EC-12 Physical Education TEXES
THR
(MHR - RHR) x .60 + RHR to (MHR - RHR) x .80 +RHR
To improve muscular strength and endurance a student can:
-Train with free weights -Perform exercises that use an individual's body weight for resistance -Do strength training exercises two times per week that incorporate all major muscle groups.
Developing spatial awareness requires two sequential phases:
1. Identifying the location of objects in relation to one's own body in space. 2. Locating more than one object in relation to each object and independent of ones own body.
METs (maximum oxygen uptake)
60%-90% of functional capacity.
Partner Resistance Stretching
A partner applies resistance to a specific body part to stretch te targeted muscle actively More advanced technique that is a key component of PNF. For more advanced athletes.
The Borg scale
A quantitative rating system of perceived exertion. Ranges from 6 to 20 with corresponding descriptions.
The overhand throw consists of a sequence of four movements:
A stride, hip rotation, trunk rotation, and forward arm movement.
Vertical plane targets
Accuracy is easiest when using a trajectory that is perpendicular to the target as it coincides with the target face.
Force
Activities using the concept of force can include having students use their bodies to produce enough force to move them through space. They can also paddle balls against walls and jump over objects of various heights.
Time
Activities using the concept of time can include having children move as fast as they can and as slow as they can in specified, times movement patterns.
To best help students develop gross motor skills, which of the following suggestions should the physical education teacher make to parents? A. Allow time for their children to develop these abilities as they mature B. Create projects with their children, using a variety of materials C. Provide their children appropriate environments for active play D. Register their children to participate on an organized sports team
B. Provide their children appropriate environments for active play
The physical education teacher develops an observational checklist of students' gross motor skills to use when presenting students' assessment data to their parents. Which of the following will best ensure the teacher uses the assessment data effectively? A. Having the students individually demonstrate their achievement level during the same activity B. Providing students several opportunities to perform the motor skills to specific learning expectations C. Offering immediate feedback to students, with detailed information regarding their abilities D. Allowing the students to individually showcase their movement capabilities for evaluation
B. Providing students several opportunities to perform the motor skills to specific learning expectations
The first step in using motor task analysis to evaluate a student's competency in a particular movement skill is to identify the A. muscles, joints and ligaments that are involved in performing the movement. B. key elements and sequential steps in the movement skill that are necessary to perform the skill proficiently. C. average age at which students can be expected to perform the movement skill proficiently. D. ways in which the movement skill is used in real-life physical activities such as sports, games or fitness activities.
B. key elements and sequential steps in the movement skill that are necessary to perform the skill proficiently.
Fast Twitch Muscles
Carry less oxygen and powers anaerobic activity.
Slow Twitch Muscles
Carry more oxygen and sustains aerobic activity.
Stages of Motor Learning Stage 2
Children learn more complex motor patterns including running, climbing, jumping, balancing, catching, and throwing.
Stages of Motor Learning Stage 1
Children progress from simple reflexes to basic movements such as sitting, crawling, creeping, standing, and walking.
Logical-mathematical
Children whose abilities center on this intelligence best process information presented as procedures and sequences. Instructors should present information in compartmentalized tasks, with emphasis places on cause and effect relationships.
Spatial-visual
Children whose abilities center on this intelligence best process information presented visually with illustration, diagrams, and demonstrations.
Body-kinesthetic
Children whose abilities center on this intelligence will be better at grasping information related to physical activities and body movements. (use tools and aids that the students can touch and feel). To communicate with such children, the instructor should give students the opportunity to experience what they are learning physically.
Intrapersonal
Children whose abilities center on this intelligence will tend to be more introspective, assigning value to learned material by relating the material to their own personal experiences. In order to communicate information to such children effectively, the instructor should "personalize" the subject matter and give examples to help children connect with ways that the material is relevant to their own lives.
Interpersonal
Children whose abilities center on this intelligence will tend to focus ion the social aspect of educational activities. In order to capture and maintain their interest and attention, activities should involve group work and teamwork.
Linguistic
Children whose abilities with this intelligence will best process information presented to them verbally- descriptions should be rich and detailed.
What are the 4 different types of play in childhood link motor development with the other aspects of development?
Cognitive, social, physical, and emotional play. They all help in the overall development of a child.
Steroid hormones
Come from cholesterol and include the sex hormones.
Instructors can use _________-referenced standards to diagnose weaknesses and correct errors in skill performance because such performance standards define appropriate levels of achievement.
Criterion
Which of the following recommendations can the teacher make to parents to best promote a positive attitude toward physical fitness at home? A. Encourage children to complete physical education homework independently B. Persuade children to practice physical skills beyond their current abilities C. Provide motivation by encouraging competition among family members D. Plan physical activities that are appropriate for the whole family
D. Plan physical activities that are appropriate for the whole family
Rhythmic skill development
Dancing is an excellent activity for the development of rhythmic skills.
Stages of Motor Learning Stage 4
During adolescence, children continue to develop general and specific motor skills and master specialized movements. At this point, factors including practice, motivation, and talent begin to affect the level of further development.
Stages of Motor Learning Stage 3
During late childhood, children learn more specific movement skills. In addition, the basic motor patterns learned in Stage 2 become more fluid and automatic.
Muscle Strength Tests
Dynamometers, cable tensiometer, the 1-RM Test, bench- squat, sit-ups, and lateral pull-down
Development of the overhand throwing motion in children occurs in three stages:
Elementary stage- the child throws mainly with the arm and does not incorporate the other body movements.(foot stride on the same side as the throwing arm) Mature stage- the thrower brings the arm backward in preparation for the throw. Body rotation is still limited. Advanced stage- incorporate all the elements of the overhand throw. (thrower displays an obvious stride and body rotation.)
_____ feedback enables the athlete to establish a kinesthetic reference for the correct movement.
Extrinsic
Familial
Factors that can influence motor development and fitness relate to the student's home climate concerning physical activity. A student's own feelings toward physical activity often reflect the degree to which caregivers and role models are athletically inclined and have a positive attitude towards physical activity. The parent doesn't have to be athletically inclined , so much as it is important for them to encourage their child to explore fitness activities that could suit them.
Projecting the body for vertical distance.
For these activities (e.g. vertical leaping), the height of reach of the hand from the ground is the significant factor.
Magnitude of force
Force must overcome the inertia of the object and any other resisting forces for movement to occur.
Cardiac muscle
Found in the heart. Is striated like skeletal muscle, but differs in that the plasma membrane of the cardiac muscle causes the muscle to beat even when away from the heart.
Practice
Frequent, structured practice of motor skills enhances skill development in children.
Environmental and Health
Genetic make-up (i.e. gender, age, ethnicity) has a big influence on growth and development. Various physical and environmental factors directly affect one's personal health and fitness. Poor habits, living conditions, disease or disability can affect a person in a negative manner.
