EBP Final Study Guide
This test: -compares two or more groups for sameness -allows the researcher to examine the effect of a treatment apart from the effect on one or more confounding variables.
ANCOVA: analysis of covariance
This test -statistical control to prevent bias by examining differences and extraneous variables -more flexible than other analysis bc it can examine data from two or more groups -removes extraneous variables
ANOVA: Analysis of variance
Directional or Non Directional? -Decreased Hgb increases mortality. Associated but indicate a direction. -When the Hgb decreases the mortality rate is higher. -Increased smoking, decreases life span. -The more I study the higher my grade will be. -Increased discharge education decreases readmission.
Directional Defined: Indicates the direction of association
The longer the exercise the greater the heart rate is an example of what kind of hypothesis?
Directional hypothesis It states the nature (positive/negative) of the interaction between two or more variables.
Purpose of this study was to determine patients' rejection responses to live cancer cells. Live cancer cells were injected into 22 patients without informed consent. The study was never presented for institutional review. This unethical study is known as the:
Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Study
Means equality: the researcher must follow equality when distributing time, resources among the subjects. Defines what concept
Justice
The purpose is to identify theoretical and scientific knowledge (what is known) already in existence about the topic. Identifies what is known and unknown about the topic. The objective foundation for the study which explores the problem, significance, what is known/unknown about the problem. Identifies available evidence for use in practice. Identifies contribution to the study knowledge base. Defines...
Literature Review
What kind of study design: Collects data from the same subjects at different points in time?
Longitudinal (repeated measures) design.
Pain is defined as measurement of unpleasant experience by visual analog pain scale.
Operational Definition: the measurement of a concept.
mixed method {both qualitative and quantitative method used to study a particular outcome Is What kind of research?
Outcome Research. Characteristics: Should refine or generate relevant knowledge for nursing practice. Build on previous research Measureable by nature Evidence based.
"The purpose of the study was to determine the feasibility and evaluate the helpfulness and cost of a coaching program for family caregiver HF home care management." this is an example of
The Research Purpose The purpose should exactly fit the research gap.
True or false: Elements central to study design include -presence/absence of a treatment -number of groups in the sample -number of timing and measurements perforrmed -method of sampling -time frame for data collection -planned comparisons -control of extraneous variables
True
True or false: Keywords are derived from the purpose of the research.
True
True or false: Sampling involves selecting a group of people, events, behaviors or other elements to study.
True
True or false: Theory is essential to research because it is the initial inspiration for developing a study and LINKS the study findings back to the knowledge of the discipline.
True
What is a "Landmark" Study?
pioneer studies on the subject. Understand that anything included within the study that is 25+ years older is a landmark study.
Statistical Conclusion Validity is concerned with whether the conclusions are an accurate reflection of the REAL world. Threats to this validity would be:
-Low statistical power (type II error) concluding no differences exist when there ARE differences (they just can't be seen bc of the small sample size. -Unreliable measurement methods (scales/physiological measures) are not consistent -Unreliable intervention implementation -Extraneous variances in study setting
Break down this hypothesis. There is a relationship between social distance in families and burden of caregiving of chronically ill adults. Research V Null Simple V Complex Associative V Causal Direcional V Non-directional
-Simple (keywords: social distance...burden of caregivers) -Associative (key word: relationship) -Research (IS a relationship). -Non-Directional
What are the four steps of reading an article correctly?
1. Skim: read the abstract 2. Comprehension: to understand read the entire article 3. Analyze: compare each section with the standard (of how it should be). 4. Synthesize: after reading everything make a judgement on the article. Is it useful for practice?
POWER ANALYSIS is an effective way to determine an adequate sample size for QUANTITATIVE studies. It is a formula that enables the researcher to determine what an adequate sample size would be. if the level of significance is set, what is the desired power (standard)?
0.08
What does the IRB Process DHHS, 2005: Title part 45 Part 56 mandate?
1. Additional protection for pregnant women, human fetuses, neonates, children and prisoners. 2. Documentation of informed consent (Protection of human subject rights in research)
What are the three types of correlational designs and what do they do?
1. Descriptive correlational: seeks to describe a relationship 2. Predictive correlational: predict relationships among variables 3. Model testing: all relationships proposed by a theory are tested simultaneously.
Critically appraising framework requires what 2 things?
1. Identification/evaluation of concepts (definitions) and statements linking concepts 2. Determination of the usefulness of the framework in describing reality.
What are the four levels of measurement?
1. Nominal (demographic grouped data) 2. Ordinal (ranked data) 3. Interval (equal Numeral distances between intervals) 4. Ratio (contains absolute zero)
What are three essential elements of experimental research?
1. Random assignment of subjects to groups 2. Researcher's manipulation of independent variable 3. Researcher's control of experimental situation and setting.
What are the three ethical principles (Belmont Principles) of research?
1. Respect for persons: free to participate or not participate in research 2. Beneficence: researchers should do good and "above all, no harm" 3. Justice: human subjects should be treated fairly in terms of benefits/risks of research.
List the five components that structure a scholarly article (introduction/lit review/purpose statement).
