**EDITING** AP Biology - Final/National Exam Review (Mr. Wesley, 2015)
How do you calculate the onion root tip mitotic index?
# of cells in mitosis / # of cells in mitosis + interphase
What is the formula for the volume of a sphere?
(4/3)πr3
A third example of the water potential formula:
(Plant cell after being distilled in water for some time) Yp = +2 + Ys = -2 _______ Y = 0
Define the Mark-Recapture Method mathematically.
(Population Destiny Estimation) 27 marked / ? total population = 5 marked / 40 total population recaptured
Describe the following human respiratory adaptive structures over the next set of flashcards.
(The flashcards range from letters A-H)
How do you calculate the degree of freedom?
(df) = n - 1 *"n" is the number of classes (possible outcomes)
Mollusks and arthropods used a ___ (color), copper containing pigment.
(powder) blue
Would you expect the DO (Dissolved Oxygen) in water taken from a stream entering a lake to be higher or lower than the DO taken from the lake itself?
*This question was not as specific as it could have been, and therefore the answer choices were possible could differ. - The churning of the stream would allow more oxygen to be readily dissolved into the water, as more contact between the water and air would take place. - Sunlight that has been streaming down onto the lake would cause photosynthesis to take place, and more DO would be readily available in the lake water itself. - Etc.
UNIT #: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY PROCESSES
- Adaptions/Specializations in Different Systems - The Circulatory System - The Respiratory System - The Immune System
UNIT THREE: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- Dehydration synthesis vs. Hydrolysis reactions - Proteins (primary/secondary/tertiary/quaternary structures and their causes), R groups + and five R group interactions + denaturation
UNIT ONE: ECOLOGY
- Dissolved Oxygen/Primary Productivity Lab - Energy Dynamics/Caterpillar Lab - Exponential vs. Logistic Growth Models
UNIT SEVEN: DNA AND DNA TECHNOLOGY
- EcoRI and HinDIII restriction enzyme lab (gel electrophoresis) - Lab Bench #6 - RFLP's - VNTR's - PCR
Describe some adaptations to surviving thin air in birds.
- Efficiency of their lungs --> draw far more O2 from the air than human lungs can - Blood containing hemoglobin --> has a very high affinity for O2, picking it up in the lungs and carrying it to tissues throughout the body (SPECIAL ADAPTED TERTIARY/QUATERNARY STRUCTURE) - Circulatory system --> large number of capillaries (tiny blood vessels) that carry O2-rich blood to their flight muscles, and the muscles themselves pack a protein called myoglobin that stores a ready supply of O2
UNIT SIX: GENETICS
- Fruit Fly Lab - Lab Bench #7
UNIT FOUR: CELLS
- Gel Block Diffusion Lab (S.A. vs. Volume calculations) - Water Potential Lab (Lab Bench #1) - Theory of Endosymbiosis and evidences used
Some proteins need more than one tertiary polypeptide to make it functional, which creates a quaternary structure in proteins. List some examples of quaternary-structured proteins.
- Hemaglobin -- needs iron (Fe+) for 4 polypeptides to wrap around - Collagen -- needs 3 polypeptide subunits - Microtubules -- not functional as a tertiary structure, but functional as a quaternary
UNIT FIVE: MITOSIS
- Onion Root Tip Lap - Chi Square Calculations - Standard Deviation, Standard Error, Graph Error Bars (calculation/understanding) - Cell cycle and checkpoints -Density dependence and anchorage dependence - PDGF, signal transduction
UNIT *: CELLULAR RESPIRATION
- Peroxidase/Catalase Enzyme Lab - Cricket Respiration Lab - The Floating Leaf Disk Assay for Investigating Photosynthesis Lab - McGraw-Hill Oxidative Phosphorylation Electron Transport Chain Animation Quiz - Lab Bench #4
UNIT TWO: ANIMAL BEHAVIOR (ETHOLOGY)
- Pill Bug Lab (Lab Bench #11) - Proximate vs. Ultimate behavioral causes, Innate vs. Learned behaviors
All cells share some basic features. List some of the basic features.
- Plasma membrane: bounded by a membrane - Chromosomes: genes made of DNA - Ribsomes: tiny structures that make proteins according to instructions in the DNA - Cytoplasm: entire region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
Describe some adaptations to surviving thin air in humans.
