EDFN 3301
Educational reform began in the mid-1820s but not until the following demographic and ideological shifts:
- Massive flow of settlers to the interior territories - View that schools to could build nationalism - Immigration Irish, Germans, and others - Urbanization stimulated by industrialization, especially in port cities -View that school could mark gap between rich and poor and slow alcoholic consumption
Why did the government begin to intervene in economic affairs and ultimately gain power, despite a Classic Liberalist affections for laissez-faire?
- Protective tariffs for factory owners - Financial aid and land grants for railroads - Welfare for industrial class on the grounds it would benefit all members of society.
According to Mann, what would the economic values of education be?
- Schooling would make people more productive. - Schooling would make people more easily manageable. -Was "the great equalizer" between social classes -Changed the producer into the consumer -Would make people more punctual and able to follow directions.
Should be internally consistent, account for the data, and agree with other relevant theories.
- Social theory
To Jefferson, land ownership was significant because:
- it served to tear down the last vestiges of feudalism - it freed individuals to pursue politics and ideas. - it was an indicator of individual freedom and independence
An industrial morality...
- was supported by merchants who organized cottage industries and entrepreneurs of factories - adhered to punctuality, rules, and delimination of childhood and adulthood - was instilled through schooling eventually.
What are the two key factors that continued development of education for Black communities despite the "redemption"?
-Black people could still vote. -White funding of public schools filtered over to support Black equity gaps. -
Although Native Americans are aware of the benefits of educating their youth, why were they (and some still are) reluctant to have Euro-American education?
-Fear of assimilation so deep that they wouldn't be able to wage legal and politic battles -Risk of damaging spiritual and historical knowledge of tribe -Thought they could self-educate or send their children to Native American boarding schools
Beatty's educational view most resembles the approach of which of the following individuals?
Booker T. Washington
Why is learning about Native American schooling important?
-To ensure that all native people remain and regain their identity in this land. -Native Americans have experienced neglect in their ongoing presence and historic presence in the U.S. -To better understand the semi-independence of Native America.
During the White "redemption" movement, African Americans were oppressed through..
-a lack of job opportunities and, therefore, many remained as sharecroppers. -"Pig laws" that were meant to enslave Black people in harsh ways. -"convict lease" programs for already-harsh punishments that essentially made convicts work for free. -literacy and poll-tax requirements to suppress votes of Black people.
Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise" speech calling for the advancement of public education was made as
-an argument aligned with human capital theory. -an economic justification for education of Blacks. -a call to bring blacks into useful employment
Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise" speech calling for the advancement of public education was made as
-an argument aligned with human capital theory. -an economic justification for education of blacks. -a call to bring blacks into useful employment.
Systematic exclusion of some groups of people from the decision-making processes of their culture occurs in societies considered to be
-democratic. -socialist. -communist.
Catharine Beecher's perspective on the role and social position of women
-did not challenge the second-class status of women in public life. -maintained that happiness derived from subordination to one's husband. -emphasized the liberal education of women's rational capacities.
During Booker T. Washington's time, the prevailing explanation for the unequal distribution of wealth and power
-did not take into account the effects of institutionalized racism. -was supported by a social Darwinist theory of evolution. -was based on white experience in organizing society.
The historical exclusion of girls from schooling prior to the Revolution was grounded in the view that
-education could be damaging to the female nature. -girls were already being educated at home -girls didn't need formal education to take a productive place in society. -girls were not suited for intellectual activities.
According to Rubalcava (1991), taken together, multicultural education . . . (check all that apply)
-fosters pride in minority cultures -helps minority students develop new insights into their culture -reduces prejudice and stereotyping -promotes intercultural understandings
The historical exclusion of girls from schooling prior to the Revolution was grounded in the view that
-girls didn't need formal education to take a productive place in society. -girls were not suited for intellectual activities. -education could be damaging to the female nature.
Anna Julia Cooper was known for
-her activism on the part of African-American women. -her position that Christian ideals were compatible with educational ideals. -her belief that political and social quality in a racist culture was possible through the education of African-American women.
Common schooling was seen as one solution to the "immigrant problem" because of perceptions that
-immigrants were uneducated and needed to learn skills necessary for democratic participation. -immigrants' value systems did not include the work ethic required for the factory system. -immigrants did not usually provide an education for their children.