1. What is the problem? How many are affected? 2. Significance of the problem. SO WHAT. Why should we study it 3. Researcher will start writing what other previous studies have been conducted about the problem. 4. Although many studies have been done about this study in particular there are very few studies conducted among (children, alternative therapy, this problem) very little is known about this problem. There is a gap in the literature. 5. Purpose statement designed to fill gap in literature.
What are the four types of quantitative research?
1.Descriptive 2.Correlational 3.Quasi-Experimental 4.Experimental
A _____________ hypothesis states that a relationship exists between two or more variables while a _________________ hypothesis states there is NO relationship between two variables.
A research hypothesis states a relationship exists between two or more variables -while- A null (statistic) hypothesis states there is no relationship between two variables.
The nurse manager collects data about hours worked, age, sex, and geographic area of the nursing staff over a 10-year period. What type of research would this be considered? A. Descriptive B. Correlational C. Quasi-experimental D. Experimental
ANS: A (A) descriptive, which defines the magnitude of a concept and its characteristics; (B) correlational, which determines associations between or among variables; (C) quasi-experimental, which tests an intervention and lacks control in at least one of three areas; (D) experimental, which tests an intervention and includes both a control group and random assignment. This research study is designed to define the magnitude of an idea and its characteristics.
Which groups are included as people with diminished autonomy: Select all that apply A. Legally and mentally incompetent subjects B. Neonates and children C. Terminally ill subjects D. People confined to an institution E. Pregnant women and fetuses.
All are groups with diminished autonomy.
Which of the following describe to quantitative research? Select all that apply: A. Eliminate or control variables that may interfere with the variables being studied. B. Clear, context free picture. C. Focus on measuring one or more human characteristics. D. Truth in objective reality. E. Explore meaning in the context of all that is part of day-to-day living.
Answer: A B C D False: E Explore meaning in the context of all that is part of day-to-day living: is descriptive of qualitative analysis.
Which of the following describe to qualitative research? Select all that apply: A. Smaller sample size. B. Inductive approach. C. Research questions that suggest an exploration of human experience. D. Researcher is the major instrument. E. Sample size is determined by data saturation. F. Truth in objective reality.
Answer: A B C D E False: F Truth in objective reality. is characteristic of quantitative research
Which of the following describe to quantitative research? Select all that apply: A. Research questions that suggest a test of relationship or difference. B. Sample size is determined by data saturation. C. Researcher avoids interaction to avoid bias. D. Deductive approach. E. Larger sample to detect differences or relationships. F. Sample size determined before study begins.
Answer: A C D E F False: B B. Sample size is determined by data saturation describes qualitative data.
Which of the following are included in theory A. integrated set of concepts B. definitions C. statements that presenting view of a phenomenon.
Answer: A, B, C
Which of the following are groups with diminished autonomy? (Select all that apply) A. Legally/mentally incompetent subjects B. Neonates and children; Pregnant women and fetuses C. Terminally ill subjects D. Millennials E. People confined to an institution
Answer: A, B, C, E FALSE: D
This kind of quantitative research explores and describes what exists, in a natural environment and provides information about occurrence, frequency and sometimes relationships. A. Descriptive research B. Correlational research C. Experimental research D. Quasi-Experimental research
Answer: A Rationale: B: correlational examines a relationship that exists among variables. DOES NOT demonstrate cause/effect. C: Experimental research has at least one distinct control group and studies the effect of the independent variable upon the dependent variable. D. Quasi-Experimental research lacks a control group or randomization.
The nurse researcher is involved in selecting a sample for a research study on staffing ratios. Which statement best describes the difference between a population and a sample? A. A population is usually larger than a sample. B. A sample is usually larger than a population. C. Populations and samples are synonymous. D. There is no relationship between sample size and population size.
Answer: A The population is all the elements—individuals, objects, or substances—that meet certain criteria for inclusion in a given universe. The definition of the population would depend on the sample criteria and the similarity of subjects in the various settings.
Which of the following are a part of grounded theory research process? A. Gathering data: interviews (audio-taped), skilled observations (field notes) B. Analyzing data: 1. Data collection/analysis occur simultaneously 2. Theoretical sampling 3. Related literature is reviewed through data collection and analysis 4. Open coding 5. Constant comparative method C. Describe the findings: takes reader through steps in the process; uses descriptive language to connect theory with data findings. D. Describes the "local world" of groups of patients experiencing a particular phenomenon.
Answer: A, B, C, False: D Describes the "local world" of groups of patients experiencing a particular phenomenon is characteristic of Ethnographic method.
What is characteristic of experimental research (aka Randomized Control Trial), select all that apply: A. Randomization: Subjects assigned randomly B. Control: The group which did not get the experimentation. C. Trial: Group to test the effectiveness of an intervention. D. Describes real life phenomena in statistics (mean, mode, etc).
Answer: A, B, C, False: D. Experimental Research: Looks at cause/effect, Involves the measurement of independent and dependent variables, and is highly controlled
All of the following are interpretations of results from quasi and experimental studies except: A. Significant & predicted by researcher B. Nonsignificant C. Significant opposite from prediction D. Mixed results E. Practice Implication Results F. Unexpected results
Answer: A, B, C, D, F FALSE: E
Which of the following are a part of the case study research process? Select all that apply: A. Gathering data: interview, observation, document review B. Analyzing data: tied to data gathering and description of findings, characterized by reflection C. Seeking to understand social processes from the perspective of human interactions. D. Describe the findings: reported in order as case develops
Answer: A, B, D False: C Seeking to understand social processes from the perspective of human interactions is characteristic of Grounded Theory method.
