Economic Recovery and European Unity

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

Schuman Plan

An international organization set up in 1952 to control and integrate all European coal and steel production; also known as the European Coal and Steel Community

women's rights movement

An organized effort to improve the political, legal, and economic status of women in American society

Labour Party

British political party founded in 1900 with the help of trade unions to represent the interests of the urban working class

Clement Attlee

British statesman and leader of the Labour party who instituted the welfare state in England (1883-1967)

Council of Europe

Brought about by the Marshall Plan in 1948 as an attempt to evolve into a Parliament yet became only a multinational debating society.

Second Vatican Council

Convened by Pope John Paul XXIII (1962-1965), this council aimed to reflect on Church teaching so that the Church would respond appropriately to the needs of the modern world

oil crisis

Economic crisis of 1973 that occurred when OPEC nations refused to export oil to Western nations. Ensuing economic crisis plagued Gerald Ford's time in office.

Euratom

European Atomic Energy Community established by the treaty of Rome to regulate and research nuclear energy merged with the EEC

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Yuri Gagarin

First man in space

Security Council

Five permanent members( US, UK, France, China, USSR) with veto power in the UN. Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces.

Simone de Beauvoir

French author of The Second Sex. She argued for women's rights and was also a prominent figure in the existentialist movement. She died in 1986.

Charles de Gaulle

French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

"stagflation"

In the 1970s when rising prices were accompanied by growing unemploymen

Ludwig Erhard

Minister of the economy, bet on the free economy while maintaining the extensive social welfare network inherited from the Hitler era

Francois Mitterand

a Socialist, he was elected president of France in 1981, and enacted many liberal measures to reduce inflation and aid workers but could not correct France's economic problems and lost power in 1993

International Monetary Fund

a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies

"welfare state"

a government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.

consumerism

a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers

Counter-Culture

a rebellion of teens and young adults against mainstream American society in the 1960s

Maastricht Treaty

a treaty created in 1991 that set strict financial criteria for joining the proposed monetary union, with it single currency and set 1999 as the start date for its establishment.

Conrad Adenaur

prime minister; supported UK joining the EU and was a federalist

"Big Science"

scientific research that requires massive capital investment but is expected to yield very significant results

French Fifth Republic

set up by De Gaulle, stronger presidential office with the powers to dissolve the legislature, submit popular issues to the people, and assume emergency power whenever necessary, De Gaulle became the first president and prestige power and stability were returned, Algerian issue was solved when colony was granted independence

General Assembly

the supreme deliberative assembly of the United Nations

European Coal and Steel Community

used as a common market by 6 member countries (France, West Germany, Benelux countries, Italy) for steel and coal products by eliminating tarriffs and other trade barriers

mixed economy

An economy in which private enterprise exists in combination with a considerable amount of government regulation and promotion.

French student revolt

1968 Students dissatisfied with university curriculum, overcrowding, competition for grades appealed for help from the working class and a general strike threatened the 5th French Republic. Was crushed by government troops

Jean Monnet

A French administrator who helped reorganize the postwar French economy. He tried to set Europe on a path towards economic and political unity and took extensive means to do so.

COMECON

(Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) an organization for economic cooperation in European Communist states

space race

A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Christian Democrats

A vital component of postwar politics, these groups shifted from their decades-old emphasis on advocating church interests to welcoming non-Catholics among their ranks and focusing on democracy, anti-communism, and social reform.

"economic miracle"

Adenauer reconstructed the W German economy-financed by Ludwig Erhard; doubled wages and cut work hours by 20%. Unemployment went from 8 to .4

French Fourth Republic

After WWII in france, parliament has control, coalition governments not achieving anything, arguments over Algeria lead to coup d'etat from de Gaulle

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Treaty of Rome

Pact, created in 1957, that set up the European Economic Community (also known as the Common Market)

Bretton Woods Conference, 1944

The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire, 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe.

"Brain Drain"

The rapid expansion of government-financed research in the United States attracted many of Europe's best scientists during the 1950s and 1960s. Thoughtful Europeans lamented this "brain drain" and feared that Europe was falling hopelessly behind the United States in science and technology.

Keynesian economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Euro dollar

Uniform Currensy introduced in Europe in 1999

"guest workers"

Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.

European Economic Community

an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

Catholic Party

big influence in France. Fairly progressive when compared to Christian Dempcrats

"the Six"

by 1959 coal and steel moved freely among six nations of the European Coal and Steel Community

Margaret Thatcher

leader of conservatives in Great Britain who came to power. Pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, and end inflation.