- Rate and depth of breathing increasing = more air - Body may develop more capillaries - Red blood cell count may go up - Heart pumps faster and blood vessels increase in diameter
Polysaccharide means as "many sugars." Name some examples of polysaccharides and their respective functions.
- Starch -- energy - Glycogen -- store excess sugar in this form - Cellulose -- enclose plant cells - Chitin -- exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi
Disaccharide means "two sugars." Name some examples of disaccharides and their respective functions.
- Sucrose -- the chief component of cane or beet sugar - Lactose -- a sugar disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose
List some examples of polypeptides that are functional proteins in the tertiary structure.
- Transthyretin (globular protein) - Ovalbumin (egg white) - Elastin (skin) - Keratin (skin) - Amylase (many enzymes)
Describe a double-circulation system with a four-chambered heart.
...
Describe a double-circulation system with a three-chambered heart.
...
Describe a single circulation system with a two-chambered heart.
...
Describe structure and advantages of fish gills.
...
In the gel block diffusion lab, why were celery sticks soaked in salt water more flexible than those soaked in distilled water?
...
multicellular aquatic
...
multicellular terrestrial
...
single-cell ameba
...
At minimum size, a cell must be able to house...
...enough DNA, protein molecules, and internal structures to survive and reproduce
If 20 caterpillars were weighed at 8.0g total, approximately how much energy (kcal) would that biomass dry represent? Use these given amounts: - 10g caterpillars = approx. 4g biomass dry --> [(10g x 40%) = (10g x 0.4) = 4g] - Each GRAM of plant biomass = about 4,35 kcal/g of energy - Each GRAM of butterfly larvae = about 5.5 kcal/g of energy - Each GRAM of butterfly larvae frass (feces) = about 4.76 kcal/g of energy
1. 8.0 g total caterpillar mass/20 caterpillars = 0.4 g per caterpillar 2. 0.4 g caterpillar x 40% (0.4) = 0.16 biomass dry per caterpillar 3. 0.16 biomass dry per caterpillar x 5.5 kcal/g = 17.6 kcal 4. The total is 17.6 kcal
Complete the chart: INPUT (kcal light energy) --> OUTPUT --> 1. ___, 2. ___, 3. ___
1. Biomass 2. Respiration 3. Heat loss (waste)
Describe 3 stages of gas exchange.
1. Breathing --> O2 diffuses across the cells lining the lungs 2. Transport of gases by the circulatory system --> O2 attaches to hemoglobin in the blood cells 3. Body cells take up O2 from the blood and release CO2 to the blood 4. Mitochondrial aerobic respiration --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
What are some examples of monosaccharides?
1. C3H6O3 - Ribose -- this is the sugar for RNA - Deoxyribose -- this is the sugar for DNA (code of life) 2. C6H12O6 - Glucose -- blood sugar and photosynthesis sugar - Fructose -- fruit sugar
If 10 caterpillars (larvae) were weighed at 3.0g total, approximately how much energy (kcal) would the biomass (dry) of a single larvae represent? Use these given amounts: - 10g caterpillars = approx. 4g biomass dry --> [(10g x 40%) = (10g x 0.4) = 4g] - Each GRAM of plant biomass = about 4,35 kcal/g of energy - Each GRAM of butterfly larvae = about 5.5 kcal/g of energy - Each GRAM of butterfly larvae frass (feces) = about 4.76 kcal/g of energy
1. Calculate the average mass of one larvae: 3.0g total caterpillar/10 caterpillars = 0.3g per caterpillar 2. Calculate the average biomass dry: 0.3g caterpillar x 40% (0.4) = 0.12 g biomass dry per caterpillar 3. Calculate the average energy (kcal) produced per gram biomass dry: 0.12g biomass dry per caterpillar x 5.5 kcal/g = 0.66 kcal per caterpillar
What were the variables in this lab?
1. Dependent variable (Y-axis) - the measured variable 2. Independent variable (X-axis) - percent light 3. Manipulated variable - the environmental treatment
During the mitotic cell cycle, interphase happens about 95% of the cell's life. During interphase, what 3 "sub-phases" does the cell go through, in sequential order?
1. G1, which is basic cell function and growth 2. S, which is DNA replication/synthesis 3. G2, which is continual growth and preparation for division
Explain the basics of food processing.