Which of the following should be included in a careful examination of a study? A. Study strengths B. Study weaknesses C. Study expression D. Study credibility E. Study meaning & Significance
Answer: A, B, D, E FALSE: C
Which of the following are a part of the ethnographic research process? Select all that apply: A. Gathering Data: Immersion in the setting (fieldwork), informant interviews, and interpretation of cultural patterns. B. Identifying the phenomenon of a single case (family/individual) C. Analyzing Data: data collected and analyzed simultaneously. Search for domains. D. Describe the findings: examples from large quantities of varied data
Answer: A, C, D B. Identifying the phenomenon of a single case (family/individual) is characteristic of a Case Study.
Which of the following are common probability sampling methods used in nursing research? A. simple random sampling B. network sampling C. stratified random sampling D. cluster sampling E. systematic sampling
Answer: A, C, D, E FALSE: B
A strong quantitative study is guided by which of the following? (Select all that apply) A. Clear concise problem & purpose B. Appropriate objectives, questions & hypothesis C. Relevant design with limited threats to validity D. Data analysis addressing the study objective, questions, or hypothesis E. Credible/meaningful study findings.
Answer: ALL are components of a strong quantitative study
Which of the following are sources for frameworks? (Select all that apply) A. grand nursing theories B. middle range theories C. research findings D. non nursing studies E. tentative theories F. Scientific theories.
Answer: ALL are sources for frameworks for studies.
Which of the following should be included in research outcomes? A. Findings & Limitations B. conclusions C. Generalization of findings D. Implications for nursing E. recommendations for further studies.
Answer: ALL should be included in research outcomes.
Which of the following non-probability sampling techniques are used mores often in qualitative research? (select all that apply) A. quota sampling B. network (snowball) sampling C. purposive sampling D. theoretical sampling
Answer: B, C, D, FALSE: A Quota sampling is used more often in quantitative studies.
Which of the following are a part of Phenomenological research process? A. Poses questions to explain social process from perspective of human interactions. B. Gather data: Written or oral; may return to ask for clarification depending upon data saturation. C. Analyze data: Move from the participant's description to the synthesis by the researcher of all participants' descriptions. D. Describe findings: Information moves from the research question to the → individual descriptions of the experience to→researcher's interpretation to → final synthesis of all participant's experiences.
Answer: B, C, D, False: A Poses questions to explain social process from perspective of human interactions. is part of grounded theory method.
Internal validity is focused on determining if a study's findings are accurate or the result of extraneous variables. Threats to this validity include which of the following? (Select all that apply). A. Low statistical power (type II error) B. Subject selection and assignment group concerns. C. History D. Subject attrition E. Maturation
Answer: B, C, D, E FALSE: A History: an event not r/t the planned study occurs during the study and could have an impact on findings Attrition: subjects quit (more than 25%) Maturation: subjects change
Which of the following are included in a critique of study design? A. Examination of data saturation B. Study setting C. Sample D. Intervention/treatment E. Measurement of dependent variables F. Data collection procedures
Answer: B, C, D, E, F False: A
The research purpose should identify the study variable(s) and what other key aspect of the study? A. Design B. Measurement tools C. Population D. Statistics
Answer: C Rationale: the purpose includes variables, population and setting.
Construct validity is concerned with the fit between conceptual and operational definitions and that the instrument measures what it is supposed to measure. All of the following are threats to construct validity except: A. Inadequate definitions of constructs B. Mono-operation bias (only one measurement method used) C. Subject attrition D. Experimenter expectancies (Rosenthal effect)
Answer: C Subject subject attrition is part of INTERNAL validity.
Which is representative of a correlational study? A. Anemia is caused by malnutrition B. Statistics show that 85% of menstruating women are anemic. C. Smoking causes lung cancer D. Anemia is associated with malnutrition
Answer: D Anemia is associated with malnutrition is an example of a correlational study. Defined as: A study which will focus on association between variables. Studies the relationship/association between variables. Only explains what is seen, not cause/effect.
All of the following describe framework except? A. abstract B. logical structure of meaning (portion of a theory) C. guides the development of the study D. not tested in the study E. links findings to body of nursing knowledge.
Answer: D The framework IS TESTED in the study.
True or False Primary Sources are created when someone is writing about another person's work. Examples include meta analysis, meta summary, indicated review, critique, commentary etc.
Answer: FALSE This is a secondary source. -Rationale- A primary source is written by the researcher who CONDUCTED the study, therefore all research articles are primary.
True or false: In QUALITATIVE research a sampling plan is developed to increase representativeness of the target population and decrease systematic bias and sampling error.
Answer: False. QUANTITATIVE research.
This kind of research is: -Formal, objective, systematic process for generating numerical information about the world. -Backbone of EBP's empirical knowledge -Includes: Descriptive, correlational, quasi-experimental, and experimental -Characterized by rigor (consistency, adherence to detail, precision), and control (control of conditions that might intrude upon the research and muddle conclusions) -Objective numerical data
Answer: Quantitative Research
Which of the following is an example of a hypothesis? This study aims to find the effectiveness of exercise in HR or There is association between exercise and heart rate.