Extrinsic feedback
Information not inherent in the movement itself but which improves intrinsic feedback (this is also known as augmented feedback).
Intrinsic Feedback
Information received by the athlete as a direct result of producing a movement through the kinesthetic senses- e.g. feeling from muscles, joints, and balance.
Kinesthetic Learning
Instructors should convey information using tools and aides that the students can touch and feel and instructors should assist the students in trying out the tasks that they will perform, so they can get a feel for them.
Auditory Learning
Instructors should convey information with clear sequential descriptions of tasks.
Visual Learning
Instructors should convey information with illustrations, diagrams, and demonstrations.
Smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle found in the organs and enables functions such as digestion and respiration.
Body Awareness
Is a person's understanding of his or her own body parts and their capability of movement.
Process Assessment
Is a subjective, observational approach to identifying errors in the form, style, or mechanics of a skill.
Spacial Awareness
Is the ability to make decisions about an object's positional changes in space. (awareness of three-dimensional space position changes)
Effort Awareness
Is the knowledge of balance, time and force and how they relate to athletic movements and activities.
Pituitary gland
Located at the base of the hypothalamus; releases growth hormones and anti diuretic hormone (retention of water in kidneys)
Force Absorption
Maintaining equilibrium while receiving a moving object's kinetic energy without sustaining injury or without losing balance while rebounding.
Karvonean Formula
Max. heart rate - Resting heart rate x intensity + RHR MHR=220-age Intensity= THR (60% - 80% of MHR-RHR+RHR [(MHR)-(RHR)] x intensity + RHR.
An instructor should have the ability to identify performance errors by observing a student's ______ principles of motion during the performance of a skill.
Mechanical
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)
More advanced form of flexibility training that combines traditional stretching with muscle contraction. Effective for rehab, targets specific muscle groups and increase muscular strength Best suited for individuals training at higher levels of fitness. Not suitable for kids or persons whose bones are still growing.
Hinge
Movement is restricted to a single plane. (elbow)
Muscles
Muscle is the body's contractile tissue. Its function is to produce force and cause motion.
The components of flexibility are
Muscles, joints, tendons, and ligaments.
Many physical education instructors believe that _____ learning is the most effective method of learning motor skills.
Observational Learning
To improve cardiovascular endurance
One must perform continuous and rhythmic exercise involving large muscle groups for at least 20 minutes per day, at least three days per week, at an intensity of at least 55% of maximum heart rate.
Perceptual- motor development
One's ability to receive, interpret, and respond successfully to sensory signals coming from the environment.
31. Which of the following most accurately represents the number of pounds a person would lose if 3,500 more calories were burned rather than taken in over a span of time? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 5
Option A is correct because creating a 3,500-calorie deficit through diet and exercise will result in a weight loss of 1 pound over time. Option B is incorrect because a person would need to burn 7,000 calories to lose 2 pounds over time. Option C is incorrect because a person would need to burn 10,500 calories to lose 3 pounds over time. Option D is incorrect because a person would need to burn 17,500 calories to lose 5 pounds over time.
27. An exaggerated curvature of the vertebral column involving an excessive bending of the thoracic area toward the anterior is called A. kyphosis. B. lordosis. C. scoliosis. D. spondylosis.
Option A is correct because exaggerated upper back curvature of the vertebral column, generally involving an excessive bending of the thoracic area, is known as kyphosis. Option B is incorrect because lordosis is exaggerated lower back curvature of the vertebral column. Option C is incorrect because scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the vertebral column. Option D is incorrect because spondylosis refers to osteoarthritis of the cervical spine.
22. Which of the following best describes how regular exercise is beneficial to the brain? A. Increased levels of endorphins are released into the brain, boosting a person's mood. B. Decreased levels of proteins are released, hindering the ability of the person to develop new brain cells. C. Increased levels of lactic acid are produced, stimulating the person's energy level and allowing for sustained exercise. D. Decreased blood flow to the brain occurs both during and after the workout, allowing the person to worry less about weight gain.
Option A is correct because exercise produces endorphins in the brain resulting in an elevated mood and feelings of euphoria. Option B is incorrect because exercise activates proteins to help form new brain cells. Option C is incorrect because lactic acid is a side-effect of exercise and will lead to reducing activity. Option D is incorrect because during exercise, there is an increase in blood flow to the brain.
16. A physical education teacher is introducing students to the game of lacrosse. Which of the following adaptations is most likely to increase the success of students playing lacrosse for the first time? A. Expanding the size of the goal B. Playing without keeping score C. Creating large teams D. Using unlimited field space
Option A is correct because expanding the size of the goal allows for success for all students, including those who are new to this sport. Option B is incorrect because keeping score or not keeping score doesn't necessarily change how people play a game. Option C is incorrect because creating larger teams can lead to crowded areas in the playing space and safety issues. Option D is incorrect because using unlimited space can cause confusion with rules and boundaries.
48. Which of the following teaching practices is most likely to ensure that a physical education teacher receives legal protection against a lawsuit that might arise from a student who becomes injured in class? A. Using written lesson plans that feature curriculum activities appropriate for the age and skill level of the students B. Regularly attending in-service and staff development programs to learn about innovative physical activities and techniques C. Ensuring that the goals and objectives of the physical education program incorporate the educational mission and goals of the school D. Ensuring that general rules for student behavior and participation in physical activities are prominently posted
Option A is correct because by using written lesson plans that feature curriculum activities appropriate for the age and skill level of the students, the teacher has a documented reference of appropriate and safe practices that are being followed during class if a student becomes injured in class. Option B is incorrect because professional development does not document safe and appropriate learning. Options C and D are incorrect because incorporating the mission and goals of the school into goals and objectives of a program or posting general participation and behavior rules does not legally protect the teacher in the event a student is injured during class.
43. In the 1980s, among students who participated in high-visibility intercollegiate sports (e.g., Division I football, baseball, and basketball) which of the following was the postcollegiate experience of those who had received full athletic scholarships? A. Fewer than 5 percent of men and women went on to play their sport at a professional level. B. About 50 percent of men and women went on to play their sport at a professional level. C. About 75 percent of men and women had careers in sports management, ownership, or professional or college coaching. D. The majority of men but not of women went on to play their sport at a professional level.
Option A is correct because only a small percentage of intercollegiate athletes go on to play their sport at a professional level. Options B and D are incorrect because, although men are more likely than women to make it to the professional level, only a minority of men move on to pursue professional sports careers, and even fewer women do. Option C is incorrect because only a small percentage of men and women have careers in college or professional coaching, management, or ownership.
10. A first-grade teacher is having students march to the sound of a drumbeat. Which of the following instructions is most appropriate for teaching the movement concepts of spatial awareness and relationship awareness? A. Follow the person in front of you but keep a comfortable distance between you. B. Stomp your foot on the fourth beat of each measure, and turn to your right. C. March faster as the drumbeat gets faster but freeze when the drumbeat stops. D. Time your steps so your foot touches the ground at the same time as the drumbeat.
