East Asia Politics

Hatoyama Ichiro

(1883-1949). Prime Minister of Japan from 1954-1956. Ichiro favored revision of constitution to possess defense forces and wanted a more independent foreign policy (to normalize relations with Soviet Union).

Responsible Stakeholder

-Calling upon China to act as a status quo power and buy into the current U.S.-led international system. -A term to a rising China, that is a power that adheres to and promotes the current rules-based international economic system, exhibits a high level of transparency especially in military affairs, works with other countries to solve common security problems like the North Korean nuclear issue, and promotes the rule of law and development of democratic institutions.

Anglo-Japanese Alliance

1902-1920. Treaty that served Japan's self-conscience on security from Russia. It was widened in scope in 1905 (after Japan's victory) and 1911.

Russo-Japanese War

1904-1905. War of rival ambitions in East Asia. At Russia's refusal to recognize Korea for Japan, Japan attacked the Russians and won (First time non-whites beat whites).

Washington Treaty system

1921-1931. Established at theWashington Conference, it was an experiment with multilateral Collective Security Arrangement and was an Alternative to Balance of Power System. -Four-Power Pacific Treaty (US, Britain, France, Japan) -Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty (US, Britain, Japan, France, & Italy -Nine-Power Treaty on China (US, Britain, France, Japan, Italy, Portugal, Belgium, the Netherlands, & China) Collapsed in 1931: Rise of Japanese Militarism, Global economic crisis & protectionism, Turbulence in China, rise of Chinese nationalism, Exclusion of Soviet Union plus Germany, and contradicted Wilsonian internationalism and imperialism.

Sino-Soviet Alliance

1945-1979. Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual assistance. Prevention of the resumption of aggression & violation of peace by Japan or any other state that may collaborate with Japan -USSR provide $300 million loan to China -USSR gets Port Arthur, Dairen, and major railroads -Joint stock companies for resources in Xinjiang -Exclude non-Soviet foreigners from Xinjiang & Manchuria -Privileges to USSR

Pacific Pact

1949-1951. A balancing alliance was an attempt a U.S. multilateralism in East Asia. It was in response to the Korean War, but never actually materialized. (Potential members: United States, Japan, Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, & possibly Indonesia; ROC & ROK interested). Replaced by SEATO in 1955.

Offensive Realism V/S Defensive Realism

A structural theory postulated by Mearsheimer that holds the anarchic nature of the international system responsible for aggressive state behavior in international politics (attack) V/S another theory that concentrates on defense spending due to a security dilemma (defend)

1% GNP ceiling

Adopted in 1976 Japan never spends more than 1% of its GNP on military, Japan only has a self defense force (JDF). Has recently been questioned by Japan due to North Korea's aggressive military undertakings

Offshore Balancing

Advanced by Mearsheimer and part of "American Grand Strategy" class, it was the strategy used by the United States in the 1930s and also in the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq war. Mearsheimer argues that when the United States gave Lend-Lease aid to Britain in the 1930s, the U.S. was engaging in it by being the arsenal of democracy, not the fighters for it. It does not mean that the U.S. should ignore the rest of the world but instead keep a low profile and should use diplomacy before military action.

Triple Intervention

After the Treaty of Shimonoseki, Japan was awarded the Liaodong Peninsula including the harbor city of Port Arthur, which it had conquered from China. Immediately after the terms of the treaty became public, Russia—with its own designs and sphere of influence in China—expressed concern about Japanese acquisition of the Liaodong Peninsula and the possible impact of the terms of the treaty on the stability of China. Russia persuaded France and Germany to apply diplomatic pressure on Japan for return of the territory to China in exchange for a larger indemnity

Taiwan Relations Act

April 10 1979: -Authorize diplomatic ties through American Institute in Taiwan -Treat Taiwan under US laws same as "foreign countries, nations, states, governments, or similar entities" "consider any effort to determine the future of Taiwan by other than peaceful means, including by boycotts or embargoes, a threat to the peace and security of the Western Pacific area and of grave concern to the United States" -Provide Taiwan arms of defensive character -US maintain capacity to resist force or coercion against Taiwan

Manchuria

Area in the North-East of China that was coveted by Russia and Japan. During the rise of Japanese militant nationalism they seized it and renamed it in 1931, and kept it to reap resources. (Japan claimed it was not a part of China).