Answer: There is an association between exercise and HR. The first option is a purpose statement After the purpose statement has been written, the hypothesis should be synthesized next, and is DIRECTLY derived from the purpose.
True or false: In QUALITATIVE research a sampling plan is developed to increase representativeness of the findings r/t the phenomenon, process or culture elements being studied.
Answer: True
True or False Confidentiality is the researcher's safe management of information or data share by the subject to ensure that data is kept safe/private from others.
Answer: True Privacy is the freedom people have to determine the time, extent, and general circumstances under which their private information can be shared/withheld from others.
Which of the following are examples of non-probability sampling? (select all that apply) A. convenience sampling B. quota sampling C. purposeful sampling D. network sampling E. theoretical sampling
Answer: all are examples of non-probability sampling REMEMBER: bias is expected in non-random sampling;
Which of the following are important concepts in sampling theory? (Select all that apply) A. Population B. Sampling criteria C. Target population D. Target population/Accessible population E. Study elements F. Representativeness & randomization G. Sampling frame H. Sampling method or plan.
Answer: all are important concepts in sampling theory
This type of non-probability sampling is used in QUALITATIVE research to generate theoretical ideas (grounded theory research).
Answer: theoretical sampling
Consumer of knowledge and evaluating research and knowledge applies to clinical practice is the role of the
BSN Prepared Nurse Is a knowledgable consumer
What is the process of prevent bias in qualitative studies?
Bracketing: the researcher must indicate beliefs and values (exposing themselves), and make sure their beliefs/values does not contaminate the study itself.
onsists of concepts and theories (ex. Maslow's Theory) Any textbook Any paper on theory Ex. "Understanding NX research" By Susan (conceptual based). Is called a...
Conceptual-Based article
1. Provokes curiosity; pursue understanding; iterative process. 2. Researcher's perspective: shift from etic to emic. 3. Sample: based on best opportunities for learning. Are all structures of what kind of qualitative research?
Case Study
What kind of qualitative research seeks to understand a single case (individual, family, community...)
Case Study
Gathering data to write a care plan using the nursing process: 1. narrative data, and qualitative data 2. Speak to patient 3. Look at labs 4. Observations (temp. Cardiac monitor, chart) 5. Analyze data: describe findings 6. Report what you found as it is. This is an example of what kind of qualitative research?
Case study Defined as: Study of a specific case. An in-depth investigation of a single case or a small number of entities.
Associative or Causal hypothesis? -Smoking causes lung cancer; -Suctioning increases oxygenation; -Studying increased scores on exams
Causal
Dr. Mary is conducting a study about individual elements of the BSN population that are "unknowable or excessively costly to discover". She conducts her research in stages: 1. All 50 states apply randomization, select 10. 2. All counties in those states apply randomization, and select 10. 3. List all the cities in those counties apply randomization, select 10. 4. List all the schools in those cities, apply randomization select 10. This is an example of what type of probability sampling?
Cluster Sampling
Using vulnerable populations Have greater than minimal risk Think if procedures could harm the people in any fashion How would the IRB classify this research?
Complete review: done by all members of the board (quorum must be attained) to make decision on approval of study. Detailed analysis by every member of the board. Vulnerable populations: even if it is a descriptive study but it involves a vulnerable population, it must be full board review HIPAA must be followed by every study
"Anemia and smoking are associated with low birth weight" Simple or complex hypothesis?
Complex Defined: Contains 3+ variables (include dependent variable).
There is association between anemia, malnutrition and infant mortality is an example of what kind of hypothesis?
Complex Hypothesis
What are the two main elements of theories?
Concepts Relational statements
Pain is defined as an unpleasant experience. (meaning of the term, so the meaning of pain) is an example of what kind of definition?
Conceptual Definition
This kind of validity is concerned with the conceptual and operational definitions of variables and instruments used to measure them. Includes: inadequate definitions, mono-operation bias (only one instrument), experimenter expectancies (Rosenthal Effect: researchers' expectations influence study outcomes.
Construct validity
Jane uses any subjects who meet her inclusion criteria and are willing to participate; This is an example of what non-probability sampling?
Convenience sampling REMEMBER: Bias is unavoidable (may be used for infrequently seen conditions); The VAST MAJORITY of research in nursing uses convenience sampling.
What kind of quantitative research focuses on association between variables. Studies the relationship/association between variables. Only explains what is seen, not cause/effect
Correlational Research
-Clear and concise Limited in scope -Narrowed to focus of the study ID Variables, population, setting -Ability to generate knowledge -Feasible? -Ethical? Are all the guidelines to...
Critique a study's problem and purpose. These questions should be asked when looking at problem & purpose statement.
-Was study approved by IRB: some approval should be given. -Was informed consent obtained? -If subject is incompetent, did legally authorized representative give consent -Power of attorney. -Were rights protected during sampling and data collection -Was privacy protected? -Was benefit/risk ratio acceptable? Are the guidelines for...