Option A is correct because the instruction to follow the person in front but keep a comfortable distance is focused on the movement concept of spatial awareness. Spatial awareness is the ability to see and understand objects in relation to each other and to oneself. Options B, C, and D are incorrect because the directions focus on how the body moves, not where the body moves.
20. Which of the following is an uncontrollable factor that can affect a person's health? A. Diet B. Heredity C. Smoking D. Stress
Option B is correct because heredity is inherited and uncontrollable, causing people to be predisposed to certain health-related advantages and disadvantages. Options A, C, and D are incorrect because they include factors affecting health that can be controlled by oneself.
42. Outdoor education, such as rock climbing, hiking, and kayaking classes, promotes lifelong physical activity and builds self-esteem because these activities provide students with opportunities to do which of the following? A. Mentally block out problems and distractions by meditating B. Achieve goals and experience a sense of accomplishment C. Enjoy time in nature while competing against peers D. Attempt to break personal fitness records each time they participate
Option B is correct because outdoor education courses give students the opportunity to challenge themselves as well as develop self-esteem, selfconfidence, and self-efficacy. Option A is incorrect because the benefits of outdoor education classes do not necessarily include the ability to block out distractions and meditate. Option C is incorrect because while outdoor education courses do increase students' exposure to nature and environmental resources, there should not be competition involved. Option D is incorrect because outdoor education courses can increase one's physical fitness level, however, breaking personal fitness records is not the most important benefit of participation in outdoor education courses.
26. A few days ago, a distance runner increased his running mileage. Since then he has noticed that his muscles are much more sore than usual and his times have not improved. Which of the following is the athlete most likely experiencing? A. Overtraining B. Overreaching C. Hyperplasia D. Cross-training
Option B is correct because overreaching is a short-term increase in training volume that can eventually turn into overtraining. Option A is incorrect because overtraining is a longer-term increase; with overtraining, the body requires a period of rest to recover. Option C is incorrect because hyperplasia is an increase in the amount of organic tissue that results from cell proliferation. Option D is incorrect because in cross-training, an athlete trains in a variety of sports, usually to overcome imbalances caused by only doing one type of training.
6. Which of the following forms of movement most clearly demonstrates basic skill in nonlocomotor body management? A. Hopping up and down B. Standing on a balance beam C. Leaping with variation in distance D. Throwing an object various distances
Option B is correct because standing on a balance beam is a form of movement that demonstrates a student has the basic skill of nonlocomotor body management. Options A and C are incorrect because hopping and leaping are locomotor movement skills. Option D is incorrect because throwing is a manipulative movement skill.
18. Which of the following skills should be learned first in the skill progression for a heel stop during a lesson on in-line skating? A. Shifting the weight to the left leg and rolling the right leg forward B. Aligning the body in the ready position with the arms out in front and bending slightly forward at the waist C. Tilting the right toe up to engage the heel brake and pressing down on the gymnasium floor D. Dragging one skate behind and perpendicular to the other
Option B is correct because students should be instructed to achieve proper balance for skating before beginning to stop. Options A, C, and D are incorrect because students should learn how to position the body correctly for balance before learning the brake steps. When learning progression in skating, students should learn proper movement progression, balance, and body positioning before learning brake steps.
49. Which of the following statements is the most accurate interpretation of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 as it pertains to sports and physical education? A. Physical education teachers are required to modify lesson plans to accommodate students with disabilities. B. Males and females must have an equal opportunity to participate in sports and physical education in any school or entity receiving federal financial assistance. C. The government must provide equal sports and physical education funding to all of the school districts within a state. D. Coaches must allow eligible players who are passing all academic subjects to participate in school sports.
Option B is correct because Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 states that males and females must have an equal opportunity to participate in sports and physical education in any school or entity receiving federal financial assistance. Option A is incorrect because accommodating students with disabilities is covered in Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Option C is incorrect because funding of sports and physical education comes from state, local and federal government, which may vary between school districts. Option D is incorrect because rules and regulations for participation in school sports are established by the school district.
13. Several students in a physical education class are having difficulty reaching the basket with their shots, even while using a youth-sized ball. Which of the following options is most appropriate for the teacher to introduce to increase the students' success? A. Allowing students to use a balloon instead of a basketball B. Lowering the height of the basketball goal C. Raising the height of the basketball goal D. Allowing students to use a bouncy playground ball
Option B is correct because by lowering the height of the basketball goal, the teacher is decreasing the distance the students need to throw and increasing the likelihood that they will successfully make a basket. Options A and D are incorrect because changing the ball will not make it easier for the students to reach the goal. Option C is incorrect because increasing the height of the basketball goal will increase the distance the ball must travel and make the task more challenging for students.
9. In swimming, which of the following sequences is correct for the breaststroke? A. Pull, kick, inhale, glide B. Pull, inhale, kick, glide C. Glide, pull, inhale, kick D. Kick, glide, inhale, pull
Option B is correct because during the breaststroke, the arms pull out and back toward the body while the head and upper body lift for a breath and the knees bend to prepare for the kick. After the kick, the upper body and arms are in the glide position. Therefore, the sequence for the breaststroke is pull, inhale, kick, and glide. Options A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not describe the proper sequence of the breaststroke.
1. Milestones of refined finger control can be expected at which of the following ages? A. 4 years old B. 8 years old C. 12 years old D. 16 years old
Option B is correct because finger control is generally quite refined at the 8-year-old milestone of fine motor skill development. Option A is incorrect because at 4 years old, a child is progressing but not yet at a refined-level fine-motor skill development. Fine-motor skills typically develop in a reasonably consistent pattern, starting from birth and, with practice, can be refined throughout adulthood. However, options C and D are incorrect because a 12 year old and a 16 year old should have already reached the milestone of refinement in finger control by 8 years old.
17. A community golf course is located next to the high school. A physical education teacher has a golf unit planned and makes arrangements with the course to use its practice facilities during class. Students will be able to practice putting, chipping and driving. Which of the following is most important for the teacher to do to ensure the lessons run smoothly during the unit? A. Tell students they must dress in appropriate golf attire B. Ensure that the course has an adequate inventory of practice equipment C. Require students to take golf lessons before the unit D. Have students study the different types of turf on the course
Option B is correct because in order for the teacher to effectively instruct students, enough practice equipment must be available for all students. Option A is incorrect because proper golf attire is not required in a physical education setting. Option C is incorrect because the teacher is responsible for developing students' golf skills and should assume that students have not had prior golf lessons. Option D is incorrect because having students study the different types of turf surfaces will not ensure that the lesson will run smoothly.
33. According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, children and adolescents should engage in muscle- and bone-strengthening activities at least A. four days per week. B. three days per week. C. two days per week. D. one day per week.