Japan-China Peace and Friendship Treaty

August 1978: -Neither party seek hegemony in Asia-Pacific region or in any other region; and each opposed to efforts by any other country or group of countries to seek such hegemony (aimed at USSR) -Good-neighborly & friendly spirit; principles of equality & mutual benefit and non-interference; develop economic & cultural relations Not affect relations of either party with third countries (Shelve Senkaku Island dispute)

Hu Jintao

CCP General Secretary 2002-2012 Pres 2003-2013 Heis the first leader of the Communist Party without any significant revolutionary credentials. As such, his rise to the leadership represented China's transition of leadership from establishment communists to younger, more pragmatic technocrats. Presided over nearly a decade of consistent economic growth and development that cemented China as a major world power. He sought to improve socio-economic equality domestically through the Scientific Development Concept, which aimed to build a "Harmonious Socialist Society" that was prosperous and free of social conflict. Advocated for "China's peaceful development", pursuing soft power in international relations and a business-oriented approach to diplomacy.

Xi Jinping

CCP General Secretary 2012- Present and President 2013- Present - Is now the leader of the People's Republic's 5th generation of leadership. -Called for a renewed campaign against corruption, continued market economic reforms, an open approach to governance, and a comprehensive national renewal under the neologism "Chinese Dream".

Liberal Hegemony

Coined by Ikenberry an "empire by invitation" (reluctant Hegemony), openness and "voice opportunities", institutionalism, institutionalism a more legitimate and stable hegemonic order. -It is best when America champions the WTO,engages in international rule or regime creation, or reaffirms its commitment to cooperative security in Asia or Europe. -Or maybe when it tries to protect its steel industry. -Instead the U.S is acting as a unilateral nationalist power, and authoritarianism that serves US interests and confuses nationalist power with hegemony

Liberalism

Commercial or Economic interdependence. Republican or "Democratic Peace" Theory, norms, international law, and Institutionalism

Open Door Policy

Diplomatic notes circulated by US Secretary of State John Hay in 1899 to major powers. Called for equal trading rights to all nations in all parts of China and for recognition of Chinese territorial integrity. (Other powers evade explicit consent; but Hay declare the granting of consent in 1900)

US-China Shanghai Communique

February 1972: -China: Taiwan question obstacle to China-US normalization; PRC sole legal gov't of China; Taiwan is province of China; liberation of Taiwan is China's internal affair -no other country has right to interfere -US: Acknowledge all China on either side of Taiwan strait maintain "One" China & Taiwan is part of China; not challenge this; interest in peaceful settlement of Taiwan question by Chinese themselves; affirms ultimate objective of withdrawal of all US forces & military installations from Taiwan. -End of US mutual defense treaty with Taiwan

Sukarno

First President of Indonesia. Dictator in office from 1945 to 1967. He was a prominent leader of Indonesia's nationalist movement during the Dutch colonial period, and spent over a decade under Dutch detention until released by the invading Japanese forces. Upon Japanese surrender, he declared Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945, and was appointed as first president. He led Indonesians in resisting Dutch re-colonization efforts via diplomatic and military means until the Dutch acknowledgment of Indonesian independence in 1949.The early 1960s saw him veering Indonesia to the left by providing support and protection to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) at the expense of the military and Islamists. In 1967 he was ousted by one of his generals.

SEATO

Formed in 1955-1977. It was an international organization for collective defense in Southeast Asia created by the Manila Pact (1954). Primarily created to block further communist gains in Southeast Asia, it is generally considered a failure because internal conflict and dispute hindered general use of their military; however, the organization funded cultural and educational programs left long-standing effects in Southeast Asia (included Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, the United Kingdom and the United States)

Constructivism

Importance of ideas, identity, values, norms, and culture. Social processes believed to be more than strategic interaction; role of non-material & non-state actors

Shanghai Cooperation Organization

Is a Eurasian political, economic and military organization which was founded in 2001 in Shanghai by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Cooperate on security, economy, military, and culture.

