ECOLOGY - Chapter 9

Which of the following activities encourages deforestation in developing countries? Governments encourage colonization of forested lands. Land is cleared for subsistence farming. Commercial cattle ranches are replacing rainforests. Trees are cut for fuelwood and charcoal. All of the listed responses encourage deforestation in developing countries.

All of the listed responses encourage deforestation in developing countries.

Which of the following is a way to maintain biological diversity and sustainably manage forests? Maintain tree species diversity Maintain different stages of succession Maintain genetic diversity of tree species Minimize the impact of invasive, non-native species All of these are ways to maintain biological diversity to sustainably manage forests.

All of these are ways to maintain biological diversity to sustainably manage forests.

Recycling paper provides many environmental benefits. Which of the following statements is false regarding recycling paper? Recycling paper saves water. Recycling paper uses fewer caustic chemicals. Recycling paper saves trees. Recycling paper produces less water and air pollution. Although desirable, paper is relatively hard to recycle.

Although desirable, paper is relatively hard to recycle.

Can you identify examples of ecosystem services provided by forests? Biodiversity conservation Reduction of greenhouse gases Regulates water runoff Ecotourism Water purification Restores water to the hydrologic cycle Soil conservation Canadian forests are home to about 70% of Canada's terrestrial species.

Biodiversity conservation

How can deforestation result in a mudslide? It can't result in a mudslide By causing the remaining trees to have their growth stunted By exposing forest soils to wind and rain By causing roots to be exposed By decreasing the force of wind and rain

By exposing forest soils to wind and rain

What important role do forests play in climate change? They release almost as much carbon to the atmosphere as vehicles do. They do not play a significant role in climate change. They transform carbon dioxide into methane. By storing carbon in their tissues, they serve as a major reservoir for carbon. When burned, they absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

By storing carbon in their tissues, they serve as a major reservoir for carbon.

Why is clear-cutting the most controversial type of harvesting trees? Clear-cutting prevents sunlight from penetrating to the ground, preventing plant growth. Clear-cutting trees leaves behind only a few trees to produce seeds for future tree growth. Clear-cutting leaves only a few mature trees uncut to provide shelter for seedlings as they grow. Clear-cutting can cause significant erosion and flooding and destroys wildlife habitat. Clear-cutting affects early-successional stages of a forest more than the climax stage.

Clear-cutting can cause significant erosion and flooding and destroys wildlife habitat.

Can you identify examples of ecosystem services provided by forests? Biodiversity conservation Reduction of greenhouse gases Regulates water runoff Ecotourism Water purification Restores water to the hydrologic cycle Soil conservation The entrance fees paid to visit forests in U.S. national parks total over $100 million per year.

Ecotourism

Why is fire suppression often not good for the health of forests? Fire suppression creates large gaps in the forest, which can be grazed by livestock. Fire suppression allows woody plants to grow and accumulate, increasing the potential fuel for fires. This is not correct; fire suppression is actually good for the health of forests. Fire suppression has been used to increase logging activity. Fire suppression prevents tree seedlings and woody shrubs from growing.

Fire suppression allows woody plants to grow and accumulate, increasing the potential fuel for fires.

What are the top three uses of wood products by people around the world? Essential oils, rubber, and cork Ginseng, nuts, and livestock feed Fuel, building materials, and paper Rubber, fruits, and paper Pharmaceuticals, ornamental plants, and maple syrup

Fuel, building materials, and paper

Controlling deforestation will require multiple strategies. Select the one strategy that will not help stop deforestation in developing countries. Management of human population growth Improved agricultural practices Reduced consumption in developed countries Increasing demand for virgin wood products from forest plantations Reforestation

Increasing demand for virgin wood products from forest plantations

What does the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) do? It is an industry-run organization dedicated to increasing knowledge for the public about forestry methods. Despite its name, it fights on behalf of forest companies against environmental regulations. It is a government-owned organization that oversees forest management practices. It grants sustainable forest certification to forests, companies, and products produced using sustainable methods. It sues companies on behalf of environmental organizations to force the companies to use sustainable forestry methods.

