Ecology Chapter 16- UKY

A community with an H'=0 would have... A. only one species B. an unknown number of species C. an infinite number of species D. zero species

A

Animal diversity in terrestrial communities is positively correlated with.. A. plant diversity B. nutrient inputs C. a few rare species D. a few very abundant species

A

Based on Tilman's work in 1977, the ratio of essential nutrients in communities can determine... A. whether two species can coexist or exclude each other B. the rates of predation C. patterns of species and life-form diversity D. taxonomic evenness and species richness

A

Based on several surveys by Blair in 2004, avian diversity was highest in areas with... A. an intermediate level of disturbance B. a high level of disturbance C. excessive human activity D. a low level of disturbances

A

Human disturbance is a major threat to diversity because it.. A. can be widespread and or extreme B. increases the rate of competitive exclusion C. removes stable climax communities that are very diverse

A

In a community with very low species evenness, one would expect to encounter... A. the same species many times before finding additional species B. a few abundant species, many common species, and a few rare species C. each species with equal probability

A

In tropical forest communities, the distribution of plant communities are strongly influenced by.. A. soil characteristics B. climate variables C. pollination D. competition

A

Nutrients in a lake such as nitrates, silicates, and other nutrients... A. can vary independently of each other over small spatial scales B. vary together throughout a lake due to mixing C. have very little affect on the phytoplankton diversity D. are uniform throughout the lake due to mixing

A

Sampling a small community revealed the following distribution of species: Species A: 100 individuals Species B: 60 individuals Species C: 40 individuals Species D: 2 individuals Calculating the species diversity of this community using the Shannon- Wiener Index (H') A. 1.075 B. 4 C. 4.23 D. 2.02

A

The highest rates of species diversity found among boulders in the intertidal zone were found in areas of _____ disturbance A. intermediate B. no C. high D. low

A

The plot of a lognormal distribution would be... A. bell shaped B. exponential C. random D. linear

A

Tilman's work in 1977 showed that some diatoms can coexist when... A. the ratios of essential nutrients were correct B. they were in different guilds C. predation was removed from the community D. competition did not exist

A

Varying nutrient levels in a lake... A. create environmental complexity leading to higher phytoplankton diversity B. create environmental complexity leading to higher abundances of phytoplankton C. have very little effect on phytoplankton diversity D. reduce phytoplankton diversity because it becomes eutrophic

A

Which community would have the higher species diversity? A. community with 20 species with high species evenness B. a community with 25 species dominated by one very abundant species C. a community with 25 species with low species evenness

A

Which community would have the highest species diversity? A. a community with high species richness and an abundance curve with the lowest slope B. the community with the highest species diversity cannot be determined by species richness and abundance curves alone C. species diversity is the same regardless of the slope of the abundance curves D. a community with a high species richness and an abundance curve with a high slope

A

As a general rule, very few species are____ A. very rare B. very abundant C. extinct D. moderately abundant

A and B

Prairie dogs create disturbance in a grassland by___ A. creating burrows and depositing soils into mounds B. grazing on the plants creating bare ground C. leaving dead foliage that easily transmits frequent fires D. removing large amounts of biomass

A and B

Human disturbance is widespread and comes in many forms, including ____- A. air and water pollution B. increased urbanization C. increased diversity D. removal of forest

A, B, and D

In temperate grasslands, disturbances can include___ A. grazing B. fire C. periods of low rainfall D. trampling

A, B, and D

Which of the following are soil characteristics important to plants? A. type of soil (sand or clay) B. pH C. age of the soil D. depth to the ground water

A, B, and D

Based on the figure illustrating lognormal distributions, what do forest birds and desert plants have in common? A. very few species are very rare B. birds are more common than plants C. most species have moderate coverage or abundances D. very few species are abundant

A, C, and D

One of the most ubiquitous patterns found un communities is that____ A. very few species are rare B. most species are either very rare or very common C. most species are moderately abundant D. few species are very common

A, C, and D

The niches of plants and algae can be defined by___ A. their nutrient requirements B. competition and predation C. physical characteristics such as moisture D. chemical characteristics such as pH

A, C, and D

Which are components of a community's structure? A. The kinds of species present B. the evolution of the species C. the relative abundance of species D. the number of species present

A, C, and D

A rank-abundance curve with a steep curve is indicative of a community.... A. with very high species diversity B. dominated by a few abundant species and lower species richness C. with many rare species and no dominant species D. with very high species evenness