1. Ingestion -- eating 2. Digestion -- breaking down food 3. Absorption -- absorb the products of digestion 4. Elimination -- undigested material passes out of the digestive track
Give examples of social learning.
1. Many predators learn to hunt by observing and imitating mothers. 2. Alarm calls/predator warnings (vervet monkey infants give general distress calls, and then learn specific calls for predators such as eagles, leopards, snakes, etc.) 3. Crying (attention) is a baby's signal of a problem
Complete the following statements about a prokayotic cell. 1. Membrane-bound nucleus? 2. Membrane-bound organelles? 3. Simple or complex? 4. Size? 5. Ribsomes (rRNA)?
1. No 2. No 3. Simple 4. 1 to 10 um (small) 5. Yes
Know some examples of cells trying to solve the problem of effective surface are to volume ratio.
1. Plant cells --> Vacuole - Vacuole takes up to 90% of the cytoplasmic volume, thus reducing the volume. In other words, there is more surface area compared to volume. 2. Amebas (and plants) --> they're really big - Cytoplasmic streaming (cytoplasm is exposed to the surface) - In amebas, their folds allow them to have a greater surface area
These are all examples of lipids: 1. Waxes 2. Phospholipids 3. Cholesterol 4. Steroid hormones (vs. protein hormones) 5. Fats (solid at room temperature = triglycerides) 6. Oils (liquid at room temperature = triglycerides) Name their respective functions.
1. Prevents dehydration (waxy cuticle on leaves) 2. Major component of cell membranes (water barrier) 3. Common component of cell membranes --> animal cells use it as a starting material for making other steroids, including sex hormones 4. Can move through cell membrane 5. Energy storage 6. Energy storage
List the five main phases of mitosis in sequential order.
1. Prophase 2. Prometaphase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase
Describe the most important factors of each phase of mitosis.
1. Prophase -- Chromosomes consisting of two sister chromatids form within the nucleus, connected together by centromeres. Centrosomes also begin to create mitotic spindle fibers. 2. Prometaphase -- The nuclear envelope begins to break down. Centrosomes move to opposite ends of the cell, and the spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the sister chromatids (and are now considered kinetochore fibers). 3. Metaphase -- The sister chromatids all align in the middle of the cell, along the "metaphase plate" (an imaginary, horizontal plate that runs through the cell). The spindle fibers are all aligned and ready to pull the sister chromatids apart. *(The stage was being set, and now the show is happening in this one phase) 4. Anaphase -- Kinetochore fibers pull the sister chromatids apart gradually, towards opposite ends of the cell. 5. Telophase -- A cleavage furrow (or a cell wall, depending it the cell is a plant cell) forms between the cell. The cell then begins to divide into two new cells as the nuclear envelope and the nucleolus reform.
Name the stages of Meiosis I, sequentially, excluding Interphase.
1. Prophase I 2. Metaphase I 3. Anaphase I 4. Telophase I (and Cytokinesis)
Describe the most important facts of all the stages of Meiosis I.
1. Prophase I -- The nuclear envelope disappears. Sister chromatids cross over at different sites to "swap DNA." Centrosomes also begin to create mitotic spindle fibers. 2. Metaphase I -- The sister chromatids line up in the center of the cell, along the "metaphase plate." The chromatids are held together by sites of crossing over. 3. Anaphase I -- The sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell, the crossing over of genetic information having already happened. 4. Telophase I (and Cytokinesis) -- The cell divides into two daughter cells. In some species, the nuclear envelope re-develops, but in most cases it does not.
Name the stages of Meiosis II, sequentially.
1. Prophase II 2. Metaphase II 3. Anaphase II 4. Telophase II (and Cytokinesis)
Describe the most important facts of all the stages of Meiosis II.
1. Prophase II -- The chromosomes have spindle fibers attached to their centromeres. 2. Metaphase II -- The chromosomes are lined up in the center of the cell, along the metaphase plate. 3. Anaphase II -- The chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. 4. Telophase II (and Cytokinesis) -- The two daughter cells divide into four daughter cells.
At maximum size, a cell is influenced by what two objectives?
1. Requirement for enough surface area to obtain adequate nutrients and oxygen from the environment and dispose of wastes (surface area to volume ratio problem) 2. Size is also limited by the distance these materials must diffuse within a cell (ex.: mRNA has to travel a longer distance)
What evidence supports the Theory of Endosymbiosis? (Hint: there are 3)
1. Ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplast are more like prokaryotic ribosomes than eukaryotic ribosomes. 2. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts can reproduce on their own. 3. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, as well as their own mRNA, ribosomes, and proteins.
