EDF 3110 Exam 1

Cephalocaudal growth

"head to tail" lower part of body grows later than the head

Proximodistal growth

"near to far" eremites grow later than head, chest, and trunk

correlational study

reveals relationships between characteristics and behaviors, but does not permit cause-and-effect inferences (correlation does NOT equal causation)

touch

sensitive to touch around mouth and on palms and soles of feet; use touch to investigate their world; severe pain overwhelmed nervous system with stress hormones and can be relieved with local anesthesia, sugar solution, or physical touch

gametes

sex cells: sperm and ovum (each has 23 chromosomes)

Sociocultural Theory

socially mediated changes in thought and behavior vary culture to culture (Vygotsky)

emotional regulation

strategies for adjusting our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals

object permanence

the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight **A-not-B search error: baby reaches for object several times at first hiding place (A) then see it moved to a second (B), they still search for it in the first hiding place (A)

skeletal age

best estimate of physical maturity

discontinuous development

the view that development is a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times

continuous development

the view that development is a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with

longitudinal study

investigator studies the same group of participants repeatedly at different times; can be affected by dropout rates and practice effects (more exposure results in more progress)

sequential study

investigators might study participants over the same ages but in different years, or they might study participants over different ages but during the same year

vision

least developed sense at birth; limited visual acuity; actively explore environment (scan for interesting sights and track moving objects; not yet good at discriminating colors

synaptic pruning

loss of synapses by seldom-stimulated neurons, a process that returns them to an uncommitted state so they can support future development

independent variable

manipulated by the experimenter; expected to cause changes in another variable

basic emotions

*Happiness: smile-from birth; social smile-6-10 weeks; laugh-3-4 months *Anger and sadness: general distress-from birth; anger-4-6 months; sadness-response to disrupted caregiver-infant communication *Fear: first fears-second half of first year; stranger anxiety-most frequent expression of fear

Stages of Labor

1. Dilation and effacement of the cervix: contractions of the uterus cause dilation and effacement of the cervix 2. Delivery of the baby: with each contraction, the mother pushes, forcing the baby down the birth canal, and the head appears 3. Delivery of the placenta: with a few final pushes, the placenta is delivered

zygote

2 weeks; fertilization, implantation, start of placenta

fetus

30 weeks; "growth and finishing" phase

embryo

6 weeks; groundwork laid for all body structures and internal organs

operant conditioning

B.F. Skinner; increasing the rate of an already occurring response through reinforcement **Big Bang Theory episode

Social Learning Theory

Bandura; learning occurs through modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning **2 year old watching mom get ready for work and after several mornings, 2 year old picks up brush and rubs it against her face. monkey see, monkey do!

stages of pregnancy

First Trimester (1-12 weeks): period of the embryo (3rd through 8th week); organ systems develop; first signs of human structure-neural tube, spinal cord and brain, eyes, nose, arms, legs; 15-20% of all embryos spontaneously abort during this period Second Trimester (13-24 weeks): period of the fetus (9th week to birth); many organs are well-developed by 20 weeks-eyes sensitive to light, fetus reacts to sounds; external genitals form; fetal movements felt by mother Third Trimester (25-term): age of viability

infant and toddler growth pattern

Height increases 50% by age 1, 75% by age 2 Weight doubles by 5 months Growth occurs in spurts Individual and group difference in size and rate

Freud's three parts of the personality

Id: largest portion of the mind; unconscious, present at birth; source of biological needs/desires Ego: conscious, rational part of personality; emerges in early infancy, redirects id impulses in acceptable ways; **mediates between id and superego Superego: the conscience; develops from ages 3 to 6 through interactions with caregivers **when the id impulse to grab an attractive toy from a playmate confronts the superego's warning that such behavior is wrong, the ego must mediate between these two forces

classical conditioning

Pavlov; the creation of a new involuntary response to a stimulus that did not normally produce that response **Office episode

Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Theory

Piaget proposed 4 discontinuous stages *sensorimotor: birth-2 years-infants "think" by acting on the world with their senses *preoperational: 2-7 years-preschoolers use symbols *concrete operations: 7-11 years-school-age children understand that a certain amount lemonade or play dough remains the same even after its appearance changes *formal operations: 11 years on-capacity for abstract, systematic thinking ****children actively construct and explore their world

emotions

Self-conscious emotions appear between ages 1 1/2 and 3: shame, embarrassment, guilt, pride, envy; requires awareness of self as separate and unique and adult instruction in when to feel emotions

Food Insecurity

Uncertainty of quantity of food (Some days the child might have plenty of food, other days the child has no food)

Preeclampsia

a complication in which the blood pressure increases sharply and the face, hands, and feet swell in the last half of pregnancy

Rh Factor Incompatibility

a condition that arises when the Rh protein is present in the fetus's blood but not in the mother's, causing the mother to build up antibodies; if these enter the fetus's system, they destroy red blood cells, reducing the oxygen supply to organs and tissues

Kwashiorkor

a disease caused by an imbalanced diet very low in protein that usually appears after weaning, between 1 and 3 years of age; symptoms include an enlarged belly and swollen feet

lifespan perspective

a dynamic systems approach to development that assumes development is lifelong, multidimensional and multidirectional, highly plastic, and affected by multiple interacting forces

correlation coefficient

a number ranging from +1.00 to -1.00 that describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

X-linked inheritance

a pattern of inheritance in which a recessive gene is carried on the X chromosome, so that males are more likely than females to be affected

Apgar Scale

a rating system used to assess a newborn baby's physical condition immediately after birth on the basis of five characteristics: heart rate, respiratory effort, reflex irritability, muscle tone, and color Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration **Know the Apgar rating scale (0-2; 0= poor score, 2= good score)

schemes

a specific psychological structure or an organized way to make sense of an experience

niche-picking

a type of gene-environment correlation in which individuals actively choose environments that complement their heredity

overextension

a vocabulary error in which young children apply a word too broadly **a child calls every car a "truck" because his parents own a truck

underextension

a vocabulary error in which young children apply a word too narrowly, to a smaller number of objects and events than is appropriate **16 month old used "bear" only to refer to the worn and tattered bear she carried constantly

Marasmus

a wasted condition of the body caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients, which usually appears in the first year of life

resilience

ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development; factors include personal characteristics, warm parental relationship, social support outside family, and community resources and opportunities **boy's close, affectionate relationship with father who combines warmth with appropriate expectations for maturity

social referencing

actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation; used by caregivers to teach children how to react **caregiver's emotional expression (happy, angry, or fearful) influences whether a 1-year-old will be wary of strangers, play with an unfamiliar toy, or cross the deep side of a visual cliff

accommodation

adjusting old schemes and creating new ones to better fit environment

programed cell death

an aspect of brain growth whereby, as synapses form, many surrounding neurons die, making space for these connective structures

Reflex

an inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation

sensitive period

an optimal time for certain capacities to emerge; individual is especially responsive to environment; boundaries less defined than critical period

theory

an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior **used to organize observations

teratogen

any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period

Ecological Systems Theory

biologically influenced dispositions join with environmental forces at multiple levels to mold development (Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem)

adaptation

building schemes through direct interaction with environment

hearing

can hear a wide variety of sounds; prefer complex sounds to pure tones; can distinguish between a variety of sound patterns when only few days old; listen longer to human speech than to non-speech sounds; can detect the sounds of any human language

behaviorism

development involves an increase in learned behaviors and may vary person to person

cross-sectional study

different groups are studied at the same time

Nature-Nurture debate

disagreement among theorists about whether genetic or environmental factors are more important influences on development

temperament

early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity (quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity) and self regulation (strategies that modify that reactivity) *Easy: establishes regular routines and tend to adapt well to new experiences; cheerful reaction *Difficult: usually have irregular daily routines, overreact negatively to experiences; negative reaction *Slow-to-warm-up: not overreacting but not really engaged in trying to figure out, negative mood; moody