Option B is correct because the United States Department of Health and Human Services recommends that children and adolescents should engage in muscle- and bonestrengthening physical activity at least three days of the week. Options A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not exist as appropriate recommendations for bone-strengthening physical activity.
23. Which of the following best describes VO2 max? A. The system that provides most of the oxygen needed for long-duration or endurance exercises B. The maximum amount of oxygen that an individual can use during maximal or exhaustive exercise C. The method by which the body supplies energy for short, high-intensity bursts of activity lasting several minutes D. The way the circulatory and respiratory systems supply energy to the working muscles for sustained activity
Option B is correct because the definition of VO2 max is the maximum rate of oxygen consumption measured during incremental exercise. Option A is incorrect because the system that provides most of the oxygen needed for long-duration or endurance exercises refers to aerobic metabolism, or the set of metabolic reactions that convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Option C is incorrect because the method by which the body supplies energy for short, high-intensity bursts of activity refers to anaerobic metabolism, where the system uses respiration without oxygen. Option D is incorrect because the manner in which energy is supplied from the circulatory and respiratory systems to the muscles for sustained activity is a definition of endurance.
30. Which of the following tests is used to determine muscular strength? A. Twelve-minute walk/run test B. One-repetition max test C. Sit-and-reach test D. Twenty-meter shuttle run test
Option B is correct because the one-repetition max test is a standard test for muscular strength. Option A is incorrect because the twelve-minute walk/run test is a cardiovascular fitness test. Option C is incorrect because the sit-and-reach test is a flexibility test. Option D is incorrect because the twenty-meter shuttle run test is an agility test.
25. To prepare his class for a unit on aerobic exercise, Mr. Peal taught his students the Karvonen formula to calculate their heart rate (HR) for a specific training intensity. One of the components of this calculation is the heart rate reserve (HRR). The HRR is used to determine the HR to be attained during exercise, which is calculated by doing which of the following? A. Adding the resting HR to the blood pressure reading B. Subtracting the resting HR from the maximal HR C. Dividing the maximal HR by the resting HR D. Multiplying the resting HR by the maximal HR
Option B is correct because this is the proper way to utilize the Karvonen formula in calculating the heart rate reserve by subtracting the resting HR from the maximal HR. Options A, C, and D are incorrect because the Karvonen formula requires the participant to subtract their resting HR from the maximal HR to calculate the heart rate reserve.
5. To best provide students with positive corrective feedback, a physical education teacher should do which of the following? A. Take visual observation notes on each student's performance B. Provide students with verbal cues as they practice skills C. Offer students written critiques after they demonstrate their ability D. Record students executing the skill using slow-motion video
Option B is correct because verbal cuing enhances attention and provides information that visual observation alone cannot provide. Option A is incorrect because visual observation allows the teacher to evaluate the student and does not offer ways to fix any errors produced while performing the motor skill. Option C is incorrect because a written critique could provide unclear explanations for improvement and may not help the student improve in a positive manner because of the potential lack of clarity. Additionally, the feedback is delayed and cannot be applied to begin making correction immediately and the student may never read the feedback. Option D is incorrect because recording the students' movements in slow motion is a way to evaluate the students' performance. In order to provide them with feedback, the teacher would need to discuss the slowmotion video with the students individually.
37. In a certain kindergarten class, about half of the students use an immature form when jumping, and the remaining students use a mature form. Which of the following statements best explains the difference in ability? A. The students jumping with mature form may have started school a year early. B. The students jumping with mature form have developed at a faster rate. C. Females develop physical abilities at a much slower rate than males. D. Motor ability is directly related to parental involvement.
Option B is correct because while there are age-related guidelines as to when students achieve milestones of development, some mature at a faster rate than others. Option A is incorrect because it is unlikely that all the students with mature jumps started school a year early. Option C is incorrect because the question did not differentiate between males and females. Some girls may be mature jumpers at this stage, and some boys may not be. Option D is incorrect because while parental involvement may have some impact on students' jumping ability, overall development and natural ability have the biggest impact.
12. Which of the following activities best represents a way in which a student can help to extend his or her shooting range in basketball to make a three-point shot? A. Facing the basket after catching a basketball at the three-point line and preparing to release the ball while aiming for the shooter's square B. Keeping the palms facing the basket and protecting the ball with two hands on the same side before using a finger roll while shooting C. Shooting five feet from the basket until an all-net shot is made, then moving back one step and repeating the process D. Aligning the feet comfortably on the free throw line with bent knees before releasing the ball with the shooting hand
Option C is correct because adjusting the distance from closer to farther as each distance is mastered helps to extend the shooting range and accuracy of the three-point shot in basketball. Option A is incorrect because the activities described are similar to those that help develop the triple-threat move in basketball. Option B is incorrect because the sequence of activities described helps with performing the lay-up shot in basketball. Option D is incorrect because the movement progress describes skills needed to develop a good free throw in basketball. A free throw does not help extend a student's shooting ability for a threepoint throw.
40. According to current research in the field of physical education, which of the following best promotes student participation in lifelong physical activity? A. Learning how to play popular sports and games B. Playing for a team that wins games regularly C. Acquiring basic skills needed to participate in a variety of activities D. Becoming familiar with common gymnasium equipment
Option C is correct because current research indicates that when students acquire the basic skills needed to participate in a variety of activities, they will be more willing and confident in their ability to do so. Option A is incorrect because not all popular sports and games will appeal to some students. Option B is incorrect because it is unlikely that students will always be on a winning team and it is important for a teacher to educate students on how to win and lose gracefully. Option D is incorrect because becoming familiar with common gymnasium equipment will not teach students how to use the equipment to participate in lifelong physical activity.
4. Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is typically associated with which of the following types of muscle contractions? A. Isometric B. Concentric C. Eccentric D. Co-contraction
Option C is correct because delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is generally associated with activities that cause muscles to lengthen while force is applied. This is eccentric muscle contraction. Options A and B are incorrect because the muscles endure higher forces and more soreness after eccentric exercise than during isometric and concentric exercises. Option D is incorrect because cocontraction is the synergistic activation of a group of muscles, such as the core, that provides support to perform exercises correctly.
36. Which of the following methods best demonstrates effective teaching behavior using nonverbal communication during physical education class? A. Pointing to the next station to direct students to a new activity B. Telling the class that they are spending too much time changing their clothes for gym C. Looking students in the eye while giving individual feedback on a skill they are performing D. Asking students to respond to feedback from their peers during an activity
Option C is correct because looking directly at the students provides them with a clear nonverbal cue to reinforce specific feedback about skill performance. Option A is incorrect because pointing does not provide students with information on what they are supposed to do when they get to a new activity. Options B and D are incorrect because they are verbal cues that do not provide specific feedback to students.