The curriculum that Mann proposed for the normal schools reflected his concerns about (check all that apply)
-improving academic preparation of teachers. - having teachers who could learn and apply appropriate techniques of teaching. -credentializing the teaching profession.
Educators and others who advocated Progressive education reforms held a view of the "new" students as
-learning through emotions more than intellect. -requiring guidance toward their eventual place in life. -learning through pursuing their own interests.
Jefferson's justification of his slaveholding, on the grounds that slaves were incapable of self-government, reflects
-the influence of classical liberal racism. -Jefferson's efforts to rationalize an apparent inconsistency in his own beliefs and actions. -the probable influence of economic considerations on Jefferson's political thought.
What caused the United States to change from being primarily rural to primarily urban? (Check all that apply)
-the number of people migrating to the cities from rural areas -immigration -industrialization reducing the need for farm labor and increasing the need for factory labor in cities
Jefferson's justification of his slaveholding, on the grounds that slaves were incapable of self-government, reflects
-the probable influence of economic considerations on Jefferson's political thought. -Jefferson's efforts to rationalize an apparent inconsistency in his own beliefs and actions. -the influence of classical liberal racism.
The classical liberal conceptions of virtue included belief in (check all that apply)
-the womanly virtues of piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity. -piety and faith in God. -fulfilling one's duty to nature.
Horace Mann entered the educational conversation in 1837 when he gained interest in the issue of dispersing funds received from the federal government for Massachusetts's militia service during War of 1812. He supported using the money for...
the state's common schools.
The term "cult of domesticity" refers to
the use of accepted beliefs about women's role in the home as an argument for increased formal schooling of girls.
The influx of Irish immigrants, as a group, was considered problematic because
they were uneducated and unskilled, and they were Catholic.
Potential for indoctrination and necessary in some situations (for example, driving).
training
Preparation for specific roles or to improve one's skills.
training
Although former slaves and other African-Americans were given the right to vote by the Fifteenth Amendment, in the period following Reconstruction many of the educational gains a lowering of blacks' power to exert political influence.
true
At the time of his research, Ogbu suspected that multicultural education theories and programs were rarely based on actual study of minority cultures and languages.
true
Bilingual education was used not just as a way for Native Americans to retain part of their social heritage but for these students to learn the English language as well so they could live pluralistically in their own and Euro-American cultures.
true
Booker T. Washington made the statement, "the Indian refused to submit...and to learn the white man's ways. The result is that...American Indians have disappeared.... The Negro, wiser and more enduring than the Indian, patiently endured slavery [and therefore has] a civilization vastly superior to that of the Indian". This statement reflects Washington's belief(s) that blacks were inherently superior to American Indians.
true
Many attempts at social reform during the common school era were guided by humanitarian concerns. This humanitarian emphasis was largely a result of a sense of religious obligation.
true
One of the main reason the Ku Klux Klan was founded was to keep African Americans from voting.
true
Some problems caused by primary cultural differences can also be solved through well, designed and implemented multicultural education.
true
Teachers and interventionists must recognize that involuntary minority children come to school with cultural and language frames of reference that are not only different from but probably oppositional to those of the mainstream and school
true
Domestic science courses in the Progressive Era approached the education of girls in ways that
upheld the view that women's place was in the home and in "female" occupations.
Charles Eliot said, "There is no such thing as equality of gifts, of powers, of faculties, among either children or adults". In promoting what kind of schooling did he say those words?
vocational education for the majority, and liberal education for the academically outstanding
The identification of men with an essentially rational nature and women with an emotional nature
was a significant part of Augustine's thinking about gender roles
The identification of men with an essentially rational nature and women with an emotional nature
was a significant part of Augustine's thinking about gender roles.
Women began dominating the ranks of teachers due in part to the belief that
women were more virtuous than men, and women could be paid less than men
thought that the mind is like a muscle and can be filled with knowledge that can later be transferred to any life situation
Faculty psychology
In 1875, the Black belt redeemers allowed for children to choose which school they wanted to attend. This was a part of the new Alabama state constitution.
False
Men were the only ones who thought and think women are fundamentally different and inferior to men.
False
The Protestant Whigs wanted to educate their kids independently of others to make them intellectually ready for moral responsibilities such as voting.