B

A rank-abundance curve with shallow curve is indicative of a community... A. with low species diversity B. with high species evenness C. dominated by a few very abundant species and many rare species D. where H'=0

B

As towns and cities continue to expand... A. natural communities will become increasingly heterogeneous due to the spread of non-native species B. the differences in biodiversity between regions will be decreased C. specialist species such as woodland birds will expand their range D. local communities will become more unique due to higher rates of habitat fragmentation

B

In a tropical forest, a particular area may have... A. evenly distributed species diversity B. many unique plant communities C. high species diversity despite low spatial variability D. only one or two unique plant communities with very high diversity

B

In temperate grasslands, plant diversity is highest where... A. disturbance is lowest and competitive exclusion does not occur B. prairie dogs create a patchy environment C. there is an intermediate level of disturbance that creates a homogenous environment D. disturbance is highest and competitive exclusion is the lowest

B

Increase in land use intensity have led to... A. stability in avian communities B. a decrease in woodland bird species C. a total decrease in all bird species D. an increase in species richness of all types of birds

B

Species diversity is highest with an intermediate level of disturbance because... A. the community will reach an equilibrium with every niche filled by different species B. many species can colonize a community, but disturbance will prevent any one species from becoming dominant C. biotic factors such as competition increase species diversity by creating many new niches D. frequent, intense disturbances events will remove all the individuals from a community providing many, frequent new colonizations

B

Species evenness is also known as the.... A. species diversity B. relative abundance C. species richness

B

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis predicts that... A. a community with a moderate amount of disturbance will have similar diversity to undisturbed communities B. the highest level of species diversity is found in communities with continually changing conditions C. climax forest would have the highest rates of species diversity D. disturbance in a community negatively affects species diversity

B

The relative abundance of species in a community is known as the... A. community structure B. species evenness C. species diversity D. species richness

B

To view important components of a community such as evenness and richness... A. the number of species per guild is plotted B. a rank-abundance curve is plotted C. A lognormal distribution is plotted D. the species evenness per guild is plotted

B

Which of the following communities would have the highest species diversity? A. H'=-4.32 B. H'=3.24 C. pi=0.99 D. S=14

B

Species diversity is based on which two factors? A. the number of life-forms in a community B. the relative abundance of species in a community C. the number of species in a community D. The number of guilds in a community

B and C

Abiotic forces of disturbances would include.... A. disease B. fire C. clear cutting D. flooding

B and D

There are many definitions of disturbance; however, most have this is common... A. they affect all species equally B. they remove individuals or biomass C. they allow for the establishment of new individuals or colonies D. they are discrete physical events

B, C, and D

A group of organisms that exploit resources in a similar way is termed a... A. life-form B. consumer C. guild D. autotroph

C

All the fish, invertebrates, and algae living in the upper reaches of a stream would constitute a(n)... A. population B. biome C. community D. ecosystem

C

At similar latitudes, community A has many more species than community B. What is one possible explanation for this observation? A. community A has less competition than community B B. community B has more predation than community A C. community A has a higher habitat heterogeneity than community B D. it is not known why some communities have higher diversity than other communities

C

Based on White and Picket, disturbances caused by disease, predation, or human activities would be classified as... A. physical disturbances B. abiotic factors C. biotic factors D. not important for disturbance

C

Based on studies by MacArthur in the 1950s, communities with more complex forests... A. had fewer warbler species than pristine prairies B. contained few species of warblers, but high abundances C. contained more species of warblers than other plant communities D. had no difference in warbler diversity compared to other plant communities

C

By studying plant life-forms, scientists can... A. determine the number of species in a community that is required for its proper functioning B. compare them to animal guilds to gain a better understanding of their phylogenetic relationships C. reduce the number of species they are studying to better understand the community structure

C

Communities with the highest species diversity may be associated with.. A. very low rates of disturbance so that species diversity can be accumulated over time B. very high rates of disturbances that prevent any one species from becoming dominant C. moderate amounts of disturbances that create constantly changing conditions D. high nutrient levels and net primary productivity

C

If two communities had the same species richness, but the rank-abundance curve for community A was much steeper than community B, then community... A. A has a higher species diversity B. B has a lower species diversity C. B has a higher species diversity D. A has a higher species evenness

C

In a community that is in equilibrium, the stability is maintained by... A. changing environmental conditions B. species richness C. opposing forces D. dynamic environment

