Ecology

Spring tide timing

Occurs at times of the new moon and full moon

Barrier reef

Located some distance off the shore of a continent or island

True or false: Measuring the uptake of water by plants in response to changes in air temperature is a type of ecological research. True false question.

True

Which feature plays the smallest role in determining the seasonal variation in climate? tilt of Earth earth's spherical surface amount of vegetation

amount of vegetation

Which piece of information is not summarized by a climate diagram? length of wet season land forms found in the region precipitation intensity of the dry season

land forms found in the region

The shallow shoreline that is under the influence of the change of tides is called the intertidal zone or ______ zone.

littoral

During which season will insects pollinate tropical dry forest trees? dry season both rainy and dry season rainy season

rainy season

Predators and other consumers of insects, fungi, and bacteria that feed on dead organisms can be considered _Blank_ producers.

secondary

The leeward side of mountains experiences less rainfall compared to the windward side of mountains, resulting in a rain _____ effect.

shadow

By _blank​_ the trees into different zones, MacArthur could determine more exactly where the warblers were feeding and living. subdividing relocating trimming grouping

subdividing

How can water enter reservoirs in the hydrologic cycle? surface flow precipitation evaporation oxidation subsurface flow

surface flow precipitation subsurface flow

Select the core components of terrestrial ecology. precipitation and producer base temperature and elevation temperature and precipitation topography and bedrock type

temperature and precipitation

In addition to the specific research question, the three factors also included in the design of a research program are _blank​_. temporal scale spatial scale results and figures available tools

temporal scale spatial scale available tools

Small invertebrate larvae would be an example of _____, while clusters of green algae cells would be an example of _____ which drift in the epipelagic zone.

zooplankton phytoplankton

Off the western coast of South America, surface water moves offshore and deep water moves toward the surface. The upward movement of deep water here is called ______.

upwelling

What percentage of earth's land surface is covered by deserts? 4% 40% 20% 2%

20%

What is the annual precipitation range of the tundra? 20 to 60 mm 100 to 175 mm 200 to 600 mm 1,000 to 3,000 mm

200 to 600 mm

Which of the following statements accurately describes thermohaline circulation? Warm pools of freshwater that form under storms over the ocean in low latitudes are moved to higher latitudes, where they cool and absorb more salt. Cold saline waters sink in polar regions because they are dense and then travel great distances until they rise and connect to surface circulation. Thermohaline circulation occurs at the surface of the ocean as the diffusion of heat and salt causes the formation of currents.

Cold saline waters sink in polar regions because they are dense and then travel great distances until they rise and connect to surface circulation.

Atoll

Formed from a submerged oceanic island and ring a lagoon

How does high tide level affects light intensity for intertidal organisms? It is reduced because of lower water turbulence. Tide levels do not affect light intensity. It is reduced because of higher water turbulence. It is increased because of lower water turbulence.

It is reduced because of higher water turbulence

Which of the following is part of Darwin's summarization of natural selection? More offspring are produced each generation than can be supported by the environment. Individuals change throughout their life to adapt to the environment. These changes are the source of genetic variation in a population. There is no variation between individuals in a species. Survival and reproduction are random. Each individual in a population has the same probability of surviving and reproducing. Organisms produce identical organisms.

More offspring are produced each generation than can be supported by the environment.

Neap tide timing

Occurs at times of the first-quarter moon and third-quarter moon

These statements all apply to either spring or neap tides. Select only the statements that apply to neap tides. It occurs at times of the new moon and full moon. It is created when the earth-moon-sun system is in alignment. This tide is created when the moon is at a right angle from the sun in the earth-moon-sun system. High and low tides are weaker than usual. High and low tides are more extreme than usual. It occurs at times of the first and third quarter moon.

This tide is created when the moon is at a right angle from the sun in the earth-moon-sun system. High and low tides are weaker than usual. It occurs at times of the first and third quarter moon.