False
The "trust" relationship that Native Americans have with the United States means that
Indians can reliably trust the United States to honor treaties formed with native peoples.
Create your own two analytical frameworks to compare Euro-Americans' vs. Native Americans' arrival on how their young should be educated. The first analytical framework should identify the political economy, ideology, and schooling of Native Americans before/during assimilation. The second should be of the Euro-Americans'. You are not required to do every aspect of each section of the analytic framework but, instead, should have at least two things written for the political economy, two for the ideology, two for schooling. Remember to do this twice -- Native American vs. Euro-American frameworks. You may put this in list form for each rather than a diagram.
Native Americans Political economy: often matrilineal, coexistence with nature, communal property and labor, consensual decision making Ideology: tribal religion, pluralism, Schooling: self-taught, "homeschooling", bilingual, spoken more than written Euro-Americans Political economy: nature as resource, colonization, capitalism, representative democracy, private property, mercantile exchange, industry, husbandry Ideology: nationalism, pan-Christianizion, progress, expansion, personal wealth, dignity of labor, Schooling: Assimilation, non-bilingual, written more than spoken, manners, social education, "competence"
Explain the difference between pluralism and assimilation. Give an example of how each would look in a classroom.
Pluralism means to value and maintain cultural differences within a society while assimilation is the process of diverse cultures coming together into one common culture. One example of pluralism in a classroom lesson plan would be teaching students about the Civil Rights Act of 1964. . An example of assimilation in the classroom would be Immigration. I would include this in a classroom lesson plan by teaching a unit on immigration in the United States between the late 1800s until the 1920s. I would then compare the two lessons to one another and teach students the differences between assimilation and pluralism. Feedback from instructor: -pluralism means to coexist and to maintain cultural and linguistic differences. -assimilation means for the hegemonic group absorbs the non-dominant group sometimes to the point where the non-dominant culture is hardly or not seen anymore. - One example: A teacher may lecture Euro-American history only; a teacher may divide a class into groups where student groups will research, reinact, debate, and/or present on the experiences of Native Americans, Euro-Americans, African-Americans, and "New Americans."
the antithesis of feudal times; follows human reason, natural law, and "the natural rights" of individuals
Progress
Used classical liberal notions of natural rights and human rationality to frame a manifesto of resistance to male privilege in society, politics, and education.
Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention of 1848
For Jefferson, "truth" was a property of the natural world, and could be discovered through the free exercise of intellect and reason.
True
Hart's own reasonings for her advocacy for women as teachers directly contradicted her statement that men and women are equal.
True
The dreams of Jewish immigrants, like the dreams of other new immigrants, were only partially realized because . they encountered considerable prejudice from established Euro-American groups.
True
Women's opportunities for employment as teachers increased during the common school era because of a societal belief that the ability to nurture was seen as a primary characteristic of women.
True
Modern liberal ideology included a conception of the world around us as functioning organically. This is in sharp contrast to which of the following ideas?
Truths are unchanging.
Willard Walcott Beatty's progressive administrative approach to Indian education included
adjusting Indian attitudes towards manual labor.
Training differs from education, in that training
attempts to get people to perform specific tasks in a predictable manner
American examples are Jews, Mormons, and the Amish.
autonomous minority
Focusing efforts on achieving social harmony could most likely lead to
encouraging conformity
Euro-American cultural norms that subordinate women to men in secular society _______________________________________. These deep influences affected the nation's ideology and values and contributed to justifying different expectations for men and women in society and schooling.
have their basis at least partly in Christian tradition.
The authors believe that study in social foundations of education
helps teachers understand the social underpinnings of teaching and learning processes.
What was one of the things that Du Bois believed in?
higher education for Blacks
Jefferson's belief that three years of publicly funded education would help create a literate public reflected
his view that in three years people could develop a literacy foundation for lifelong learning.
The idea that schools could create wealth, thus relieving the plight of the poor without cost to the rich, is reflective of
human capital theory.
Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote: ""The success of democratic institutions... depends upon the intellectual and moral character of the mass of the people. If they are intelligent and virtuous, democracy is a blessing; but if they are ignorant and wicked it is only a curse... The proper education of a man decides the welfare of an individual; but educate a woman, and the interests of a whole family are secured." This stance is considered....
iberal because although it allowed women to be educated, it did not challenge the social order.