Critiquing Ethics of a study
What kind of study design: Examines groups of subjects simultaneously in various stages of development, levels of education severity of illness, or stages of recovery to describe changes in a phenomenon across stages?
Cross-Sectional Design
What kind of study is: Conducted to describe and examine relationships among variables
Descriptive (non-experimental) Design
The purpose of this study is to describe the characteristics of cancer patients admitted for chemotherapy. Design: simply collect the data (numerical data) and categorize it by mean, median, mode (ages, gender,). Purpose: to describe, the study uses descriptive characteristics to describe the data. are the components of what kind of qualitative design?
Descriptive Research
Through what method does the qualitative researcher know if sample size was adequate?
Data Saturation
Over the course of many interviews repeated results/themes/findings; (Repeated and redundant theme) Is called
Data Saturation This is when the researcher stops data collection.
Literature based upon research data Ex. qualitative, quantitative studies, mixed method studies, outcome studies. Is called a...
Data-Based article
Adopted in 1964 the initial document differentiated therapeutic research (patients have opportunity to receive experimental treatment that might have beneficial results) form non therapeutic research (conducted to generate knowledge for a discipline, and may benefit future patients, but not those acting as participants). Included the principles that: 1. Investigator should protect life/dignity of human subjects 2. Exercise greater care to protect subjects from harm in non therapeutic research. 3. Conduct research only when the importance of the objectives outweighs the inherent risk and burdens to the subjects.
Declaration of Helsinki Note: use extreme caution when participants get a placebo.
1. Asks about particular patterns of behaviors within the social context of a culture or subculture; 2. Researcher's perspective: as the interpreter; 3. Key informants and general informants Are all structures of what kind of qualitative study?
Ethnographic Method Research
What kind of qualitative research seeks to describe the "local world" of groups of patients who are experiencing a particular phenomenon?
Ethnographic Method Research
Portacolone was a researcher concerned about older adults living alone. Collected data over several years about older adults ad individuals, relationships between the older adult and institutions in the community, and the larger problems affecting the person. Worked for Meals on Wheels to unobtrusively collect data and conducted interviews with 47 participants, engaging in any activity suggested by informant. Recorded interviews and transcribed verbatim. To capture fresh observations, field notes were written after leaving the premises. This is an example of what kind of qualitative research?
Ethnographic research. Defined as: Focusing on scientific descriptions of cultural groups. The "emic" (insiders') view is contrasted to the "etic" (outsiders') view. Goal is to understand the natives' view of their world (emic view).
The conscious integration of best evidence into the practice with the integration of patient values and clinical expertise defines...
Evidence Based Practice.
Researchers conduct a study of the lived experiences of children ages 7-10 who had asthma. They conducted 15 interviews with kids hospitalized for asthma. They found the children's worst fear was exacerbation of asthma. What kind of qualitative research is this?
Example of: Phenomenological Research Defined as: A process of learning and constructing the meaning of human experience through intensive dialogue with persons whom are living the experience.
Research that poses minimal risk Ex. Interview with subjects, or sending home a survey for data Collection of hair, nails, teeth, tengal plaque Collection of excretia or external secretions, Moderate exercise by healthy individuals Blood samples from healthy people How would the IRB classify this research?
Expedited review
-Interaction of selection/treatment (those participating might be different than those who declined to participate) -Interaction of setting and treatment: setting/organization more/or less supportive of study -Interaction of history and treatment are all components that are threats to what kind of validity?
External Validity
This kind of validity is concerned with the extent to which study findings can be generalized BEYOND the sample. Includes: interaction of selection/treatment (high refusal rate), interaction of setting and treatment, interaction of history and treatment.
External validity
True or false An example of conceptual based sources include published studies found in journals.
FALSE Data based sources are published studies found in journals. -while- Conceptual sources are literature that consists of concepts and theories and are found in textbooks.
-Regarding clinical investigation with human subjects involving products -Animal studies also included for research in order to address ethical issues -Clinical trials for drug investigations Must be regulated by the
FDA: US Food and Drug Administration
True or false: In QUALITATIVE research, the introduction has an in depth literature review that forms the basis for the study, and the researcher is VERY informed about the topic.
False. Rationale: In qualitative research the literature review in introduction section is minimal. Bc the researcher is an instrument and has interaction with the subjects so the subjects experiences are captured. The researcher should be less informed in order to prevent bias.
True or false Applied research (also called pure research) generates knowledge but the results can not be applied directly in the practice setting. The purpose is the initial test of a new theory and is conducted in a laboratory or artificial setting.
False: It should be BASIC RESEARCH Rationale: Applied research (or practical research) is conducted in the type of practice setting in which the results are to be applied directly.
True or False The purpose of qualitative research is to yield information about the result of client care activities in a specific setting and to examine client outcomes as a result of CARE. The ultimate goal is enhancing quality of care.
False; This is outcomes research which is a combination of qualitative and quantitative strategies.
True or False: Not every study has a framework, because some frameworks either poorly expressed or implicit.
False; EVERY study has a theory.