29. Which of the following abdominal-strength exercises benefits the rectus abdominis muscle while protecting the lower back? A. Keeping the knees straight while doing half sit-ups B. Keeping the knees straight while doing full sit-ups C. Bending the knees at a 90-degree angle while doing half sit-ups D. Bending the knees at a 90-degee angle while doing full sit-ups
Option C is correct because performing half sit-ups with the knees bent at a 90-degree angle is the optimal way to strengthen the abdominal muscles without placing stress on the lower back. Options A, B, and D are incorrect because performing full sit-ups or half sit-ups with the knees straight creates a high-compression force that places strain on lower back muscles.
46. A high school administrator has decided to focus on incorporating physical education across all academic disciplines for the upcoming school year. Which of the following is the most appropriate strategy for executing the plan? A. Having physical education teachers give fifteen-minute presentations during planning periods about the benefits of physical activity and academic success B. Asking outstanding senior athletes to explain to teachers how being physically fit has helped them throughout their high school years C. Using planning periods as a time for teachers to co-plan units incorporating physical activity throughout the disciplines D. Showing a presentation during back-to-school night that encourages students and parents to become aware of the benefits of physical education
Option C is correct because representatives from each discipline can best work together during planning periods to integrate units across curriculums. Option A is incorrect because it does not establish a relationship between subjects. Option B is incorrect because student athletes speaking about fitness has nothing to do with cross-curricular teaching strategies. Option D is incorrect because a presentation about the awareness of physical education does not achieve cross-curriculum integration.
44. Which of the following factors is most highly correlated with positive gains in motor learning and achievement in a physical education classroom setting? A. Provision of feedback that is mainly linked to results or outcomes rather than performance B. The amount of time students are physically active and having fun, regardless of the activity C. The amount of time students spend engaged successfully in activities related to lesson objectives D. Provision of feedback that is primarily nonverbal rather than verbal in nature
Option C is correct because active student learning time in which students are engaged in activities directly related to the lesson's objective is highly correlated with a positive gain in motor learning in a physical education setting. Option A is incorrect because the feedback on the performance of the skill is more important than the outcome. Option B is incorrect because all activities should be taught and performed with a lesson objective in mind. Option D is incorrect because verbal feedback is more successful in a physical education setting.
7. Which of the following activities is considered an open skill? A. Bowling B. Putting a golf ball C. Batting in a softball game D. Shooting a basketball free throw
Option C is correct because batting in a softball game is performed in a constantly changing environment and so is considered an open skill. Options A, B, and D are incorrect because bowling, putting a golf ball, and shooting a free throw are generally performed in an unchanging environment at the pace of the performer, making these closed skills.
28. Which of the following is the best activity to increase muscular endurance? A. Resistance training using high repetitions and light weight B. Resistance training using low repetitions and heavy weight C. Isotonic resistance training D. Plyometric resistance training
Option C is correct because during isotonic resistance training, the muscles shorten while lifting a constant load, increasing blood flow to muscles and muscular endurance. Options A and B are incorrect because using high repetitions and light weights or low repetitions and heavy weights describes resistance training that develops muscular strength. Option D is incorrect because plyometric resistance training is designed to increase muscular power and explosiveness.
19. Students in a physical education class are about to begin a warm-up jog. Which of the following is the most appropriate advice for the teacher to give them regarding proper jogging technique? A. Moving hands and arms across the body's midline B. Limiting movement at the knees and ankles C. Maintaining an upright and stable body posture D. Lowering the chest and lunging forward
Option C is correct because of the choices listed, the most important in jogging would be to maintain an upright and stable body posture. Option A is incorrect because moving the hands and arms across the body's midline has no impact on proper jogging technique. Option B is incorrect because a person should actually have good flexibility in the knees and ankles during jogging. Option D is incorrect because lowering the chest and lunging forward would be the opposite of an upright and stable posture.
21. Which of the following are the four components, or principles, of training and exercise? A. Health, skill, body composition, and flexibility B. Speed, power, balance, and coordination C. Frequency, intensity, time, and type of activity D. Agility, reaction time, endurance, and strength
Option C is correct because the four components of fitness and exercise are frequency, intensity, time, and type of activity. Options A, B, and D are incorrect because they are combinations of health- and skill-related components.
8. In the assessment of running form, which of the following should be the same for long-distance running and sprinting? A. The amount of arm swing B. The amount of upper-body lean C. The part of the foot used to push off D. The degree of foreleg extension
Option C is correct because the part of the foot used to push off when doing either a sprint or a longdistance run should be the ball of the foot. Option A is incorrect because the amount of arm swing is generally greater during sprinting than during long-distance running. Option B is incorrect because the amount of upper-body lean is generally greater during the initial phases of sprinting than during long-distance running. Option D is incorrect because compared with long-distance running, sprinting requires greater power; therefore, the degree of foreleg extension in sprinting would be smaller.
14. When teaching a new skill for a particular sport, which of the following should the teacher do first? A. Provide drills to lead up to the skill B. Have students practice the skill C. Introduce the skill D. Provide feedback to correct errors
Option C is correct because when teaching a new skill to students for any sport, the teacher should always introduce the skill first to the students. Option A is incorrect because providing drills to lead up to the skill should occur after the skill has been introduced. Option B is incorrect because having students practice the skill should occur after the skill has been introduced and lead-up drills have been performed. Option D is incorrect because feedback should be provided after the skill has been introduced, lead-up drills have been performed, and students have had an opportunity to practice the newly learned skill.
47. A portion of Texas Senate Bill 530 mandates that all students in Texas take a fitness test. How often must each student take a fitness test? A. Once every six weeks B. Once every nine weeks C. Twice a semester D. Once a year
Option D is correct because according to Texas Senate Bill 530, students in grades 3-12 are required to undergo a yearly fitness test. Options A, B, and C are incorrect because Texas Senate Bill 530 only requires fitness testing once a year.
41. Which of the following is the best plan for a student who wants to begin a personal fitness program? A. Joining a gym that offers only group activities and exercises B. Focusing specifically on one type of activity or exercise C. Allotting time for extended sessions of high-intensity exercise D. Choosing a variety of activities in which to participate
Option D is correct because before beginning any personal fitness program a student should decide which activities he or she enjoys. In setting goals and developing a personal fitness plan, a student should consider different activities but should choose an activity that he or she enjoys enough to do on a regular basis. Option A is incorrect because a student may not have access to a gym or may prefer individual activities over group activities. Option B is incorrect because a common mistake when starting an exercise program is focusing on only one activity or exercise. Option C is incorrect because a student should not exercise for too long or with too much intensity. Children and adolescents should do 60 minutes (one hour) or more of physical activity each day, which should be incorporated throughout the day.