It grants sustainable forest certification to forests, companies, and products produced using sustainable methods.

How has the "Smokey the Bear" campaign damaged forest health? It has focused attention on forests rather than grasslands. It has allowed too few fires to burn in forests. It has allowed too much clear-cutting. It has allowed too many fires to burn in forests.

It has allowed too few fires to burn in forests.

What does a "land trust" do? It is an organization that buys and preserves land in its natural condition. It consists of a group of ranchers that join together and preserve grazing lands in the western United States. It is a consortium of banks that lends money to developing nations. It is a semi-governmental organization that buys land for recreational use. It is an organization that buys land and develops it economically.

It is an organization that buys and preserves land in its natural condition.

How will climate change affect pest infestations of forests? Even-aged forests will be less prone to pest outbreaks. Warmer weather will prevent pests from migrating into forests. Droughts will weaken trees so they will be less attractive to pests. It will limit the expansion of pests into new areas. It will promote certain pest insects that destroy forest trees.

It will promote certain pest insects that destroy forest trees.

What is the difference between biosphere reserves and other protected areas? All species are completely protected within the reserve. Even land managers are not allowed to kill any organisms. Biosphere reserves are found only around enormous or unusual features. Local people are allowed to live in and harvest resources from the outer areas of the reserve. Rather than open up a costly park, iosphere reserves are put in place after clear-cutting to help establish new old-growth forest.

Local people are allowed to live in and harvest resources from the outer areas of the reserve.

Why were national parks created? To provide us with a place to visit for exploration and spiritual solace To provide us with ecosystem services To preserve enormous or unusual scenic features National parks were created for all of the listed reasons. To provide recreational opportunities

National parks were created for all of the listed reasons.

This stage of a forest is characterized by very large, old trees and abundant standing and fallen woody debris. Clear-cut stage Decrepit stage Seedling stage Earliest stage Old-growth stage

Old-growth stage

When forests are lost over a large area, what happens to rainfall in that area? Rainfall does not change Rainfall decreases Rainfall is not affected by deforestation The rainy season may shift to different months Rainfall increases

Rainfall decreases

Can you identify examples of ecosystem services provided by forests? Biodiversity conservation Reduction of greenhouse gases Regulates water runoff Ecotourism Water purification Restores water to the hydrologic cycle Soil conservation In the process of photosynthesis, a tree removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and produces oxygen.

Reduction of greenhouse gases

Can you identify examples of ecosystem services provided by forests? Biodiversity conservation Reduction of greenhouse gases Regulates water runoff Ecotourism Water purification Restores water to the hydrologic cycle Soil conservation During a rainstorm in a redwood forest, ferns on the forest floor diminish runoff and reduce the risk of flooding.

Regulates water runoff

Can you identify examples of ecosystem services provided by forests? Biodiversity conservation Reduction of greenhouse gases Regulates water runoff Ecotourism Water purification Restores water to the hydrologic cycle Soil conservation A tree's roots absorb water, most of which evaporates from its leaves.

Restores water to the hydrologic cycle

__________ forests have less biodiversity and provide fewer ecosystem services than original, uncut forests. Primary Secondary Old-growth Climax Continuous

Secondary

Which of the following types of tree harvest is not a part of "even-aged" management? All of these are part of even-aged management. Single-tree selection Seed-tree harvesting Clear-cutting Shelterwood tree harvesting

Single-tree selection

Can you identify examples of ecosystem services provided by forests? Biodiversity conservation Reduction of greenhouse gases Regulates water runoff Ecotourism Water purification Restores water to the hydrologic cycle Soil conservation The roots of a tree prevent soil erosion, and its fallen leaves enrich the soil with nutrients.

Soil conservation

Why are tropical forests so vulnerable to deforestation? Given the low numbers of people living in and around tropical forests, there is not enough pressure to deforest these areas. Tropical plants grow slowly, and forests would take centuries to regrow. The fragile tropical soils become infertile and are easily eroded. Tropical soils are better suited for agriculture than forests. Tropical climate conditions are not conducive for regrowing forests once they are cut.