Society's justification for its political, social, and economic arrangements.
ideology
The beliefs, value systems, and understandings of social groups
ideology
Failure of teachers to understand the broader social and cultural contexts that surround their schools and classrooms
impairs their ability to interpret school and classroom events.
The purpose of the normal schools was to teach prospective educators
teaching methodology
Washington found in Armstrong a "father figure" which led him to trust his teachings. Trusting in Armstrong, Washington believed the main reason for unequal distribution of wealth and political power among racial groups was....
the racist theory of social evolution, that Black people were behind in morality and leadership and needed to develop self-discipline.
Meritocracy is equivalent to democracy.
false
Which of the following are true of the "cult of domesticity":
- A woman's primary role was to provide comfort for her husbands and their role in the economic world - Women were to be minimally educated so they could guide development in early years of childhood. - Confined women to the gender role of being nurturing and mannerly.
The totality of experiences occurring within the institution of "school.
- Schooling
Early classical liberals believed that revolution might be necessary because
- social institutions can work against the general welfare. - there might be no other reliable route to social progress. - the politically unrepresented needed a vehicle for political influence.
Jefferson's belief in democratic localism was greatly impacted by
- the physical distance between cities and other centers of social activity, and the nature of communication and transportation at the time.
In regards to discipline, Mann believed...
- the teacher needs to understand the child if he/she were to development them. -against authoritarian and corporal punishment methods - fear corrupted the morality and intellect of a child and that "blind obedience is without value."
Emma Hart's thesis focused on female education. It's main purpose(s) was to
-analyze the principles that drive female education. -convince legislators and voters to provide funds for women in higher education. -outline and show the benefits of female seminaries.
Revolutionary-era Americans valued self-sufficiency and at the same time accepted some community or court involvement in family matters. The combination of these two concepts can be
-consistent with classical liberalism. - consistent with an agrarian society. - consistent with patriarchy.
During the Progressive Era, the term scientific management included
-de-skilling: breaking down each complex, skilled task into its component parts. -increased worker production and worker dissatisfaction at the same time. -a 60 percent increase in wages and a 400 percent increase in production.
All of the following were past models of multicultural education that were rarely based on ethnographic or empirical studies of minorities' cultures (check all that apply).
-multicultural education for cross-cultural understanding, which, among other things, stresses teaching strategies affirming the right to be different and the need for members of different cultures to respect one another - culturally responsive education" at the elementary and secondary schools to enhance minority school learning by including minority cultures in the content of the curriculum and as a medium of instruction; - cultural pluralism in education, designed to preserve and strengthen ethnic-group identity and to increase minority groups' social, political, and economic participation in society;
During the period of "redemption", there was a significant decline in the status previously achieved by blacks in the Reconstruction period. This was accomplished through
-state and federal legal decisions -extra-legal mechanisms. -the withdrawal of federal troops from the South.
Was known for her activism on the part of African-American women, her position that Christian ideals were compatible with educational ideals, andher belief that political and social quality in a racist culture was possible through the education of African-American women.
Anna Julia Cooper
Why does the text state that "assimilation can never have the same meaning for Indian people that it has for other minority groups"?
Because Native Americans have a distinct and complex culture that is different from other cultures.For example:- they are protected by treaties- they have a special government relationship- tribal homelands Feedback from instructor: Because Native Americans don't have a homeland to look back to for their culture. Their ancestors' land has been assimilated beyond resemblance. Therefore, they must self-assert to maintain their identities (customs, habits, languages) because they have no land to "return to" as a reminder of their culture and heritage.
Endorsed a view of women's capacity for rationality that is contrary to that held by Jefferson and classical liberals and very similar to the view later held by Mary Leal Harkness and Matthew Vassar.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Her liberalism led her to make a significant contribution to the education and autonomy of women.
Emma Willard
Before the belief of a benevolent God, was the Puritan God who demanded strict justice and harsh punishment -- with few up for elected for salvation. In addition to the dilution of people who had this ideology through immigration, scientific discovery opened the doors to the ________________ of progress, capability for humans to improve, and reasoning.
Enlightenment thought
According to Ogbu, there is a unwavering definition of multicultural education.
False
human reason, virtue, progress, nationalism, freedom
Fundamental ideas of classic liberalism
Deemphasized Augustine blame on women for original sin.