3. Which of the following terms best explains why a young student has greater control of his or her upper torso than of his or her legs and feet? A. Component stages B. Proximodistal development C. Developmental biodynamics D. Cephalocaudal development
Option D is correct because cephalocaudal development describes physical development that starts from the head and then progresses to the lower parts of the body, such as the legs and feet. Option A is incorrect because component stages do not exist as part of physical development. Option B is incorrect because proximodistal development describes physical development from the center of the body, such as the spinal cord, with progression outward to the fingers and toes. Option C is incorrect because developmental biodynamics is a field that describes brain, body, and behavior connections as related to motor development.
45. In addition to teaching students movement skills, physical education programs should incorporate cooperative group activities that provide students with natural and valuable opportunities. The physical education teacher can best achieve this through which of the following strategies? A. Ensuring students understand the superior benefits of competing against oneself rather than against others B. Developing students' familiarity with and use of effective organizational and leadership traits and styles C. Ensuring students understand the structure and dynamics of groups and how to best work within that setting D. Developing in students a variety of positive social skills, attitudes, and behaviors
Option D is correct because developing a variety of positive social skills, attitudes, and behaviors in a physical education setting best embodies cooperative learning among students. Options A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not reflect or help to achieve appropriate cooperative learning strategies within a physical education setting.
2. The relationship between personal-social skills and physical education is most accurately described by which of the following statements? A. Personal-social skills should be addressed in the physical education class through direct instruction. B. The physical education class reinforces the personal-social skills learned at home. C. In the physical education class, personal-social skills are typically addressed after fitness and motor skills are developed. D. Personal-social skills typically develop concurrently with fitness and motor skills, given a physical education class with the proper environment.
Option D is correct because physical education directly contributes to fitness, motor skill development, and personal-social development when instruction is given in a safe and supportive environment. Options A and C are incorrect because social skills should be incorporated into the physical education class instruction indirectly, accompanied with fitness and motor skill development. Option B is incorrect because social skills learned at home are generally unknown to the teacher and could possibly be inappropriate.
24. Which of the following best explains why age-predicted maximal heart rate is used to regulate the intensity of aerobic exercise? A. Perceived exertion and exercise duration are inversely correlated. B. Exercise intensity and exercise duration are inversely correlated. C. Exercise velocity and exercise intensity are directly correlated. D. Heart rate and oxygen consumption are closely related.
Option D is correct because as the body moves from rest to exercise, the heart rate begins to increase steadily. This allows for faster oxygen delivery to the working tissues and muscles, which allows for an increase in oxygen consumption. The age-predicted maximal heart rate method is simple and objective in that it uses age alone to predict maximal heart rate during activity. Options A, B, and C are incorrect because agepredicted maximal heart rate does not take into consideration perceived exertion, exercise duration, exercise intensity, or exercise velocity.
38. A student is most likely to be self-motivated and engage in physical activities long term when the student A. participates in physical activities several times a week at school. B. understands the effects of physical activity versus the effects of nonactivity. C. knows the rules and understands a wide variety of team sports. D. possesses the knowledge, skills, and attitude to lead a healthy lifestyle.
Option D is correct because by educating students with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to lead a healthy lifestyle, students will be more self-motivated to do so for a lifetime. Option A is incorrect because a physical education teacher's main goal is for all students to be physically active, not only in the classroom but for a lifetime. Option B is incorrect because although it is important to know the effects of physical activity and nonactivity, it will not necessarily incline students to participate in physical activity. Option C is incorrect because knowing the rules and understanding a particular sport will not necessarily lead students to participate in the sport or activity.
11. Which of the following biomechanical principles must be applied prior to a leap to achieve the greatest height possible? A. Using rotational inertia with a leg extension B. Maintaining a steady center of gravity C. Establishing balance and pointing the feet D. Creating speed and applying force from the legs
Option D is correct because the height of a leap is affected by the force and speed. The more force that is placed on the legs, the more power is generated for the leap. Option A is incorrect because torque and rotational inertia are the physics principles that can affect the speed and balance of your spin. You slow down when the leg is extended and speed up when the leg is retracted. Option B is incorrect because timing the leap to raise your center of gravity at the peak of the parabola creates an illusion of maintaining center of gravity. Option C is incorrect because when balancing on your toes, you are exerting a force against the floor that is equal to the force of gravity being exerted on you. This results in a zero-sum force acting on the body, placing you in your center of gravity.
15. Which of the following refers to the soccer ball size that is most appropriate for students 13 years or older? A. 1 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
Option D is correct because the largest size soccer ball is an adult ball that is considered a size 5. Option A is incorrect because a size 1 ball is a peewee ball that is used for skills and small children. Option B is incorrect because a size 3 ball is a junior ball that is used for children 8 and under. Option C is incorrect because a size 4 ball is a youth ball that is used for children ages 8 to 12.
50. An elementary school has created a policy that prohibits students from using physical education or playground equipment unless a teacher is present. The primary reason for the policy is to reduce the risk of A. practice-restriction violations. B. curriculum deviations. C. equipment damage. D. student injury.
Option D is correct because the school wants to limit liability of injury because of misuse of the equipment. Options A and B are incorrect because the school would not have any problems with either of these issues. Option C is incorrect because the school is less concerned with the damage to the equipment than it is with a student being injured and a potential lawsuit stemming from the injury.
34. Which of the following groups of athletes has the greatest risk of developing early osteoporosis because of insufficient calcium intake? A. Female basketball players B. Male track-and-field sprinters C. Male swimming sprinters D. Female gymnasts
Option D is correct because, in addition to gymnastics being a weight-centric sport, females are predisposed toward osteoporosis, thus putting female gymnasts at high risk for early onset of the condition. Option A is incorrect because, although females in general are predisposed toward osteoporosis, the condition is not determined by participation in a particular sport. Options B and C are incorrect because males in general do not have a high risk for osteoporosis, nor is the condition determined by participation in a particular sport.
39. In a problem-solving classroom culture, which TWO of the following are the primary responsibilities of the physical education teacher? A. To foster and promote decision making among learners B. To maintain an overall emphasis on inquiry C. To serve as the ultimate decision maker D. To ensure that students follow classroom rules
Options A and B are correct because a classroom culture that supports problem solving fosters and promotes decision making among learners and maintains an emphasis on student inquiry. Option C is incorrect because the teacher serves as a guide, while students are encouraged to reach decisions on their own. Option D is incorrect because students can work out the rules together, through discussion, rather than the teacher setting and enforcing the rules.
32. The use of anabolic-androgenic steroids is known to deepen the voice and increase the growth of body hair, muscle size, and aggression. Which TWO of the following are the main reasons for the changes? A. The substances are nearly identical to male sex hormones B. The substances function in the human body as testosterone C. The substances are nearly identical to carbohydrates D. The substances speed up cell metabolism
Options A and B are correct because anabolic-androgenic steroids are the synthetic variants of the male sex hormone testosterone and function in the human body to increase male sexual characteristics such as a deepened voice and increased growth of body hair, muscle size, and aggression. Option C is incorrect because the substances in anabolic-androgenic steroids are nearly identical to male sex hormones. Option D is incorrect because the use of anabolicandrogenic steroids to speed up cell metabolism could increase the risk of liver damage and increase a person's chance of having a heart attack or a stroke.