The fragile tropical soils become infertile and are easily eroded.

What does the 1964 Wilderness Act provide for? Timber harvesting in wilderness areas The multiple-use mandate of national forests Recreational opportunities in national parks Building roads within wilderness areas The permanent protection of undeveloped and unexploited areas

The permanent protection of undeveloped and unexploited areas

According to the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), how is deforestation defined? The conversion of grasslands and wetlands into plantation-type forests The removal of certain species of trees, while leaving other species uncut The removal of forest and replanting of trees The removal of forest and replacement by another land use The replacement of old trees by younger ones

The removal of forest and replacement by another land use

How do resource managers achieve maximum sustainable yield? When they use up the resource in the area they manage, they move on to a fresh area. They supplement the available natural food with processed, high-nutrient feed. They keep the population at 50% of the carrying capacity, thus maximizing the growth rate. They raise the average temperature so that enzymes work faster and growth is greater.

They keep the population at 50% of the carrying capacity, thus maximizing the growth rate.

How do roads contribute to deforestation in developing countries? This is not true; roads do not contribute to deforestation in developing countries. They allow ranchers to drive their cattle to market. They provide access to uncut forest and facilitate more forest cutting. They increase poverty in remote areas. They remove large amounts of trees from an area.

They provide access to uncut forest and facilitate more forest cutting.

Which of the following shows that a forest is being unsustainably managed? Many types of products are obtained from a forest. Some forest land is conserved for recreation and tourism. Timber is removed from a forest faster than it is being regenerated. Forests are managed for different purposes. Forest fragmentation is minimized.

Timber is removed from a forest faster than it is being regenerated.

Can you identify examples of ecosystem services provided by forests? Biodiversity conservation Reduction of greenhouse gases Regulates water runoff Ecotourism Water purification Restores water to the hydrologic cycle Soil conservation Forest plants filter sediments and take up nutrients from rainwater, facilitating infiltration to groundwater below.

Water purification

What does the REDD system do to help conserve forests? Rich nations are fined if they practice unsustainable forest management. It helps reduce carbon emissions from industries that use forest products. It encourages replacing old-growth forests with more productive second-growth forests. Wealthy industrialized nations pay poorer developing nations to conserve forests. Poor nations are fined if they practice unsustainable forest management.

Wealthy industrialized nations pay poorer developing nations to conserve forests.

__________ was the first national park created in the United States in 1872. Yosemite Mount Rainier Sequoia Yellowstone Crater Lake

Yellowstone

Most of the world's forests are __________. temperate rainforests boreal forests tropical rainforests tropical dry forests

boreal forests

Which of the following harvesting methods is the most cost-efficient but has the greatest ecological impacts? clear-cutting the uneven approach the shelterwood approach the seed-tree approach

clear-cutting

Which of the following management practices attempts to minimize ecological impact by allowing some trees in a forest to grow to maturity? understory management clear-cutting of secondary forests ecosystem-based management maximum sustainable yield

ecosystem-based management

What are corridors? covered walkways built by the park service protected lands that allow animals to travel between islands of habitat tunnels that allow animals to travel through mountains a part of a biosphere reserve

protected lands that allow animals to travel between islands of habitat

An old-growth forest that has been cut is generally replaced by a __________ forest. climax tertiary managed primary secondary

secondary

With very few exceptions, what sort of forest is in the United States? primary forests secondary forests tertiary forests quaternary forests

secondary forests

Which of the following forestry practices would best conserve biodiversity? using a selection system to get uneven-aged stands leaving several small areas uncut in the middle of a clear-cut the shelterwood approach clear-cutting stands of timber

using a selection system to get uneven-aged stands

What challenge does the concept of SLOSS represent? whether to pursue total conversion of land or to fragment it over time whether to pursue primary-growth forests or secondary-growth forests on federally owned lands whether to allow for the use of federally owned lands for hunting whether to make a few large reserves or many small reserves

whether to make a few large reserves or many small reserves