Continuing from the previous card, be sure to look these up on the web for further information:
1. Single-celled Amebas/Paramecium --> Food Vacuole 2. Simplistic, multicellular jellyfish --> GVC --> GastroVascular Cavity 3. Roundworms to humans --> Straight Tube Digestion --> An anus makes a big difference! It's a specialized part of the digestive system!
Signal behaviors, or cues, can produce changes in the behavior of other organisms and can result in increased survival (reproductive success). Give examples of signal behaviors.
1. Territory -- an area where individuals defend and from which other members of the same species are usually excluded 2. Cues such as bird songs, chattering of squirrels, etc. 3. Scent markers -- signal serves as a "no trespassing" sign 4. Establishing territories can provide exclusive access to food supplies, breeding areas and places to raise babies
What are 3 ways primary productivity can be measured?
1. The amount of oxygen produced 2. The amount of carbon dioxide consumed 3. Amount of simple sugars (or biomass) that was made
List and describe 4 types of respiratory organs.
1. The entire outer skin (of an earthworm) 2. The tracheal stem (of an insect--consists of tubes that extend throughout the body) 3. Gills (of a fish--are extensions of the body that function in gas exchange with the surrounding water) 4. Lungs (of an animal--internal thin-walled sacs)
What does each aspect of the of standard deviation of an entire population equation represent? 1. o = ? 2. x = ? 3. x-bar = ? 4. N = ?
1. The standard deviation 2. Each value in the population 3. The mean of the values 4. The number of values (the population)
What does each aspect of the standard deviation of a sample of a population equation represent? 1. s = ? 2. x = ? 3. x-bar = ? 4. N = ?
1. The standard deviation 2. Each value in the sample 3. The mean of the values 4. The number of values (the sample size)
What are some possible controls for the peroxidase/catalase enzyme lab? (List at least four.)
1. The temperature within the room was kept constant so that the enzymes would not become denatured, or react too fast (due to increased molecular motion). 2. An accurate pipette (to the .00) allows for all of the groups to accurately measure how much hydrogen peroxide was consumed, and how much potassium permanganate was used in measuring the hydrogen peroxide. 3. One person was to titrate all of the solutions, so as to lower the risk/rate/amount of sources of error. 4. The same pipette and the same baseline was used throughout the duration of the lab, so that the measurements could be compared against one particular lab tool (the pipette) or one particular mixture (the baseline). 5. Etc.
The following six controls were used in this lab: 1. Constant volume 2. Constant plant life 3. Constant light 4. Similar aquatic pond source 5. Constant initial Oxygen level 6. Constant light variations Explain each control more in-depth. (i.e. How did we assume constant volume?, etc.)
1. Used same sized bottles 2. Attempted to use the same size Elodea or Duck weed 3. Placed all bottles the same distance under the same light source 4. Used one tub to obtain all samples 5. Took water sample from the middle of the water column, overfilled to allow NO bubbles 6. Used same number of screens, with no tape, overlap, or labels to interfere with the light source
What is the general recipe for standard deviation? 1. ___ 2. ___ 3. ___ 4. ___ 5. ___ 6. ___
1. Work out the average (mean value) of a set of numbers __ x symbol is called --> "x-bar" 2. Work out the difference between each number and the mean 3. Square those differences 4. Add up the square of all of the differences 5. Divide this up one less than the number of numbers in the set (n-1), which is called the variance 6. Take the square root of the variance and that results in the standard deviation
Complete the following statements about a eukaryotic cell. 1. Do they have membrane-bound nucleus? 2. Do they have membrane-bound organelles? 3. Are they simple or complex? 4. What is their size? 5. Do they have ribsomes (rRNA)?
1. Yes 2. Yes 3. Complex 4. 10 times the size of a prokaryotic cell (big) 5. Yes
In the following problem, it is assumed that only 5 pirates were asked how many gold coins they have. These are the amounts: 4, 2, 5, 8, 6 1. Calculate the mean. **This problem is continued in steps throughout the next several flashcards.