35. When preparing lesson plan objectives, the physical education teacher should refer to which THREE of the following? A. National standards B. Local curriculums C. State standards D. United States Bill of Rights
Options A, B, and C are correct because when a physical education teacher is writing lesson plan objectives, he or she should refer to the national standards, state standards, and local curriculums. Option D is incorrect because the United States Bill of Rights is not a useful reference document for teachers writing lesson plan objectives.
Perceived exertion
Participants describe how hard they feel they are working based on physical sensations such as muscle fatigue, sweating, heart rate, and breathing rate.
Adolescents with _______ motor coordination problems are at risk for poor school performance, low self-esteem, and inadequate physical activity participation.
Perceptual
Training principle
Performance of a certain mode of exercise will not necessarily carry over to the other modes. e.g. a cyclist will not necessarily be able to perform a running program with the same elements of frequency, intensity, and time.
Muscles used in the Underhand Throw
Posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres major, anterior deltoid, biceps.
Self-Assessment
Powerful tool in motor skill development. Requires students to assess their own skills and abilities encourages students to reflect upon their current skill level and take control of the development process.
Psychological
Psychological influences on motor development and fitness include a student's mental well-being, perceptions of fitness activities, and level of comfort in a fitness-training environment (both alone and within a group).
Product Assessment
Quantitative measures of a movent's end result, to evaluate objectively fundamental skills. How far, how fast, how high, or how many are the quantitative measures of product assessments.
What are 2 types of Manipulative skills?
Receptive (catch + trap) Propulsive (throw, strike, kick)
Cardiovascular Fitness
Relates to the ability to perform moderate to high intensity exercise for a prolonged period.
Flexibility Tests
Sit and reach, Kraus-Webber Floor touch Test, trunk extension, forward bend of trunk, Leighton Flexometer, shoulder rotation/ flexion, and goniometer.
Object control
Skills that help students remain fit and agile. They help students become better performers. Physical educators will often combine a number of object control skills to enhance a child's reflexes.
Criterion-referenced test (superior to a standardized test)
Standardized norm-referenced test Can provide valid and reliable data for objectively measuring fundamental skills.
Cooper's Formula to determine target heart range is
THR= (220 - age) x.60 to (220 - age) x .80
Calesthenics
The best form of exercises in order to increase muscular development and strength.
Economic
The economic situation of students can affect their motor development and fitness because lack of resources and detract from the ability of parents to provide access to extra-curricular activities that promote development, proper fitness training equipment, and even adequate nutrition.
Projecting objects for vertical distance
The forces of gravity and air resistance prevent vertically projected objects from continuing at their initial velocities.
Societal
The general perceptions around them about the importance of fitness activities will necessarily have an effect on their own choice regarding physical activity. "playground to Play Station"
proprioception and kinesthesia
The sense of the relative position of neighboring parts of the body. Internal sense that provides feedback solely on the status of the body internally.
Manipulative Skills
Use body parts to propel or receive an object, controlling objects primarily with the hands and feet. Bouncing/Dribbling, catching, kicking, rolling, striking, throwing, trapping.
_____ are antigens given in very small amounts?
Vaccines
Static Stretching
Very effective in increasing muscle flexibility. Necessary to warm up before these stretches. It involves participants stretching to the farthest point possible and holding for several seconds.
_____ observation of proper skill performance by an instructor or peer is generally more effective in promoting skill development than verbal instructions.
Visual
Skeletal muscle
Voluntary muscles that are attached to bone and are responsible for movement.
Positive Feedback
When a skill is learned it goes into short term memory and receives positive feedback. The skill may eventually go into their long-term memory, creating memory that is more permanent. Encourage the performer and helps in making the performer remember every aspect of the performance.
Hyponutremia
When you drink too much water during exercise. This causes a low sodium content in the body.
Projecting for horizontal distance
a will continue to travel horizontally until an external force, usually the ground, halts it.
Balance
activities for balance include having children move on their hands and feet, lean, move on lines, and balance and hold shapes while moving.
Reversibility of training Principle
all gains in fitness are lost with the discontinuance of a training program.
Ball and socket
allows for rotational movement. (shoulder)
Pivot
allows for the rotation of the forearm at the elbow and the hands at the wrist.
Pushing
applying force against an object or person to move it away from one's body or to move one's body away from the object or person.
Body support activities and calesthenics
are good exercises for young students or beginners of all ages. Such exercises use multiple muscle groups and have minimal risk of injury.
Nonlocomotor Skills
are stability skills where the movement requires little or no movement of one's base of support and does not result in change of position. Bending, dodging, stretching, twisting, turning, swinging, pushing, pulling.
Essential nutrients
are those nutrients that the body needs but cannot make. 4 groups- essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals.
Ligaments
attach bone to bone
Tendons
attach bone to muscle.
Spermatogenesis
begins at puberty in the male. One spermatogonia, the diploid precursor of sperm, produces four sperm.
There are 5 health related components of physical activity
cardio-respiratory or cardiovascular endurance, muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, and body composition.
Movement skills
center on the integration of balance and proprioceptive skills to produce movement that effectively manages the weight distribution of the body.
Turning
circular moving of the body through space releasing the base of support.
Swinging
circular/pendular movements of the body/body parts below an axis.
Hormones
circulate in the bloodstream and stimulate actions when they interact with target tissue.
Central nervous system
consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for the body's response to environmental stimuli.
Peripheral nervous system
consists of the nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
Sequential development and activities for LOCOMOTOR skills acquisition.
crawl, creep, walk, run, jump, hop, gallop, slide, leap, skip, step-hop.
Dynamic Stretching
effective for warming up muscles groups and moderately improving flexibility. Avoid sudden jerky movements. Involves slow, steady movements through a range of motion. Example is arm and leg swings.
The function of the _______ system is to manufacture proteins called hormones.
endocrine
Kinetic energy
energy possessed by virtue of motion that increases with speed.
Elastic (strain) potential energy
energy potential of an object to do work while recoiling (or reforming) after stretching, compressing, or twisting.
Pulling
executing force to cause objects/people to move toward one's body.
Stretching
extending/hyper-extending joints to make body parts as straight or as long as possible.
Projecting for vertical distance with a horizontal component
for these activities (high jumping), a running approach to the point of takeoff produces from horizontal velocity even with a 100% vertical takeoff.
Objects with a fixed point
force applied anywhere other than through the point of fixations results in object rotation.
Linear movement
force applied close to the center of gravity requires a smaller magnitude of force to move the object than does force applied farther from the center of gravity.