Which of the following effects could habitat fragmentation have on populations? a reduction in population size the immigration of new alleles a loss of genetic diversity in a population a reduction in the amount of quality habitat

a reduction in population size a loss of genetic diversity in a population a reduction in the amount of quality habitat

At which of the following latitudes would you expect to find the largest deserts? near the equator between 30° and 60° latitude at 30° N and 30° S latitude at 60° N and 60° S latitude

at 30° N and 30° S latitude

Uneven heating of the earth's surface results in _blank​_. steady, even temperatures low genetic diversity climatic variation calm weather

climatic variation

MacArthur was interested in understanding how several species of warblers could _blank​_ in the same patch of forest. interbreed sing coexist migrate

coexist

Two species of organisms with similar ecological requirements should not be able to co-exist due to _blank​_ interactions between the two species. competitive niche predatory parasitic

competitive

Which region of the earth experiences the least amount of seasonal change in temperature and day length? southern hemisphere polar regions northern hemisphere equatorial regions

equatorial regions

The mouth of a river, where it empties into an ocean, gulf, or other marine habitats, is called a(n) _______

estuary

Ecologists researching the interactions between species at the community level have focused on the _blank​_ effects of the interactions on the species involved. evolutionary biome-level discriminatory landscape

evolutionary

Phenotypic variation is the result of _blank​_. varying environmental factors that affect the outward appearance of an individual genetic and environmental influences that affect the appearance of an individual variations in the genetics between individuals changes in the genetic makeup of an individual throughout its life

genetic and environmental influences that affect the appearance of an individual

Select all that apply Select conditions, that if present, allow a drought to be declared. impair the functions of natural ecosystems increased rates of speciation within an ecosystem produce water shortages for human populations lack of precipitation to cause damage to crops

impair the functions of natural ecosystems produce water shortages for human populations lack of precipitation to cause damage to crops

Select all that apply Thermohaline circulation _blank​_. involves water sinking at the equator due to high evaporation rates does not allow water to resurface after it sinks is a deep water current involves cold, sinking, saline water is driven by density differences transports deep water nearly around the globe

is a deep water current involves cold, sinking, saline water is driven by density differences transports deep water nearly around the globe

What three physical factors listed have the biggest impact on the biology of aquatic environments? odor light temperature water movements

light temperature water movements

Inbreeding and genetic drift can both lead to _blank​_. loss of genetic variability in a population higher rates of mutation in a population lower fecundity and higher juvenile mortality higher probability of extinction

loss of genetic variability in a population lower fecundity and higher juvenile mortality higher probability of extinction

Which of the following is not an indicator of poor environmental quality as assessed by the Index of Biological Integrity? low oxygen levels skeletal deformities disease in fish fin damage

low oxygen levels

The creation and analysis of representations of data or ideas used to provide insight or make predictions are called _blank​_. graphing statistics observering modeling

modeling

What two chemical factors listed have the biggest impact on the biology of aquatic environments? salinity oxygen concentration the density of the water oxygen isotope ratio

salinity oxygen concentration

In the presence of non-native plants, soapberry bugs (Jadera haematolama) switched from native plants that have a larger fruit radius to introduced plants with a smaller fruit radius. As a result of switching to a different species plant, these bugs evolved beaks that became _blank​_. smaller as the result of phenotypic changes due to environmental effects smaller as a result of directional selection acting on a heritable trait larger as the result of natural selection acting on a heritable trait larger as the result of phenotypic changes due to environmental effects

smaller as a result of directional selection acting on a heritable trait

Which of the following is not a way that lakes form? shifting of the earth's crust glacial activity temporary flooding of an estuary volcanic action

temporary flooding of an estuary

What was the international protection for endangered species that came into force in 1973? the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) the UN Agreement on Endangered Plants and Animals (AEPA) the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)

the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)

Natural selection is best defined as _blank​_. the selective breeding of crops to increase yield and shelf life or to provide drought and pest resistance random changes in the genetic variation in a population over time the differential survival and reproduction of individuals leading to changes in populations over time the change in a population over time to increase survivorship and reproduction in a changing environment

the differential survival and reproduction of individuals leading to changes in populations over time

Which of the following would be a research focus for a population ecologist? the effects of grass fires on the reproductive rates of sage grouse the effects of hunters' "bag limits" on the number of white-tailed deer in a county the effects of seed toxins on the growth of chipmunks the effects of owl predation on the startle response of squirrels the effects of wildfires on prong-horn antelope migrations

the effects of grass fires on the reproductive rates of sage grouse the effects of hunters' "bag limits" on the number of white-tailed deer in a county the effects of wildfires on prong-horn antelope migrations

