Ecology - Ch.16 - Parasitism and Mutualism

Mutualism

-A relationship between 2 species in which both species benefit. - is defined as an interaction between members of 2 species that serves to benefit both parties involved, and the benefits received can include a wide variety of processes.

Intermediate host

-Species that feed on other species, and they themselves are prey to other species. -Harbor some developmental phase.

Preening

-is a major form of grooming among birds, which involves manipulating plumage with the bill and scratching with the foot. - remove adults and nymphs of lice from the plumage.

Symbiosis

-is the intimate and protracted association between 2 or more organisms of different species. -Situation in which 2 dissimilar organisms live together in close association.

grooming

-is when monkeys clean their young by picking out bugs from their hair and eating it. - remove adults and nymphs of lice from the plumage.

Legumes

A group of plant species that include clover, beans, and peas, attract the bacteria through the release of exudates and enzymes from the roots.

Commensalism

A relationship between 2 species in which one species benefits without significantly affecting the other.

Mutualism

A symbiotic relationship that benefits both species involved.

Parasitic relationship

A symbiotic relationship where, one species benefits at the expense of the other. In which the host organism is the parasite's habitat as well as its source of nourishment.

Nectivores

Animals that feed on nectar.

Hemiparasites

Are photosynthetic plants that contain chlorophyll when mature and obtain water, with its dissolved nutrients, by connecting to the host xylem. ex) mistletoe.

Facultative

Doesn't have to participate to survive, can choose if it wants to or if it doesn't want to.

Myrmecochores

Herbaceous plants that inhabit the deserts of the southwestern United States, the scrublands of Australia, and the deciduous forests of eastern North America.

Symbiotic mutualism

Individuals coexist ad their relationship is more often obligatory - at least one member of the pair becomes totally dependent on the other.

Hydatid Cysts

Internal infections can produce hardened cysts in muscle or skin that enclose and isolate the parasite.

Vector

Is when parasites are transmitted between hosts by an intermediate organism.

Endoparasites

Live within the host. Some burrow beneath the skin. They live in the bloodstream, heart, brain, digestive tract, liver, spleen, mucosal lining of the stomach, spinal cord, nasal tract, lungs, gonads, bladder, pancreas, eyes, gills of fish, muscle tissue, or other sites.

Mycelia

Masses of interwoven fungal filaments in the soil - infect the tree roots. They penetrate host cells to form a finely bunched network called an arbuscule.

habitat modification

Mutualistic species influence each other's fitness or population growth rate indirectly through a 3rd species or by altering the local environment.

elaiosome

Myrmecochores, have an ant-attracting food body on the seed coat called this.

Nitrogen fixation

Once infected, rhizobia within the root cells reduce gaseous nitrogen to ammonia.

rhizobia

One group of organisms that can use gaseous nitrogen (N2) are the nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus Rhizobium.

Ectoparasites

Parasites that live on the host's skin, within the protective cover of feathers and hair.

holoparasites

Parasitic plants are classified as this or (hemiparasites), based on whether they carry out the process of photosynthesis.

Cleptoparasitism

Parasitism can also be used to describe a form of feeding in which one animal appropriates food gathered by another (the host) (literally meaning "parasitism by theft").

Evolutionary game of adaptation & Counteradaptation

Prey have evolved means of defense against predators, and predators have evolved ways to breach those defenses.

Clavivipitaceae & Ascomycetes

Produce alkaloid compounds in the tissue of the host grasses The alkaloids, which impart a bitter taste to the grass, are toxic to grazing animals, particularly domestic animals, and to a number of insect herbivores.

Crown

SOme live at the root collar, where the plants emerge from the soil.

Specialists

The degree of specificity of mutualism varies from one interaction to another, ranging from one-to-one, species specific associations to association with a wide diversity of mutualistic partners

definitive host

The host species in which the parasite becomes an adult and reaches maturity.

disease

The outcome of the infection.

life cycle

The phases associated with the development of an organism, typically divided into juvenile (or pre-reproductive), reproductive, and pos-treproductive.

Coevolution

The process in which 2 species undergo reciprocal evolutionary change through natural selection.

antigen

a contraction of antibody-generating.

Macroparasites

are relatively large. Examples include flatworms, acanthocephalans, roundworms, flukes, lice, fleas, ticks, fungi, rusts, and smuts. They have a comparatively long generation time and typically do not complete an entire life cycle in a single host organism. They may spread by direct transmission from host to host or by indirect transmission, involving intermediate hosts and carriers.

generalists

association with a wide diversity of mutualistic partners.

Vertical Transmission

is used to describe parasites transmitted directly from the mother to the offspring during the perinatal period (the period immediately before or after birth.

nonsymbiotic

free living organisms.

frugivores

fruit-eating animals

Obligate

has to participate in order to survive

Microparasites

include viruses, bacteria, and protozoans. They are characterized by small size and short generation time. They develop and multiply rapidly within the host and are the class of parasites that we typically associate with disease.

Infection

is a heavy load of parasites.

haustorium

is a modified root that plant parasites have, which penetrates the host plant and connects to the vascular tissues (Xylem and/or phloem).

Holoparasites

lack chlorophyll and are thus non photosynthetic. Ex) broomrape, & dodder.

Zooxanthellae

single-celled, symbiotic algae