Self-conscious emotions

emotions involving injury to or enhancement of the sense of self, including guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride **toddler begins to be aware of self as separate and unique **feeling guilt when we have harmed someone and want to correct the wrongdoing

psychoanalytic perspective (Freud & Erikson)

emphasis on individual's unique life history; conflicts between biological drives and social expectations; interprets human development in terms of motives and drives (drives are often unconscious and influence every aspect of a person's life; stages of development occur in sequence; first theory to consider parent/child relationship; how parents manage child's innate impulses and drives

implantation

end of the first week, blastocyst begins to implant in the uterine lining

Information Processing Theory

from the time information is presented as input until it emerges as a behavioral response at output, information is actively coded, transformed, and organized

genotype

genetic makeup of an individual

taste

have a preference for sweet tastes at birth; can readily learn to like new tastes

smell

have odor preferences at birth; can locate odors and identify mother by smell from birth

rooting

helps infant find the nipple

blastocyst

hollow, fluid-filled balls formed by the zygote by the fourth day

conception

implantation of egg occurs and baby is conceived

moro

in human evolutionary past, may have helped infant cling to mother

nature

inborn and biological, based on genetic inheritance, stability of characteristics

Core Knowledge Perspective

infants are born with a set of innate knowledge systems, or core domains of thought, each of which allows a ready grasp of new, related information *Physical: awareness of basic object properties *Linguistic: enables swift language acquisition in early childhood *Psychological: infants' early orientation toward people *Numerical: basic addition/subtraction knowledge

nonnormative influence

influences on lifespan development that are irregular, in that they happen to just one or a few individuals and do not follow a predictable timetable **piano lessons during childhood with an inspiring teacher, battle with cancer, etc.

age-graded influence

influences on lifespan development that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last **walking shortly after first birthday, acquire native language at school, each puberty around age 12-14, menopause for women in late 40s and 50s, etc.

history-graded influence

influences on lifespan development that are unique to a particular historical era and explain why people born around the same time (called a cohort) tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times **baby boomers

tonic neck

may prepare infant for voluntary reaching

neurons

nerve cells that store and transmit information **require stimulation for neurons to be maintained; Neurons that are stimulated by input from the surrounding environment continue to establish new synapses, on the other hand those that are seldom stimulated lose their synapses, in a process called synaptic pruning

phenotype

observable characteristics of an individual

age of viability

occurs sometime between 22-26 weeks; the age at which the fetus can first survive if born early

experimental study

participants randomly assigned to treatment conditions; detects cause-and-effect relationships; findings may not apply in real-world conditions

sucking

permits feeding

stability

persistence of individual differences; lifelong patterns established by early experiences

nurture

physical and social world, influence biological and psychological development, plasticity (development is open to lifelong change and change occurs based on influential experiences)

palmar grasp

prepares infant for voluntary grasping

stepping

prepares infant for voluntary walking

mitosis

process by which DNA duplicates itself; produces new body cells containing the same genetic information

Eye blink

protects infants from strong stimulation

Definition of developmental science

studying both change and constancy throughout the lifespan

deferred imitation

the ability to remember and copy the behavior of models who are not present **puppet novel to infant and infant performed those actions a day later

cerebral cortex

the largest, most complex structure of the human brain, containing the greatest number of neurons and synapses and accounting for the highly developed intelligence of the human species

Fetal Alcohol Syndrom

the most severe form of FASD, distinguished by slow physical growth, facial abnormalities, and brain injury; usually affects children whose mothers drank heavily throughout pregnancy **irreversible defects & no cure

Working Memory

the number of items that can be briefly held in mind while also engaging in some effort to monitor or manipulate those items

placenta

the organ that permits exchange of nutrients and waste products between the bloodstreams of the mother and the embryo, while also preventing the mother's and embryo's blood from mixing directly

telegraphic speech

two-word utterances that focus on high-content words, omitting smaller, less important ones **"More cookie" & "Mom happy"

random assignment

unbiased procedure used to assign participants to treatment conditions; increases chances that characteristics will be equally distributed across conditions

fertilization

union of human egg and sperm

babinski

unknown

reinforcement

using certain stimuli to increase the occurrence of a response

assimilation

using current schemes to interpret the external world

dependent variable

variable being measured and not manipulated; expected to be influenced by the independent variable

lanugo

white, downy hair that covers the entire body of the fetus, helping the vernix stick to the skin