Liberalism
God intended for women to fulfill their role as wives and moral exemplars, but state that they must be educated to do be able to teach the young.
Liberalism
Thought that a weak woman would not be able to be "governed"; therefore, education would make her a better companion.
Liberalism
Reflecting the influence of Darwin on many intellectuals of his day, Eliot devised a plan of barring unmarried southern and eastern Europeans from immigrating to the United States for what reason?
Married, they would be a lesser threat to the American gene pool.
Wrote that "superstition begins to hamper a girl's education almost at the very beginning", referring first to the belief that girls' education should be deemphasized to protect their delicate health.
Mary Leal Harkness
Early in the twentieth century it endorsed the view that vocational education for girls should focus on sex-typed occupations.
National Education Association
The history of the American "melting pot" idea suggests that all minority cultures share basically the same problem: how to fit into the larger dominant culture of the United States. Yet each minority group is different, with a different history and different needs. What particular issues associated with the development of a system of public education for Native Americans are different from those that apply to other American minorities? In developing your response, you may rely on your own experience as well as material from this chapter.
Native Americans would have a harder time becoming assimilated due to a few factors such as language and cultural barriers. Other needs would consist of different diets. Also, Native Americans have different spirituality needs.
_______________________ resulted in teachers who were trained in pedagogy but not as well versed in what should be taught or why things are taught.
Normal schools that separate teachers-in-training from other higher education curriculums
How did Booker T. Washington rise to leadership in American influence?
Stated that Black people should accept being separate from Whites in social and political matters and should become more industrious and thrifty to "earn respect."
What was the major change in the South that reversed the gains that were being made for African Americans following the Reconstruction era?
The withdrawal of federal troops that allowed many White southerners to begin trying to "redeem" their White dominance over political and economic life.
According to the text, beliefs that national, ethnic, cultural, economic, racial, or gender groups posses unequal inherent characteristics are still used to hamper groups of people from being equal. This is seen in political, economic, and educational exclusions to this day.
True
Despite Booker T. Washington's passive style and pragmatic approach, his efforts remained true to the education of Black students.
True
Although former slaves and other African-Americans were given the right to vote by the Fifteenth Amendment, in the period following Reconstruction many of the educational gains they had achieved were eroded or lost. This can be traced to
a lowering of blacks' power to exert political influence
The northern military presence to support the Reconstruction of the South to include Black people dwindled and and the North became less and less committed to these efforts because...
although they knew equality had not been met, they had to focus on their own Northern economic problems.
In the name of equality and justice, Alabama and other southern states sought to provide school funding that was
apportioned in favor of white schools.
If you are able to describe the dominant ideology of your society, you
are better able to understand and evaluate it
minorities primarily in a numerical sense
autonomous minority
Social theory is an important analytical tool because it
contributes to an interpretive understanding of how or why something occurs.
Booker T. Washington's counsel to blacks can be characterized most accurately as _______________. This toleration of prejudice led to the worst treatment of Black public education by the state and local school officers since the end of slavery.
cooperation with whites.
Although normal schools were a nice alternative to factory work and domestic work in other people's homes, normal schools kept many doors closed for women. Women's admission to secondary and collegiate education was won at the price of..
embracing the female gender role of compassion and mercy instead of logical reasoning and sense of justice.
According to Ogbu, James Banks (1981), probably the most prolific theorist, criticizes multicultural education models for them for emphasizing cultural differences and deficiencies.
emphasizing cultural differences and deficiencies.
Du Bois believed that Washington asked African-Americans to give up three things to survive. Which of the following does not qualify as one of those aspects?
factory employment
As prominent male educators in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries advocated that women's education suit women for their domestic roles in society, most women educators publicly rejected that position.
false
Both Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois believed that assimilation through self-assertion of individual and social rights was important.
false
Mann did not advocate for higher education for women.
false
Most problems caused by primary cultural differences are not due to differences in cultural content and practice.
false
When private schools for girls and young women were established in the nineteenth century they were designed primarily for the poor, who could not otherwise attend school.
false
Classical liberal emphasis on individualism was reflected in the desire for what we have termed "negative freedom". In contrast to this, the modern liberals desired
government regulations to protect certain freedoms.
Euro-American cultural norms that subordinate women to men in secular society
have their basis at least partly in Christian tradition.
