong Zheng then bans the drug, and it could only be smoked to cure diarrhoea around 1800, there's an edict banning the sale of opium why does opium become a problem only after 1815 then? up to 1815 the British didn't really deal that much in Opium the Chinese believed it was because of Macartney situation reason: Napoleonic Wars 1803-15
Song: critique of Buddhism and Daoism
belief that they were nihilistic and relativist they incorporated practices of Buddhism and Taoism, but emphasised Confucianism
Iwakura Mission 1874
between Germany and England - in 1971, Iwakura Tomomi a Japanese statesman went w colleagues to estalish treaties around the world - they went to the USA and other countries but failed - they ended up learning from the west - they were esp impressed by the German case - there was a sense that the German constitution with a strong cabinet and strong state was closer to Japan conditions
Song: why bind feet
bound feet became a sign of elegance the smaller the feet the more erotic they appeared primarily popular among upper class Dorothy Ko: it is cultural
opium war significance
china is defeated in his war this whole tribute system in which Japan plays a part is questioned has effect on Japanese psyche and relates to Meiji restoration
Song: Examination system and Nationalism
civil service exams expand new meritocratic culture rags to riches stories the attack on hierarchy made it such that identity was not just focused in the capital emperor was the emperor of the world, and any Chinese people not in China too different kind of national identity
contradictions behind the Meiji
classes in the Meiji restoration were seeking something else samurai become like police officers because of non violence policy merchants rising in Tokugawa but still contstrained contradictory society
Fukuzawa on Asia
clearly connected to his vision of China and echo numerous European philopshers visions of Asia at the time a. asia as stagnant in western discourse b Fukuzawa on leaving asia - advocates Japan should leave asia and join Europe as they're more civilised, showing they're ideals not just geographical categories,
MR (Meiji Restoration) constitution
close to the German constitution
Sakoku
closed country policy in Edo period limited foreign relations for Japan
Motoori Norinaga (1730-1801)
considered first real Japanese nationalist Noringa doesn't think reinforcing Chinese classic can help he turns to the Japanese classics this is an important shift in Japan, since it suggests the emergence of a new type of national consciousness in Japan he returns to the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki Mono no Aware Cherry blossoms as the heart of Yamato (Japan): the presencing (pathos) of things the Japanese really stress emotion
the formation of new subjects
constitution of new subjects: Chinese, Japanese and Korean (identities emerge) these subjects move through history in a world of other similar subjects movement of a people as a whole: entailing ideals of equality - at least formally progress- enlightenment
MR political reforms
emperor promise of: National Assembly and the submission of matters of state to public discussion the unity of all classes high and low in promoting national welfare the abolition of absurd customs of olden times the pursuit of knowledge from all over the world in order to strengthen the foundation of imperial rule (China and Korea follow this self-strengthening movements)
Tang
end of Tang Dynasty: Northen China, The 5 Dyansties
Song: National Consciousness
factors for the emergence of nationalism (Benedict Anderson): breakdown of older aristocratic social hierarchies the blossoming of commercial printing (print capitalism) the greater professionalisation of the bureaucracy along more meritocratic principles national consciousness emerged among the elite - the scholar officials
Song: economic revolution and nationalism
from the tang to the song, there was what some call a medieval economic revolution (Tackett) what people usually mean by this is an increasing urbanisation and marketisation Song Dynasty: commercialised Song Dynasty paper money
Il Commodore Mathew Perry 1794-1858
goal to open Japan's market gunboat diplomacy: starts as diplomacy but follow our command or else (shows military might behind treaties) Japan looked at west from a Chinese perspective e.g. as barbarians Japanese dont want to deal with Perry at start but then they see his black ships and see he is not barbarian, so they want to learn from the West Shogun gov opens an institute for the study f Barbairan books founded in 1857 Bansho Shirabasho
Song: Science and inventions
gunpowder: changes the manner of warfare discovered moveable type: first made out of clay and metal, printing becomes important
similar movement in Korea
happens in 1919 background: colonisation King Kojon forced to abdicate June 1907, tries to resist Korean army sibanded growing number of japans immigrants the treaty of annexation 1910 emperor forced to sign, Korea's independence surrendered
Tokugawa Ieyasu: hierarchy among Daimyo
he further created a system in which only samurai could hold gov offices samurai essentially become bureaucrat he then institutionalises a hierarchy among daimyo: Fudai (close to Tokugawa) and Tozama (outside daimyo) when they meet the Shogun you can see the hierarchy (seating arrangement)
MR as passive revolution?