These are the: -Right to self determination -Right to privacy: -Right to anonymity/confidentiality -Right to fair treatment -Right to protection from discomfort and harm
Five basic human rights
1. addresses basic social process and tend to be ACTION oriented or CHANGE oriented; 2. researcher's perspective: no exhaustive lit review; allows theory to emerge directly from data; theory must remain connected to or "grounded in" the data; 3. participants are experiencing the circumstance. Are all structures of what kind of qualitative study?
Grounded Theory
Despite many studies conducted r/t simulation Walton argued that this teaching method lacked theoretical support (a new perspective). Walton and researchers wanted to gain understanding of how nursing students learn with simulation in order to ID basic social processes and supportive teaching strategies. Interviewed 16 senior NX students over 1 year. What kind of qualitative research is this?
Grounded Theory Study Defined as: An inductive approach that uses a set of procedures to arrive at theory about basic social processes.
What kind of qualitative research seeks to identify social processes from the perspective of human interactions?
Grounded Theory: new viewpoint in familiar areas of research.
In what kind of research is constant comparative method utilized?
Grounded theory
What act that speaks into the principle of justice: -Protects individually identifiable health information -Est. 2003 -Affects research by requiring patient consent to use private health information
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA). Applied: Information should be DE-IDENTIFIED Data use agreement must be included in the informed consent Covered entities included in consent form: HCP's, Healthcare plans, employers, health care clearinghouses.
Where is the review of literature found in qualitative studies?
In the discussion section. Rationale: the researcher will include a comparison with existing data and subject experience in the discussion section.
Where is the review of literature found in quantitative studies?
In the introduction
Disclosure of essential study info. Comprehension of information Competence to give permission Voluntary are all the elements included in
Informed Consent
These are the first 6 components of: Introduction of research activities Statement of research purpose Selection of research subjects Explanation of procedures Description of risks and discomforts Description of benefits
Informed Consent
These are the second 6 components of: Disclosure of alternatives Assurance of anonymity and confidentiality Offer to answer questions Voluntary participation Option to withdraw Consent to incomplete disclosure
Informed Consent
1. Introduction of research activities 2. Statement of research purpose 3. Selection of research subjects 4. Explanation of procedures 5. Description of risks and discomforts 6. Description of benefits 7. Disclosure of alternatives 8. Assurance of anonymity and confidentiality 9. Offer to answer questions 10. Voluntary participation 11. Option to withdraw 12. Consent to incomplete disclosure (I may be back again). Are the 12 components of
Informed consent
This kind of validity is focused on determining if study findings are accurate or are the result of extraneous variables. Includes: subject selection/assignment to groups, attrition (withdrawal), history, & maturation.
Internal validity
Paying attention to the subjects experiences, beliefs values, understanding the meaning of the person's experiences one by one with direct contact with the subject. Therefore the researcher is considered a
Measuring Tool
___________ __________ and tentative theories are less abstract and narrower in scope than conceptual models.
Middle range theories Examples include: patient's health condition, family situation.
Data in qualitative research is
Narrative data, not numbers. The data is WORDS.
Requires research study review and functions to: Protect rights/welfare of subjects Voluntary informed consent is assessed Benefit of research exceeds risk. Describes what act?
National Research Act: Institutional Review Board
Virgil is conducting a qualitative study and uses an already-established group, asking those members to include others by word-of-mouth. This is an example of what non-probability sampling?
Network (Snowball) sampling REMEMBER: it's far more common in qualitative research than quantitative research and can be used for difficult-to-access group members.
There is association between exercise and heart rate is an example of what kind of hypothesis?
Non-Directional States that a relationship exists but DOES NOT predict the nature (positive/negative) of that relationship.
Research or Null hypothesis? There is no association between malnutrition and anemia
Null Defined: NO association between independent and dependent variable; To prevent bias. Statistical control is placed by null hypothesis.
This act came about bc of the Nazi experimentation on prisoners and contends that: the voluntary consent of human subject is absolutely essential. Protection of voluntary consent. Describes what act?
Nuremberg Code 1949
Scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly (and indirectly) influences NX practice.
Nursing Research
_____________ level focuses on the study participants' ability to read AND comprehend the content of an instrument, which adds to validity and reliability.
Readability.
The experiences that comprise the lives of humans. There are different constructed realities bc meaning is subjective. Both describe
Phenomena
What kind of qualitative research seeks to identify the lived experience, in dimensions of the day-to-day?
Phenomenological Ex. What is the experience of living with cancer? Being first time father? Being first time grandmother?
1. Question of the the lived experience; 2. Researcher's perspective is "bracketed; 3. includes current and/or past experiences of the individual Are all structures of what kind of qualitative study?
Phenomenological Research
"What it's like living with breast cancer" is an example of what kind of qualitative approach
Phenomenological: lived experience.
Written by the person who conducted the research. In theory written by the theorist who developed the theory. Research written by researcher Ex. All research articles, autobiography Is what kind of source?
Primary Source
What are the two main types of sampling plans?
Probability and nonprobability
What theory -Is used to explain a relationship, and the probability of an event occurring -Is mathematics based -IS THE "p-value"
Probability theory
Charles intentionally selects participants for his study whose information will further the identified research purpose and its evolution. He has a set of INCLUSION criteria and EXCLUSION criteria to qualify/disqualify subjects from sample. Charles must include the rationale for inclusion in his research report. This is an example of what non-probability sampling?