The Chinese and Punjabi Indians are representative U.S. examples.
immigrant or voluntary minority
people who have moved more or less voluntarily to the United States because they desire more economic well being, better overall opportunities, and/or greater political freedom
immigrant or voluntary minority
Aristotle's notion that a democratic society provides the same basic education to all of its citizens
implies that all kinds of education are suitable for all kinds of people.
American Indians, African Americans, early Mexican Americans in the Southwest, and native Hawaiians are U.S. examples.
involuntary minorities
Historically, these minorities were often relegated to menial positions and denied true assimilation into the mainstream society.
involuntary minorities
Today, Indian education as an institution
is beholden to private, federal, and state control.
According to Ogbu, the ability of a core curriculum to increase the school performance of some minority groups will be limited because
it does not address the nature of minority cultural diversity.
To the early settlers, literacy was important because
it would combat Satan's attempts to recruit followers from the ranks of the uneducated.
Although women were thought to be unsuited for intellectual activities, few women from affluent homes were able to attend female seminaries. However, it was thought by most colonial Americans that the goal for females was
matrimony.
Jefferson showed support for this to support individual self-sufficiency
patriarchy
The dominant ideology of a society
prevents social unrest and revolution.
The constitution framed by the black belt redeemers in 1875 legally required
racial segregation in schools.
Viewing citizenship as something earned by achieving a certain level of education
runs counter to American constitutional guarantees.
Jefferson believed that education
should be a lifelong enterprise.
John Collier was a(n)
social reformer who has had the greatest impact on the Indian service.
A democratically-oriented classroom is often characterized by
student participation in problem solving and shared decision making.
In 1861, Matthew Vassar established a college dedicated to
the best intellectual preparation for women that money could buy.
The rise of science as a guide to action seemed logical to the liberals of the young republic because
the capacity for scientific thought seemed to be a God-given ability that allowed humans to understand the God-created regularity of the natural world around them.
A statue of Booker T. Washington is said to portray him as "lifting the veil of ignorance from the Negro race". This reflects
the power of myth in history.
Despite property ownership, citizenship was still denied to Native Americans due to rationalizations that claimed that they..
were subhuman.
"Patriarchy" refers to cultural traditions in which
women's perceived "worth" is not equal to that of men, and women's legal status is not equal to that of men.
Which one of the following statements holds true for the Progressive Era's idea of "new psychology"?
"New psychology" is a revised view of human nature that was influenced by several new approaches to psychology.
How a society is organized in order to function.
- Political Economy
Assimilation for Native Americans differs from assimilation of the Irish and other European groups in that
-Native Americans were expected to assimilate into the invading culture. -non-native Americans had the advantage of accommodating to a culture very similar to their own. -Irish and other Europeans could resist assimilation by returning home
During his time, Jefferson's advocacy of the natural aristocracy was consistent with conservatism.
False
Du Bois was a featured speaker at the first National Negro Committee meeting. This committee was formed after and spoke out against the violent lynchings of two Black men. This group later became known as the...
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
the most influential institution for the transmission of values during the early nineteenth century
Patriarchy
Demanded gender equality.
Radicalism
Theories help us
explain social phenomena
They do not experience lingering, disproportionate school failure.
immigrant or voluntary minority
Jefferson feared that urbanization would wreak havoc on the nation. The Progressives saw an increase of crimes associated with urbanization. These two points are
related, in that Jefferson's and the Progressives' apprehension was that one component of urbanization would be poverty, which breeds crime.
The contradiction arose that, when teaching Native American children the progressive educational practice of consensual decision making, Native Americans were considered too irrational to make democratic decisions as adults.
true
The belief that people learn best through physical activity is most associated with
vocational education assumptions.
Nourish reason, intellect, intuition, and creativity.
- Education
Jefferson and Mann would probably agree on
-taxpayer funding of education. -states' sovereignty in matters of education. -different kinds of education, according to merit.
Match the sections of the 1886 Dawes Allotment Act to their explanations: Having to demonstrate the ability to practice agriculture to be able to acquire land title
Competence
God intended for the woman to be useful only a wife and to maintain the status quo and not participate in any system of education.
Conservatism
the virtue and talent that someone holds that makes them, in Jefferson's view, suitable for the office of government
Natural Aristocracy
What was the primary method that the federal government would use to eliminate "Indianness" and assimilation?