C

In a tropical forest, changes as small as one meter in elevation have... A. little effect on plant communities because the soils have little spatial variation B. large effects on plants communities because nutrients in the soils exhibit large spatial variation C. large effects on plant communities due to changes in water availability D. large effects on plant communities because of minute changes in predation pressure from herbivores near streams

C

In aquatic ecosystems, plants and algal diversity decline with... A. higher rates of competition B. decreasing nutrient availability C. increasing nutrient availability D. increasing predation

C

In tropical forest communities, plant diversity is .... A. very low within a community B. unaffected by spatial variability in nutrients C. very high D. evenly distributed across the landscape

C

Medium-sized boulders experience an intermediate level of disturbance. From this it could be predicted that they would have... A. an intermediate amount of diversity B. the lowest level of species diversity compared to small and large boulders C. the highest level of species diversity compared to small and larger boulders

C

Nutrients in lakes and terrestrial communities... A. are completely independent of each other B. are typically uniform, especially in lakes where mixing prevents spatial variability C. can vary over small spatial scales leading to habitat heterogeneity D. have little affect on the structure of plant communities

C

Perhaps the most important source of disturbances in temperate grasslands historically came from... A. fire B. bison C. prairie dogs D. death of individual plants

C

Prairie dogs increase species diversity by... A. creating a patchy environment with high levels of disturbance that prevents competitive exclusion B. creating areas of low disturbance that allows species to accumulate C. creating a patchy environment with an intermediate level of disturbance D. reducing the amount of disturbance in the grassland.

C

Sousa's work demonstrates that disturbances... A. supports the Lotka-Volterra models where one species will eventually competitively exclude other species when using the same resources B. reduces competitive exclusion and allows many species to coexist when using the same resource C. may allow multiple species to coexist because the disturbance prevents competitive exclusion d. prevents the accumulation of species diversity.

C

The value of a rank-abundance curve lies in its ability to... A. rank the importance of each species for community structure B. determine the number of guilds present in a community C. visually portray species richness and evenness in a two dimensional graph D. instantly calculate the Shannon-Wiener Index of diversity

C

Tilman demonstrated that Asterionelia can exclude Cyclotella when the ratio of... A. silicate to phosphate is low B. silicate to phosphate is even C. silicate to phosphate is high D. phosphate to silicate is high

C

Under conditions of low nitrate availability, Lilleskov found that fungal communities are... A. greatly reduced due to nutrient limitations B. comprised of species capable of taking advantage of high nutrient availability C. comprised of species specialized in nitrogen uptake D. comprised of acid tolerant species

C

When sampling species richness in a community... A. rare species will typically show up in small samples B. patterns will become harder to discern as additional species are sampled C. the common species will typically be found in small samples D. the number of rare species will be determined with moderate sampling effort

C

In forest communities, the foliage height diversity varies with___ A. lognormal distributions B. rank-abundance curves C. species evenness D. species richness

C and D

Based on the figure illustrating the effect of fertilizing and plant diversity, it can be seen that plant diversity has... A. remained the same over time despite increased fertilizer use B. increased with increasing species evenness C. increased over time due to fertilizer use D. decreased over time due to fertilizer use

D

If community A is more complex than community B, then one might expect community___ A. A to have less competition B. B to have more predation C. B to have higher species diversity D. A to have higher species diversity

D

Species richness is best defined as the... A. relative abundance of each species in the community B. species diversity C. number of populations in a community D. number of species in a community

D

Stream invertebrates that eat or "shred" terrestrial plant material would belong to the same... A. taxa B. population C. species D. guild

D

The activities of prairie dogs help to increase plant diversity by.. A. removing large quantities of herbivorous insects B. protecting vegetation from large grazers C. spreading the seeds of various species of plants D. creating bare patches of ground that facilitate colonization

D

The structure of a plant combined with its growth dynamics determines its... A. guild B. growth rate C. community structure D. life-form

D

Very high levels of disturbance will... A. have very little effect on diversity because biotic factors such as competition are more important for determining species diversity B. improve species diversity because no one species will be able to dominate the community and exclude other species C. improve species diversity by removing establishes species and allow the repeated colonization of new species D. reduce species diversity because few species will be able to survive the frequent and intense disturbances

D

Very low levels of disturbance will... A. improve species diversity because new species can continually colonize the community B. have little effect on species diversity because the community will be in equilibrium C. improve species diversity because the community will increase in complexity over time D. reduce species diversity because only the best competitors will survive

D

Generally, there is a ____ relationship, or correlation, between environmental complexity and species diversity.

positive