Which of the following would be considered a research focus in the area of population ecology? the effects of forest fires on atmospheric CO2 concentrations the effects of winter snow depth on the ratio of male to female squirrels the effects of precipitation on grass distribution across North America the effects of light intensity on thorn formation in roses

the effects of winter snow depth on the ratio of male to female squirrels

Artificial selection is best described as _blank​_. rapid reproduction in an unstable environment female birds choosing very brightly colored males with elaborate mating rituals the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals the probability that an individual is better fit in an environment and therefore has a higher probability of reproducing

the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals

For the Index of Biological Integrity, the ___ composition is an analysis of the dietary habits of fish in the community.

trophic

What is the geographical distribution of temperate forests? 5° to 10° latitude 25° to 35° latitude 30° to 55° latitude 55° to 65° latitude

30° to 55° latitude

What is the geographical distribution of the boreal forests? equatorial 50° to 65° N latitude 10° to 25° N and S latitude 50° to 65° S latitude

50° to 65° N latitude

Which of the following is an example of evolution? A scientist inserts a gene into a crop plant to provide resistance to a common herbicide. A flock of seed-eating finches lands on a small island. After many generations, the descendants have beaks that are used for catching insects. A giraffe extends its neck in attempt to gain access to food. Over its lifetime, its neck becomes longer. This trait is then passed to its offspring. An organism loses a toe from an attack by a predator.

A flock of seed-eating finches lands on a small island. After many generations, the descendants have beaks that are used for catching insects.

Which of the following is an example of disruptive evolution? A population of fish where only large males are selected by females for breeding. A population of fish where two distinct sizes of males are maintained. In a small population of fish, a yellow spot on the tail fin was randomly lost, but the red and blue spots were not. A population of fish where only the average sized males are selected by females for breeding.

A population of fish where two distinct sizes of males are maintained.

Which of the following is an example of stabilizing selection? A population of freshwater fishes whose average length is 5 cm. Individuals larger than 7 cm or smaller than 3 cm suffer higher mortality. A small population of island tortoises has several alleles that have become fixed. A population of finches that has an average bill length of 3 cm. During a prolonged drought, individuals with larger bills have higher survivorship. A population of lizards whose average length is 10 cm. However, those individuals that are average in length suffer higher mortality.

A population of freshwater fishes whose average length is 5 cm. Individuals larger than 7 cm or smaller than 3 cm suffer higher mortality.

Which of the following are examples of adaptation? A process that benefits the anatomy of a population. A process that improves the physiology of a population. A process that changes the behavior of individuals within their lifetime. Some individuals in a population randomly survive a natural disaster by pure chance.

A process that benefits the anatomy of a population. A process that improves the physiology of a population.

The use of herbicides and GMOs has led to what kinds of changes in farming practices? An increase in the use of artificial selection for desirable traits. An increase in the use of tilling the soil. An increased reliance on chemical control of weeds. An increase in mechanical control of weeds.

An increased reliance on chemical control of weeds.

Which continent does not contain Mediterranean woodlands or shrublands? South America North America Africa Antarctica

Antarctica

Spring tide geometry

Created when the Earth-Moon-Sun system is in alignment

Neap tide geometry

Created when the Moon is at a right angle from the Sun in the Earth-Moon-Sun system

What is the result of the process called upwelling? Deeper, warmer water is moved to the surface, replacing colder water. Colder water is blown offshore. Deep water is moved to the surface when winds blow surface water offshore. Deep water is moved even deeper due to wind conditions.

Deep water is moved to the surface when winds blow surface water offshore.

Which of the following best describes adaptation? After several hours, your skin turns red from ultraviolet rays. Island tortoises evolve to be much larger to store energy for the dry season. One species of a plant has blue flowers in acidic soils and pink flowers in alkaline soils. Reason: This is an example of phenotypic plasticity. A new mutation causes a decrease in fitness in members of a bear population with the mutation.

Island tortoises evolve to be much larger to store energy for the dry season.