ASEAN

Is a political and economic organization of ten countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia. -Members are Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand, Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, and Indonesia. -Its aims include accelerating economic growth, social progress, cultural development among its members, protection of regional peace and stability, and opportunities for member countries to discuss differences peacefully.

Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands

Islands that are owned by Japan and claimed by the PRC and ROC. They are just rocks however, they are close to key shipping lanes and rich fishing grounds, and there may be oil reserves in the area. In September 2012, the Japanese government purchased three of the disputed islands from their "private owner', prompting large-scale protests in China. As of early February 2013, the situation has been regarded as "the most serious for Sino-Japanese relations in the post-war period in terms of the risk of militarized conflict. On November 23, 2013, the PRC set up the "East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone" (ADIZ) which includes the Islands

Acheson Line

January 1950. The defensive perimeter and wedge strategy expressed by Secretary of State Dean Acheson "runs along the Aleutians to Japan ... and to the Ryukyus..." and "from Ryukyus to the Philippine Islands". Didn't mention Korea... which led to the Korean war.

Northern territories

Kurile Island dispute between Russia and Japan. Japan Claims the South Kuriles, which have been invaded by the USSR during the Manchurian campaign in WWII, Russia now keeps its claim because the San Francisco Treaty did not allow Japan to claim those islands.

Qing Empire

Lasted from 1644- 1912. It was conquered by the Manchus. Which created a universal rulership and imperial dominance and preserved ethnic distinctions. It was not open to Western ideas (others as barbarians). It was also the most geographically expansive empire since Mongols (Included Tibet and outer Mongolia. During the rise of British Military Power the empire had Internal Strife: Taiping Rebellion 1851 -1864, Unequal Treaties, and the Opium Wars: 1839 - 1842; 1856 - 1860

Port Arthur

Located in the very strategic southernmost tip of the Liaodung peninsula. It was a Russian Port until the Ruso-Japanese war (1904-1905) then became Japanese.

Haji Suharto

Military dictator of Indonesia. He was staunchly anti-communist which won him the support of the West. Support for his presidency was strong throughout the 1970s and 1980s due to economic growth and reform but eroded following a severe financial crisis that led to widespread unrest and his resignation in May 1998. He died in 2008.

Kellog-Briand Pact

Named after US Secretary of State Frank Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand. Signatories include Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United States and many other countries. It Renounced war [not just aggressive war] and prohibit use of war as "an instrument of national policy". (Era of good feelings)

Strategic Partnerships

Omni-Directional Policy: rapprochement with India, Russia, United States, and Japan. -China getting concessions by making good alliances, attacking Vietnam, getting aid from Japan, getting military guidance from America -Constraints on US & Japan policy toward Taiwan -Normalization & Strategic Alignment with the United States (Deng Xiaoping)

Article 9

Peace Clause of Japanese Post-War constitution. (1) "Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes." (2) "To accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be recognized."

Liaodung Peninsula

Peninsula in the North East of Beijing (south-east Manchuria) that was coveted by imperial Japan and Imperial Russia. the Treaty of Shimonoseki gave it to Japan after the Sino-Japanese war but was interrupted by the Triple Intervention

Yoshida Doctrine

Post WWII Prime Minister of Japan that signed a security and peace treaty with the U.S, allowing the US to have military bases and forces on Japanese territory. (Has a doctrine names after him). -Declared that Japan would get limited rearmament and that Japan would concentrate on economic reconstruction and development. (US control over Okinawa, and acquiescing to US on China Policy).

Abe Shinzo

Prime Minister of Japan 2006-7, 2012-Present LDP. -Elected because the Japanese want to fix the economy "Abenomics" landslide victory for LDP -He is a right-wing nationalist and holds views that have caused concern in China and South Korea. However, he has also strengthened Japan's strategic ties within Africa, India, the Philippines, Southeast Asia and Taiwan. -Wrote a revisionist book about Japan's history, and is a bit more extreme then others

Koizumi Junichiro

Prime Minister of Japan from 2001-2006, of the LDP. An economic reformer, focusing on Japan's government debt and the privatization of its postal service. -In 2005, he led the LDP to win one of the largest parliamentary majorities in modern Japanese history. -He also attracted international attention through his deployment of the Japan Self-Defense Forces to Iraq, and his visits to Yasukuni Shrine led to diplomatic tensions with neighboring China and South Korea.