Purposeful (Purposive) sampling
This kind of research: -studies about human experiences, aims to understand perspectives, meaning of behavior, or a culture -subcategories include: phenomenological, ethnographic, grounded theory, historical -subjective narrative data
Qualitative Research
Seeking to understand the human experience. A subjective approach is used to describe life experiences and give them meaning. Defines...
Qualitative research.
1. Management of missing data 2. Description of the study sample 3. reliability of measurement methods 4. conduct of exploratory analysis of the data 5. conduct inferential analysis guided by the hypothesis, questions or objectives. These are the steps of...
Quantitative data analysis.
What kind of quantitative research examines cause and effect relationships, with less control by the researcher than "true experimental design". Samples are not selected randomly bc there is only one group (the experimental group); No control group=no need for randomization.
Quasi Experimental
Tuskegee syphilis study: Penicillin was available to treat syphilis. Researchers did true experimental design. Experimental group receive penicillin, the other group did not get penicillin (control group). This study was unethical. What other quantitative design should have been chosen?
Quasi Experimental Defined: examines cause and effect relationships, with less control by the researcher than "true experimental design". Samples are not selected randomly bc there is only one group (the experimental group); No control group=no need for randomization.
Milton is a researcher studying the population of Mississippi. In Mississippi 40% HF, 30% Obesity, 20% Cancer and 10% have diabetes. SO Milton will select a sample that will be 40% HF, 30% Obese, 20% cancerous and 10% diabetic. This is an example of what non-probability sampling?
Quota sampling; used mainly in quantitative research. decreases bias in one variable but not overall.
What kind of statistical analysis is used to predict the value of one variable (the outcome or dependent variable) using one or more other variables as "predictors"?
Regression analysis Once this is made, the researcher will make a scatter plot to see if the variables are associated. Known as BEST FIT LINE.
-Stability (Test-and-ReTest): the measurement produces similar scores. -Equivalence: the amount of sameness that exists in the comparing two versions of the same instrument and getting similar results. -Homogeneity: internal validity (sameness throughout the entire study). These the three aspects of...
Reliability testing. Scores close to 1.000 indicate a high degree of reliability. Homogenity: use of Cronbach's alpha and Kuder-Richardson 20.
___________ of an instrument is its consistency. Repeated measurement should produce similar measurement values.
Reliability. The consistency of the measurement technique.
Research or Null hypothesis? Anemia is associated with malnutrition among children
Research
Self-determination: No coercion Full disclosure, no deception Voluntary consent Persons with diminished autonomy have special protections Are all components of...
Respect for persons
The strength of a qualitative study is the extent to which the identified meanings represent the perspectives of the PARTICIPANTS accurately.
Rigor
__________ theory was developed to determine the most effective way of acquiring a sample that accurately reflects the population under study.
Sampling
Physiology, genetics, pathophysiology, and physics are all....
Scientific theories supported by extensive evidence.
Someone (not the author) who wrote about someone else's research. Review of articles, commentary, opinion of someone's work Ex. Systematic review, meta-analysis, our class critique paper, biography. Is what kind of source?
Secondary Source
Ventilator associated pneumonia is a problem; These three associated problems add to the problem's ______ -30% of patients go to prolonged ventilation. -20% will die in the hospital. -Increased length of hospital stay.
Significance; Associated problems are known as significance. It's what happens because of the problem.
Anemia is associated with malnutrition Simple or complex hypothesis?
Simple Defined: only contains 2 variables.
What kind of hypothesis is this? "There is a positive relationship between nurse attitudes towards AIDS patients, and number of AIDS patients for whom they have cared."
Simple Directional
"There is association between anemia and malnutrition" is an example of what kind of hypothesis?
Simple Hypothesis
What kind of hypothesis is this? "Rates of use of healthcare facilities by ethnic minorities are higher in facilities with bilingual healthcare staff."
Simple-Directional hypothesis. Directional (keyword: higher) Simple (keywords: rates...higher with bilinguals staff)
This kind of validity is concerned with if the conclusions about relationships or differences drawn from statistical analysis are an accurate reflection of the real world. Includes: low statistical power (type II error cased by small sample size), unreliable measurement methods, unreliable intervention implementation, extraneous variables in study setting.
Statistical Validity
When Darrin Stevens a market researcher predetermines which subgroups of the population it is necessary to sample and then selects them in accordance with their actual population proportions to achieve a representative sample is an example of what kind of probability sampling method?
Stratified random sampling.
________ is a measure of truth or accuracy of the findings obtained from a study.
Study validity -stat conclusion validity -internal validity -construct validity -external validity
1. Effectiveness of suctioning in oxygenation 2. Smoking causes lung cancer. 3. Chemotherapy causes loss of hair. What are the three independent variables?
Suction, Smoking, Chemotherapy
Concise presentation of research knowledge; what is known and not known Judgement stating if there is adequate knowledge to direct change in clinical practice. Brief statement of proposed change in practice. are all components to be included in the:
Summary Section
Alfred has a list of all the members of his accessible population for his study. His population size is N =1200 sample size is n = 100; k = 12 (population divided by sample). Alfred will now include every 12th person on the list in his sample. This is an example of what type of probability sampling?