in a passive revolution the state steps into develop capitalism, online scenario in England formed to understand the specific forms of bourgeois revolution in late-developing capitalism societies Colin Barker: says the revolution from above was more than a palace revolution/coup detat, as it had a social character, the new Japanese leaders systematically and purposefully destroyed the principal legal and political supports of the previous tributary mode of production and set Japanese society on a new road of development
Emperor Dao Guang 1821-1850 and Opium
in the 1820s, 2 million taels of silver were flowing out and in the 1830s it was 9m taels British begin to be bold to open up Chinese markets - Lord Napier Dao Guang makes Lin Zexu in charge of stopped opium by mid May 1839, over 1600 Chinese were arrested and about 3500 pounds of opium and 43000 pipes were confiscated, in the next 2 months another 15000 pounds of opium and 27500 pipes Lin Zexu writes to Queen Victoria: saying Britain is using China for profit Queen Vic doesn't respond Lin begins to arrest and behead Chinese officials in March 1839, Lin tries to capture Lancelot Dent, a famous opium dealer and is furious when the foreign community refuses to hand him over He orders all the Cohong Merchants to stop dealing with the foreigners Lin throws 3 million pounds of opium into a creek (british opium, which antagonised them)
Background of Meiji leaders
initially Meiji leaders are concerned with national unity and power in this context they planned to learn from the west
Tokugawa Ieyasu: consolidating power and creating an ideology
international diplomacy: Ieyasu first attempts to gain acceptance with Korea and China, which we have seen loomed large in the fantasies of Hideyoshi he establishes relations with Korea to increase legitimacy but this wasn't easy they had not forgotten about Toyotomi Hideyoshi's invasion, so Ieyasu had to accept guilt, return prisoners etc then Korea agrees to send envoys to celebrate important events (such as the inauguration of a Shogun) their amount of envoys became larger than the ones they sent to China this made it appear as if Korea was a tributary state to Japan Ieyasu also hoped to use Korea to gain favour from the Ming but once the Manchus started conquering Korea in the 1630s, the Tokugawa rulers abandoned this plan eventually, Tokugawa becomes quite isolated without much contact with the outside world (this is the policy referred to as sakoku locking the country) Tokugawa thought of both peaceful and isolated
Basic ideas of Zhu Xi
investigation of things like science rectifying the mind using Buddhist practices some would argue that Zhu Xi's return to Confucianism is conservative he stresses the basic relationships of father son, husband wife, ruler minster etc but now he connects them to principle (li) but issues such as foot binding emerges, started in Tang but becomes more popular in Song
Confucianism and Shinto
it is often assumed that Tokugawa ideology is Neo-Confucianism but it didn't begin this way initially, Tokugawa Ieyasu and his followers sought legitimacy through Shinto practices in this way he and the Shogun are considered deities there is a shrine build for Ieyasu (by the 3rd Shogun, Tokugawa Iemitsu) eventually Tokugawa ideology becomes a mix of Confucianism and Shinto there is struggle for heritage of confucianism e.g. Japan says it comes from Japan
MR and the West
it is this gesture to the modern that separates the Meiji restoration from earlier forms of what we called proto-nationalism the MR explicitly refers to contracting new institutions associated with modernity and the West this connection to the west is new
restoration period
key phrase: strong country and strong military loyalists regain power in Satsuma and Choshu
Saigo and Korea
myth: Saigo advocated invading Korea as this would give the Samurai something to do in letters Saigo argued against violent invasions, since it would discredit Japan in the eyes of other nations, but he did say that if he died at Korean hands, Japan could retaliate as a confucian, Saigo valued harmony he hoped for an arrangement where Japan would protect Korea and all would benefit, giving the samurai a use Saigo was against the gunboat diplomacy of some of Japan's treaties with Korea Saigo is a conservative, wanted tolerable civil social order
Korea's Samil/ March 1st movement 1919