Rotational movement
force applied farther from the center of gravity requires a smaller magnitude of force to rotate the object than does force applied closer to the center of gravity.
Fundamental Movement skills
form an indispensable part of all physical activity and physical education. Such basic movement skills are extremely important for children in their early years. These particular skills include running, stopping, changing direction, starting, hopping, skipping, and rolling.
We can modify overload by varying ____, ____, and ____?
frequency, intensity, time
The manner in which children hop, jump, skip, run, climb, and play....
greatly facilitates their motor and physical development and helps to build other aspects of their personality.
Physiological benefits of physical activity include:
improved: cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, muscle endurance,flexibility, ability of the body to utilize oxygen. quicker rate of recovery, more lean muscle mass and less body fat, lower resting heart rate, increased cardiac output, lower cholesterol levels.
Rhythmic Skills
include responding and moving the body in time with the beat, tempo, or pitch of music.
Rolling
initiating force to an object to instill contact with a surface.
Bone
is a connective tissue
Target Heart Rate (THR)
is a desired range of heart rate reached during aerobic exercise, which allows a students heart and lungs to receive the most benefit from a workout.
A joint
is a place where two bones meet
Body composition
is an essential measure of health and fitness. The most important aspects of body composition are body fat percentage and ratio of body fat to muscle.
Antigen
is any foreign particle that elicits an immune response.
Overload Principle
is exercising at an above normal level to improve physical or physiological capacity. (a higher than normal workload)
Specificity Principle
is overloading a particular fitness component. In order to improve a component of fitness, you must isolate and specifically work on a single component.
Muscle strength during weight training
is the ability of the muscles to exert force during an activity. Helps the muscles to perform without fatigue.
Immunity
is the body's ability to recognize and destroy an antigen before it causes harm.
Cardiovascular endurance
is the body's ability to sustain aerobic activities for extended periods.
Phagocytosis
is the ingestion of foreign particles.
Muscle strength
is the muscle groups' ability to contract and support a given amount of weight.
Flexibility
is the muscle groups' ability to stretch and bend.
Heart rate
is the number of times the heart beats per minute.
Gametogensesis
is the production of the sperm and egg cell.
Static Flexibility
is the range of motion without a consideration for speed of movement.
Dynamic Flexibility
is the use of the desired range of motion at a desired velocity
The ______ are the primary organs in the excretory system.
kidneys
Hypothalamus
located in the lower brain; signals the pituitary gland.
Gonads
located in the testes of the male and ovaries of the female; testes release androgens to support sperm formation and ovaries release estrogen to stimulate uterine lining growth and progesterone to promote uterine lining growth.
Thyroid gland
located on the trachea; lowers blood calcium levels (calcitonin) and maintains metabolic processes (thyroxine).
Horizontal projections where take off and landing heights are equal
maximum horizontal distance occurs when the projection angle is 45 degrees.
Locomotor Skills
move an individual from one point to another. Crawling, creeping, walking, running, jumping, vaulting, leaping, hopping, galloping, sliding, body rolling, climbing.
Bending
movement around a joint where two body parts meet.
Reproductive maturity in boys.
occurs with their first ejaculation of viable sperm
Reproductive maturity in girls
occurs with their first menstruation.
gravitational potential energy
potential energy of an object that is in a position where gravity can act on it.
Antibodies
recognize and latch onto antigens, hopefully destroying them.
Specific immune mechanism
recognizes specific foreign material and responds by destroying the invader.
Aerobic
refers to conditioning or exercise that requires the use of oxygen to derive energy. It is essential for fat loss, energy production, and effective functioning of the cardiovascular system.
Spatial orientation
refers to the process of aligning or positioning oneself with respect to a specific direction or reference system.
Psychological benefits of physical activity include
relief of stress, improved mental health, better physical health, reduced mental tension, better resistance to fatigue, better quality of life, more enjoyment of leisure, better capability to handle some stressors, opportunity for successful experiences.
Twisting
rotating body/body parts around an axis with stationary base.
swaying
same as swinging but movement is above an axis.
Pancreas
secretes insulin to lower blood glucose levels and glucagon to raise blood glucose levels.
Dodging
sharp change of direction from original line of movement such as away from a person or object.
Muscle Endurance Tests
squat-thrust, pull-ups, sit-ups, lateral pull-down, bench- press, arm curl, push-ups, and dips
Sequential development and activities for NONLOCOMOTOR skill aquisition.
stretch, bend, sit, shake, turn, rock and sway, swing, twist, dodge, and fall.
Sequential development for Manipulative skill.
striking, throwing, kicking, ball rolling, volleying, bouncing, catching, and trapping.
Inertia
tendency of a body or object to remain in its present state of motion. An object will stay in a prescribed straight path and will move at its given speed unless some force acts to change it.
Progression Principle States
that once the body adapts to the original load/stress, no further improvement of a component of fitness will occur without the addition of an additional load.
Muscle endurance
the ability of the muscles to perform physical tasks over a period of time without becoming fatigued
Hand eye coordination
the ability of the visual perception system to coordinate the information received through the eyes to control, guide, and direct the hands in the accomplishment of a given task.
First-class lever
the axis is between the points of application of the force and the resistance.
Energy
the capacity to do work.
Second-class lever
the force arm is longer than the resistance arm. (operator applies resistance between the axis and the point of application of force)
Striking non-resistive surfaces
the force of impact decreases if the moving object's area of surface making contact decreases because it is more likely to penetrate.
Striking resistive surfaces
the force of impact per unit area decreases when the moving object's area of surface making contact increases and the surface area that the object strikes increases.
Third-class lever
the force works at a point between the axis and the resistance. (the resistance arm is always longer than the force arm)
Horizontal projections where takeoff and landing heights are uneven
the height of an object center of gravity depends on a performer's height and his/her location in relation to the ground upon release or impact of the object.
Horizontal plane targets
the more vertically the projectile arrives at the target, the greater the likelihood of successfully hitting the target and preventing the object from rolling or sliding away from the target area.
Acceleration
the movement response (acceleration) of a system depends not only on the net external force applied, but also depends on the resistance to movement change (inertia)
Sociological benefits of physical activity include
the opportunity to spend time with family and friends and make new friends, the opportunity to be part of a team, the opportunity to participate in competitive experiences, the opportunity to experience the thrill of victory.
Non-specific immune mechanism
the physical barrier of the body. (skin and mucous)
Oogenesis
the production of egg cells (ova), is usually complete by the birth of a female.
Throwing
using one or both arms to project an object into midair away from the body.
The CNS contains fluid filled spaces called ____.
ventricles
Students experiencing depression....
will tend to be apathetic and lack both the energy and inclination to participate in fitness activities. As a result, their motor development and fitness levels will suffer.
Trapping
without the use of the hands, receiving and controlling a ball.