What properties make water an ideal medium for life? Its ability to block light waves. Its resistance to changes in temperature. The buoyancy it provides for organisms in it. Its unique neutrons and protons.

Its resistance to changes in temperature. The buoyancy it provides for organisms in it.

Fringing reef

Near the shore of a continent or island

What characteristics do salt marshes and mangrove forests share? They are never associated with the mouths of rivers. They are located in sandy areas. They are located along low-laying coasts. They are freshwater environments for much of the year.

They are located along low-laying coasts.

Select the sources of phenotypic variation within a population. alleles becoming "fixed" in the population a heterogeneous environment that can vary in space and time the loss of individuals in a population the presence of two or more alleles for a particular gene

a heterogeneous environment that can vary in space and time the presence of two or more alleles for a particular gene

For an ecology class project, you write a proposal to study a pond. Your instructor returns the proposal to you indicating that it is incomplete. Which of the following components will you need to add to your proposal in order to resubmit a complete design for your project? the results of the study a specific research question the location or locations to be sampled the research tools needed a time period for the sampling

a specific research question the location or locations to be sampled the research tools needed a time period for the sampling

Oxygen levels are generally highest in _blank​_. warm water cold water water that is stagnant (slow or non-moving)

cold water

An ecological research program is focused on the factors determining the diversity of fishes on a Caribbean coral reef. This research would be conducted at which scale of ecological organization? communities landscapes individuals molecular biosphere populations

communities

Areas where rivers meet the sea are called ______

estuaries

As compared to aquatic environments that rank high, aquatic environments that rank low on the Index of Biological Integrity would have _blank​_. more species of fish a lighter oxygen isotope ratio fish with more damage to their fins fewer fish

fewer fish

The dynamic movement of water among reservoirs is called the ____.

hydrologic cycle

Ecologists studying sediments use the _blank​_ of pollen in the sediments to build a record of vegetation history of plants growing near a lake. shape and size layers injection decomposition

layers

Light intensity for intertidal organisms is highest at _____ tide.

low

Which of the following are resources that humans directly gain from mountains? medicinal plants protection from storms forage for animals sources of wood

medicinal plants forage for animals sources of wood

The resource that humans gain from a mountain that often leads to the greatest environmental damage is the extraction of _blank​_. salts minerals fruits

minerals

Isotopes of the same element travel at different rates through ecosystems because they differ in the number of _blank​_ they have. neutrons electrons protons quarks

neutrons

Which of the following is included in the category "number of species and species composition" with respect to the Index of Biological Integrity? overall number of fish in a community number of all animal and algae species in a community tolerance of fish species kinds of fish in a community

overall number of fish in a community tolerance of fish species kinds of fish in a community

What organisms are used to define a biome? bacteria animals fungi plants

plants

What endangered organisms are covered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA)? plants archaea vertebrate animals invertebrate animals any species listed under the CITES Treaty

plants vertebrate animals invertebrate animals any species listed under the CITES Treaty

What two features are used to distinguish a biome? animals and plants animals and climates plants and climates weather and topography

plants and climates

The study on the Glanville fritillary demonstrated that _blank​_. populations with the highest levels of heterozygosity were most likely to go extinct stabilizing selection can impede genetic diversity, thereby increasing the probability the population will go extinct heterozygosity in butterflies was not a good indicator of extinction in the Glanville fritillary populations with the highest levels of inbreeding were the most likely to go extinct

populations with the highest levels of inbreeding were the most likely to go extinct

The goal of modeling is to provide insight or make ______

predictions

Which of the following are example of in situ research or data collection? aligning DNA sequences on a computer recording animal behaviors in a rain forest measuring leaves on a tree studying a bug collection in a museum

recording animal behaviors in a rain forest measuring leaves on a tree

Which factors help determine the geographic distribution of terrestrial biomes? type of bedrock soil type prevailing temperatures variation in climate

soil type prevailing temperatures variation in climate

Specifically, we can define evolution as a change in _blank​_. the number of chromosomes in individuals in a population a species over time an organism over time as it acclimates to a changing environment the allele frequencies of a population from one generation to the next

the allele frequencies of a population from one generation to the next

Which of the following information is supplied by a climate diagram? land forms salinity of the water variation in temperature bedrock

variation in temperature