nationalistic movement want to get rid of Japanese triggered by King Kojun's death as they think Japan poisoned him wanted national self-determination massive demonstration is march 1st movement content of Samil movement: declaration of independence, read in Tokyo Feb 8th 1919 that Korea is independent and self-government who are equal to others, proclaimed to outside world convened at Tagpol Park Koren national anthem emerges: idea of national symbols Manse!: Long live Kore brutal suppression of uprising Korean Provisional Gov
Opium war 1839-1842
parliament didn't declare war on China, but dispatched a fleet of 16 warships, 540 guns and 4000 troops changes way in which china relates to the west effect of opium war: treaty of Nanjing which ends the war - British subjects can reside in China - no more dealing with Cohong merchants - after this, the Americans and the French signed similar treaties - Hong Kong becomes part of England - new era in Chinese history Japan's reaction - shocked, realised they could be next - shocked as they thought of China as a strong country Korea's reaction - believed isolation was best policy, like japan - hoped to discourage west from buzzing around china
Saigo Takamori and a critique of the Meiji
participated in MR, against shogun system helped the Meiji reformers fand fought to establish Meiji gov critiques MR though, as he (as a samurai) helped, but now there's no samurai as they abolish them to create a modern state so he fights to save samurai peasants pay for urbanisation: become more exploited Saigo rallies around peasants to resist
Zhang Zhidong 1837-1909
passed the highest imperial examination supported reform of a specific type associated w self strengthening movement famous phrase: Chinese learning as substance and western learning as application not going to change their substance which is confucianism, but going to use W technology he didn't want to change basic moral structure of society he claimed that human relationships were immutable, but laws change used confucianism in order to advocate learning from the west: needed to learn their tech and military to save confucianism but keep west out
Ancient Learning
people who want to go back to the texts of Ancient China as opposed to Tokugawa's Song China's Neo-Confucianism Ito Jinsai 1627-1705 Ogyu Sorai 1666-1728: - Benmei: distinguishing of names - critique of Song Confucianism: saying their interpretations of the sages follow their private inclinations and their own context instead of interpreting other contexts - things and names: concerned about all Confucian concepts such as rituals how should the Japanese read Chinese becomes an issue: a politics of sound: - Sorai criticises Kundoku, he says you must read and pronounce it in Chinese people critique saying people mule and can't copy a Chinese pronunciation Sorai on individual virtue: - all human beings possess a virtue that is distinctive to themselves. By relying on the Way of peace...everyone can realise fully their own personal virtue. - society and nature/artifice: the way of the ancient sages was something that they created. It is not a natural way -this means its a denaturalisation of politics Sorai's view of Japan and China - the changing ideas of China were not unique to Ogyu Sorai - in the mid-late Edo period, Students of Western Learning also stopped using the term chugoku and started using shina, they tried to argue that Japan in chugoku. The Middle Kingdom is now Japan, not China. - Sorai claims that Japan is not behind, but rather ahead of the land of sages. This is because the ancient feudal way is flourishing. Sorai's policies and the problem of inequality - while SOrai was a thinker, we sometimes forget this his hope was to change Japan practically, so he had some policies
Kim Ok-Kyun
pro Japan him and Pac Yong-hyo attempt to get rid of chinese planned to implement Meiji style reforms in Korea but their plan was quickly put down by Chinese troops at first the Meiji leaders were cautious and pursued a policy of diplomacy with Qing gov
the emperor strikes back to the future
propels Jaan into system that competes internationally the Meiji appears like a return to an imperial order peculiar return: although the rhetoric is about returning to the past, they are returning to a past that never existed/ an imaginary past this past actually points to the future, since the Meiji restoration actually propels Japan into capitalist modernity and the modern state they have reinvented the emperor, not the same old emperor
Russo-Japanese War 1904-5
russians refuse Japan's Manchuria offer war takes 9 months Japanese suffered 57,780 casualties russians suffered 24,369 Japanese win the war