Japan China Normalization Communique

September 1971: -Japan: Recognize PRC is sole legal gov't of China -China: Taiwan is inalienable part of PRC territory China & Japan: mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, non-aggression, and non-interference in each other's internal affairs; peaceful settlement of disputes [China refrains from seeking reparations; Japan states "deep reflection" about the past]

Tiananmen Crackdown

Student-led protests in China in 1989 after the death of Hu Yaobang (Party Secretary, liberal reformer) which were crushed by the PLA. -US: suspension of military-to-military cooperation, high-level leadership exchanges, export licenses (for defense equipment, satellites, nuclear production); and restrictions on foreign aid -Japan: freeze of yen loans and grant aid to China -Tarnishes international image of China

Tributary System

The network of trade and foreign relations between China and China's "tributaries" whose ideals in one form or another, for millennia, drove much of East Asian affairs. Forced a "Sino-Centric" international order and flourished during the late Ming and Qing dynasties.

Treaty Port System

The system that any of the ports that Asian countries, especially China and Japan, opened to foreign trade and residence beginning in the mid-19th century because of pressure from European/US powers. After first Opium War China opens, after Commodore Perry uses "Gunboat Diplomacy" Japan opens. Japan also opens ports in China after first Sino-Japanese war 1895.

Three Non-Nuclear Principles

They parliamentary resolution that have guided Japanese nuclear policy since their inception in the late 1960s, and reflect general public sentiment and national policy since the end of World War II. Japan shall neither possess nor manufacture nuclear weapons, nor shall it permit their introduction into Japanese territory.

APEC

This institution is a forum for Pacific Rim member economies that seeks to promote free trade and economic cooperation throughout the Asia-Pacific region. -It was established in 1989 in response to the growing interdependence of Asia-Pacific economies and the advent of regional trade blocs in other parts of the world; to fears that highly industrialized Japan (a member of G8) would come to dominate economic activity in the Asia-Pacific region; and to establish new markets for agricultural products and raw materials beyond Europe -It works to raise living standards and education levels through sustainable economic growth and to foster a sense of community and an appreciation of shared interests among Asia-Pacific countries. -It includes newly industrialized economies, although the agenda of free trade was a sensitive issue for the developing NIEs at the time it was founded, and aims to enable ASEAN economies to explore new export market opportunities for natural resources such as natural gas, as well as to seek regional economic integration (industrial integration) by means of foreign direct investment. Members account for approximately 40% of the world's population, approximately 54% of the world's gross domestic product and about 44% of world trade.

ASEAN regional Forum (ARF)

This regional Forum is a formal, official, multilateral dialogue in Asia Pacific region. It consists of 27 participants. -Its objectives are to foster dialogue and consultation, and promote confidence-building and preventive diplomacy in the region. -The current participants in the forum are as follows: Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, the People's Republic of China, the European Union, India, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Russia, East Timor, United States and Sri Lanka. -Taiwan has been excluded since the establishment of the Forum, and issues regarding the Taiwan Strait are neither discussed at their meetings

Deng Xiaoping

Was a politician and reformist leader of the People's Republic of China who, after Mao's death led his country towards a market economy. -"paramount leader" of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to 1992, part of the Eight Elders. -Inheriting a country fraught with social and institutional woes resulting from the Cultural Revolution and other mass political movements of the Mao era, he became the core of the "second generation" of Chinese leadership. -He is considered "the architect" of a new brand of socialist thinking, having developed "Socialism with Chinese characteristics" and led Chinese economic reform through a synthesis of theories that became known as the "socialist market economy". He opened China to foreign investment, the global market and limited private competition. -He is generally credited with developing China into one of the fastest growing economies in the world for over 30 years and raising the standard of living of hundreds of millions of Chinese

Hierarchy

When China was strong and united it created a hierarchy system which created relative stability. Eg: Chinese Emperor, Korean King, Japanese King etc...

Realism

World Politics driven by self-interest. Includes: Offensive tendencies, self-security, Power Transition & Hegemonic, Stability Theory, and Neo-Classical thoughts