Systematic Sampling
True or false: Strong qualitative studies are based on a philosophical orientation and qualitative approach that are specified. The researcher implements data collection on analysis methods that enhance the study's trustworthiness.
TRUE Strong qualitative studies are based on philosophical orientation
This test: -used to examine nominal/ordinal level data. -determines whether two variables are independent or related; -test how likely it is that an observed distribution is due to chance. -used to describe and examine causality
The Chi-Square Test
What does "I M R A D" stand for?
The structure of a research article I: Introduction M: Method R: Results/analysis D: Discussion
A abstract, logical structure of meaning such as a portion of a theory, that guides the development of the study is tested in the study and enables the researcher to link the findings to nursing's body of knowledge is known as....
Theoretical Framework. Theory: Set of concepts and statements that present a view of a phenomenon Concept: terms that abstractly describe and name an object, idea, experience or phenomenon thus providing it with a separate identity or meaning.
What do all these population groups have in common? ~Legally and mentally incompetent subjects ~Neonates and children ~Terminally ill subjects ~People confined to an institution ~Pregnant women and fetuses
They are all vulnerable populations with DIMINISHED AUTONOMY
What is the purpose of descriptive statistics?
To describe the sample; describing the most typical values of a data set. REMEMBER they can include: frequency distributions, percentages, measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion and scatter plots.
Why are physiological measures performed?
To quantify the level of functioning of living beings. Include data such as: HR, BP, Temperature.
True or false: As research methodologies continue to evolve in nursing, mixed-methods approaches are being conducted to use the strengths of both qualitative & quantitative research designs.
True
True or False An operational definition is the measurement of a concept. Examples would be: "Pain is measured by a visual analog pain scale" or "Blood pressure is measured by a sphygmometer."
True A Conceptual Definition is the meaning of an idea. Examples would be: "Pain is defined as an unpleasant experience" or "Blood pressure is the pressure exerted within the arteries."
True or False: Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected (when it is true). The researcher conclude that the study results are significant WHEN THEY ARE NOT.
True Level of significance is indicated by a (alpha).
True or False: Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is accepted when it is false. The researcher concludes that the study results are not significant WHEN THEY ARE SIGNIFICANT.
True Type II errors occur bc of small sample size
True or False: In qualitative research sample size is -based on needs r/t study purpose -smaller number -case study with one subject may be used -participants may volunteer
True.
True or False: Only Experimental and Quasi Experimental design are purposed to purpose is to examine cause and effect relationship;
True. Only experimentation can cause an outcome. Therefore only a design that includes an experiment can explore the cause effect relationship.
True or False In QUANTITATIVE research, the introduction has an in depth literature review that forms the basis for the study, and the researcher is VERY informed about the topic.
True. Rationale: The researcher has to find the research gap, fit the purpose into the study gap, design and plan everything based on existing knowledge. Including hypothesis. Should be large lit review bc it lays the foundation of the study in detail.
True or false: Randomized control trial (RCT) is the strongest methodology for testing the effectiveness of an intervention because of the elements of the design that limit the potential for bias.
True: RCT are the strongest methodology.
____________ the degree to which an instrument really measures what it's supposed to measure (the concept being studied).
Validity Construct Validity (extent to which the instrument includes the major elements of the construct being measured).
What are these two methods testing? -Convergent method: researchers develop two similar instruments and apply them at the same time. There should be POSITIVE correlation -Divergent method: researcher develop two opposite instruments and apply them at the same time. There should be NEGATIVE correlation.
Validity. how accurate (consistent) the instrument is.
Qualities, properties, or characteristics of persons, things, or situations that change or vary and are manipulated or measured in research defines:
Variables
In the 1950's research on hepatitis was conducted in an institution for the mentally retarded. Subjects were children who were deliberately infected with hepatitis. This unethical study is known as the:
Willowbrook Study
"Yet, the few studies available on providing instruction for family caregivers are limited in content and lack guidance for implementing HF management strategies at home." this is an example of
a problem statement -This is the research gap statement.. (WHAT IS UNKNOWN)
Which of the following describe to qualitative research? Select all that apply: A. Truth in subjective expression of reality. B. Human attribute unique meaning to their experiences. D. Explore meaning in the context of all that is part of day-to-day living. E. The context is life.
all are characteristics of qualitative research.
In order to be _____________ ___________ the study framework must include the concepts and their definitions. The relational statements or propositions being examined represented by a map.
appropriately used
Middle range theories are closely linked to....
clinical practice (than grand nursing theories) and can be used as the framework for a study.
Research that poses no additional risk to the subjects. Ex. Chart review: "a researcher is looking at medical records; using data that was collected for other purpose (like selecting patient's charts and doing data analysis) poses no additional risk to the subjects." How would the IRB classify this research?
exempt from review.
What kind of correlational statistics examine relationships among large numbers of variables, disentangles those relationships to identify clusters of variables most likely linked.
factor analysis; when a variable is not related it is removed.
Conceptual models or __________ ____________ theories are very abstract and broadly explain phenomena of interest.
grand nursing (theories)
This test: -used for interval/ratio level data -show that experimental/control groups were not significantly different before an intervention was performed. -test for significant differences between two sample groups
t-test