debate about opium
some advocated legalisation of opium: - end corruption and black market - bring in steady revenue - domestic opium could squeeze out that of foreigners if legalised - others argued one should stop the greedy foreigners so we should ban opium
how to characterise the MR
some people say it must be understood in a globally unequal capitalist world Japan was brought into coercive comparison with Europe capitalism is uneven both internationally and domestically Japan uses the state to promote capitalism and this is often referred to as passive revolution (a revolution from above)
symbols of the nation
something sacred about them bring people together/community emperor becomes a symbol/more of a figurehead
MR summary
the MR represented Japan's attempt to draw on the past to develop a modern state and capitalist economy the legacy of Saigo suggests that Japan might have won and lost at the same time our evaluation of the Meiji is connected to how we understand the capitalist emergence in the modern world Saigo envisioned a different future Later Marxists/leftists critique Meiji for not succeeding and bringing all the ills of capitalist modernity
China and Japan
the chiese dispatch a force of 4,000 troops to help Korean court and the Japanese send a larger force of its own Japanese army leadership wanted to proceed directly and overthrow Chinese influence, but political leaders such as Ito Hirobumi were more cautious fearing western intervention they suggested something like joint ruling of korea, but Chinese didn't agree In July 1984, Japanese troops seized the royal palace and forced the Korean king to sign an agreement authorising the Japanese to expel the Chinese on august 1st, Japan formally declared war on China, Qing gov Korean gov also suppresses Tonghak
late Qing transformations
the govt is changing 1905: examination system abolished, need new education system from 1901-11: implements reforms associated with modernisation called the New Government Polcies this involved bureaucratisation and centralisation, along w reform in public health and other sectors
Tokugawa Yoshinobu
the last shogun
Tokugawa Ieyasu: Bakuhan Taisei
the political system in the Edo period of Japan the whole area was divided into Han that were ruled by Daimyo hierarchy: warriors-Daimyo-Samurai peasants artisans merchants eta outcasts no intermarrying
Song: The New form of international relations Song and Khitan
the song were the first to interact with the Steppe people with diplomatic parity monarchs of both Song and Liao recognised each other an an 'emperor' equal in status
the Meiji emperor/Empress embodies both past and future
the structure of the nation state: must show both continuity with the past and prove that it is more modern than previous communities traditions become important for the nation but must also break away from past states emperor represents the modern but empress shows more tradition nation invokes both old symbols while at the same time being modern (new idea of government and citizenship) it is this gesture to the modern that separates the Meiji restoration from earlier forms of what we called proto-nationalism
Tokugawa Ieyasu: Il Tokugawa (Edo) period 1603-1876
there is a paradox in the Tokugawa period: one of the most peaceful eras in Japanese history, but was based on the celebration of military power (the daimyo and the Shogun) between centralisation and decentralisation: - the Tokugawa has been difficult to classify as it contained two contradictory tendencies on the one hand, Tokugawa inherits the centralised system begun by Oda and Toyotomi on the other hand, he also reinforces hierarchies connected to the Shogunai system moreover his bakuhan system also entails decentralisation consequently people are often confused as to whether one should call his regime an absolutist state or a feudal system
Tokugawa Ieyasu: freezes the Daimyo military
to stop them in case they revolt Daimyo are restricted not allowed to build big ships, declare war or make alliances with other Daimyo continuing Toyotomi Hideyoshi's policy, he forbade common people from bearing arms
1911 revolution: end of dynastic system
unexpected revolution it began from the various localities and provinces, not the centre the various new militaries took over the provinces and proclaimed independence
Tokugawa Ieyasu: rise to power
was a samurai under Toyotomi Hideyoshi helped Hideyoshi subdue the powerful Hojo clan at Odawara castle in 1590 Hideyoshi allows Ieyasu to control the Kanto area (where Tokyo now is)