Schooling
Political economy most accurately refers to
a society's institutions and organizations.
By the late nineteenth century, girls outnumbered boys in public high school graduation,
but fewer than ten percent of the entire high school-aged population graduated.
Promotes the skills and understandings to develop a wide range of human capacities.
education
Which of these best describes the most influential institution for the transmission of values during the early nineteenth century?
family
Mann believed that the common schools had a responsibility to
inculcate students with an appropriate set of moral values.
People who were originally brought into the United States or any other society against their will.
involuntary minorities
An attempt to explain reality and practice.
social theory
Du Bois advocated assimilation, protest, and self-assertion.
true
Jefferson believed that university education
would develop the natural aristocracy for the existing society.
Despite Mann's call for the teachings of values through _______________, that he thought all men would agree on, Mill claimed all schools should provide ___________ education so that minorities would not feel religious exclusion.
"great Christian truths"; secular
Formal curriculum, extracurricular activities, "hidden curriculum."
- Schooling
The commitment to public schooling of the Massachusetts Bay Colony was driven in part by
-a religious view of the public good. -an economic view of the public good. -a legal view of the public good.
Schooling includes
-planned instruction and programs of study. - learning achieved through the hidden curriculum. - the state's goals for its citizens.
The freedman's culture crusaded for education so much so that in 1877 _____________________. This all changed with the end of the Reconstruction era.
-there were more Black students enrolled in school than White students in a great portion of Alabama's counties. -Black students stayed in school longer in the Black belt. -Black teachers were payed more in most counties.
The Dawes Allotment Act
-was intended to change Indian notions of communal property. -was intended to teach Indians the habits and practices of the yeoman farmer. -contributed to the breakup of tribal Indian lands and, therefore, to the breakup of tribal unity and identity.
Why were women pushed into secretarial practice and other office work?
Because they aligned wit the housekeeping, chores, and organizational skills that aligned with keeping a home tidy.
In 1861, this person established a college dedicated to the best intellectual preparation for women that money could buy.
Matthew Vassar
Social, cultural, economic, political, and demographic dimensions of a society.
Political Economy
In the first half of the nineteenth century, which of the following was among the most important political-economic developments?
State funding for common schooling was approved in Massachusetts
Which of these is not consistent with Jefferson's advocacy of education?
a state-approved textbook list for all districts
In the southern states during Reconstruction, advances in African-Americans' access to formal schooling came largely from
an extension of the educational efforts blacks themselves developed during slavery
"Education to meet the needs of group differences" has traditionally been attempted under the stated or implied claim that each child's development requires an individualized curriculum.
false
According to Ogbu, some of the needed changes for involuntary minorities can be effectively brought about without community effort.
false
Jefferson's belief in democratic localism was greatly impacted by his belief in the feudal system.
false
Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, interpreted Christian doctrine
to hold women responsible for the loss of free will among all humans.
In the early 1900s, how would you describe schools in New England?
- Not attended by wealthier students - In undesirable locations -Barely-literate teachers -Focused on teaching reading for the understanding of religion and laws
What did Washington urge Black people to not do?
-Vote -Run for political office -Speak out against racial injustice
Washington advocated for African Americans to "first class citizenship" through acquiescence by being patient, not voting, not standing up for oppressions or racism, getting a vocational education, and earning a living. Du Bois, on the other hand, argued that Black assimilation should be obtained through self-assertion instead. To acquire this assimilation, Du Bois called for...
-public protest. -legal action against racist institutions. -higher education for Blacks.
Match the sections of the 1886 Dawes Allotment Act to their explanations: Having to prove the amount of "Indian blood" an individual possesses
Blood Quantum
The criticism of Native American education from the Merriam Report was based around the disgust of the dissolution of Indian societies.
False- It was an attack on the methods by which the dissolution was carried out and not the sadness of despondency of assimilation.
Were meant to train teachers for schools
Normal schools
women's perceived "worth" is not equal to that of men, and women's legal status is not equal to that of men
Progress/ive
Resisted against male privilege and dominance.
Radicalism
Black Belt representatives replaced the 1890 House Bill 504 wording of "just and equitable" with "for the equal benefit of all the children." This meant...
Schools with Black children would receive less money per capita than White schools because they said you could pay teachers at "colored schools" less.