ECI 165 - Lecture 14: Zero Emission Vehicles
plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
-A hybrid electric vehicle that can be recharged by plugging it in to an external source of electric power as well by its on-board engine and generator, can operate solely on electric power
brushless DC motor
A brushless DC (BLDC) motor is powered by direct current and has electronic commutation systems instead of the mechanical brushes and commutators used in brushed dc motors.
Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)
A car that combines the engine of a conventional vehicle with the battery and electric motor of an electric vehicle, allowing it to achieve twice the fuel economy of a conventional car
generator
A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
brushed DC motor
An internally commutated electric motor designed to be run from a direct current power source
electric vehicle market growth
EVs have experienced steady growth over the last decade, stagnated in 2019 and 2020 but returned to substantial growth in 2021
state of charge
Is the percentage of energy remaining in a battery compared to the fully charged capacity
PHEV configurations
Series: engine can only power the battery, not the drivetrain Parallel: engine can only power the drivetrain, not the battery Series-parallel: engine can power both the battery and the drivetrain
power density
The ratio of the power available from a battery to its mass (W/kg) or volume (W/l).
battery cell
a device that produces an electric current by converting chemical or radiant energy into electrical energy
Faraday's law of induction
a law which states that changing a magnetic field with time creates an electric field
module of battery
a smaller unit within a battery pack, comprising multiple interconnected cells
depth of discharge
amount of battery discharged in a cycle
cylindrical current flow
assumes that current flows from the positive terminal of a voltage source to the negative terminal
battery pack
consisting of multiple battery modules and electronics
asynchronous AC motor
current to turn rotor created by EM-induction from starter
battery form factors
cylindrical, prismatic, pouch
capacity
dictates how much energy can be stored in the battery when it is full
direct current
does not fluctuate, can be produced from sources (solar, battery storage)
electron flow
electrons move from the negative terminal of a voltage source to the positive terminal
fuel cell vehicle
employs a fuel cell to oxidize a fuel to generate electricity as opposed to heat in combustion; most common is a hydrogen fuel cell; most modern FCVs have a battery as well
alternating current
fluctuates due to the spinning operation of generators (combined cycle PP, wind turbines, hydro power)
battery electric vehicle
has a powertrain that operates on electricity powered solely by an onboard battery, which powers a motor to translate electricity into motion
synchronous AC motor
have conducting coils that turn at the same speed as the generator armature supplying the current
trends in range and battery sizes
seems to be increasing over time for BEVs, but relatively flat for PHEVs
motor
sending a current through a coil can produce magnetic fields that cause the coil to rotate in the presence of an external magnetic field
battery cycle
the process of discharging then charging a battery
effective capacity
usable range of the battery
internal combustion engine vehicle
vehicle drivetrain powered by the combustion of fuel, most commonly fossil fuels like gasoline and diesel, less commonly natural gas and ethanol
zero-emission vehicle (ZEV)
vehicle that has no tailpipe emissions
what are electric vehicles?
vehicles whose propulsion is powered by electricity rather than the combustion of fuel