1. x-bar = Ex / N = x1 + x2 + . . . + xN _____________ N = 4 + 2 + 5 + 8 + 6 ____________ 5 = 5
In this lab, these were the following Control Groups/Comparison Groups: 1. Dark bottle (0%) - No photosynthesis/high levels of respiration 2. _____ 3. Initial bottle - Needed bottle on 2nd day to compare how much O2 the other bottles either gained or lost Fill in #2 on the list.
2. Light bottle (100%) - Maximum photosynthesis
2. Calculate x - x^ for each value in the sample. *x^ = x-bar
2. x1 - x^ = 4 -5 = -1 x2 - x^ = 2 - 5 = -3 x3 - x^ = 5 - 5 = 0 x4 - x^ = 8 - 5 = 3 x5 - x^ = 6 - 5 = 1
How many essential amino acids are there, in total?
20
3. Calculate E(x - x^)2 *x^ = x-bar
3. E(x - x^)2 = (x - x^)2 + (x2 - x^)2 + . . . + (xN - x^)2 = (-1)2 + (-3)2 + (0)2 + (3)2 + (1)2 = 20
4. Calculate the standard deviation.
4. (The square root of) 20 / ( 5 - 1) = 2.24 gold coins
The biomass, dry, is about what percent of the measured "wet" weight?
40%
What is the formula for the surface area of a sphere?
4πr2
What is the formula for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H1206 + 6O2
Smokers account for what percent of all lung cancer cases?
90%
Describe leukemia, concerning stem cells.
A cancer of the white blood cells, or leukocytes.
Define closed circulatory system.
A circulatory system in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid.
Describe negative feedback.
A common control mechanism in which a chemical reaction, metabolic pathway, or hormone-secreting gland is inhibited by the products of a reaction, pathway, or gland. As the concentration of the products builds up, the product molecules themselves inhibit the process that produced them.
Describe the Bowman's capsule.
A cup-shaped swelling at the receiving end of a nephron in the vertebrae kidney; collects the filtrate from the blood.
Define spatial learning.
A female digger wasp uses landmarks to mark her nest, such as a circular ring of pine cones. Scientists moved the pine cones several feet away from the nest, in the exact same shape. The female digger wasp, instead of flying to the nest, flew over to the pine cones. In another experiment, the scientists placed the pine cones back around the original nest site, this time arranging the pine cones into a triangular shape. Then the scientists arranged several pine cone-sized rocks in a circular shape several feet away from the nest. In this instance, the digger wasp flew to the rocks that were arranged in a circle. The experiment heralded the following result: the digger wasp memorized her nest site by the arrangement of the landmarks.
Why does a fish die when they are taken out of water? (Specifically think of their gills)
A fish's gills stick together when pulled out of the water, therefore reducing the surface area. Which means, they are dying when they are pulled out of the water.
Name an organism that has a single circulation system and a two-chambered heart.
A fish.
What is a growth factor?
A growth factor is a protein secreted by certain body cells that stimulates other body cells to divide.
Name an organism that has a double circulation system, with a four-chambered heart.
A human.
Describe a simplistic, multicellular jellyfish's digestion process.
A jellyfish's "head"--otherwise known as its GastroVacular Cavity-- is simply made up of 2 layers of cells. The tentacles in a jellyfish pull food up into this cavity, where it secretes enzymes to digest whole, un-chewed food. This allows it to absorb amino acids. (There is also an absence of a circulatory system).
What is standard deviation?
A measure of statistical dispersion.
Define capillary networks.
A microscopic blood vessel that conveys blood between an arteriole and a venule; enables the exchange of nutrients and dissolved gases between the blood and interstitial fluid.
Why was a mild acid (vinegar = acetic acid) to test the movement of diffusion through the agar block?
A mild acid, vinegar (which is an acetic acid), is used to test the movement of diffusion through the agar blocks because the acetic acid is acidic enough to trigger the phenolphthalein in each agar block to turn clear (because an acid, vinegar, is diffusing through the agar).
What is the Theory of Endosymbiosis?
A mutually beneficial relationship between a cell living inside another cell. Evidently, this theory is prominent in eukaryotic (animal) cells, with the mitochondria. This theory is also prominent in eukaryotic (plant) cells, with both mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Define density-dependent inhibition.
A phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing. For example, animal cells growing on the surface of a dish multiply to form a single layer and usually stop dividing when they touch one another. If some cells are removed, those bordering the open space begin dividing again and continue until the vacancy is filled.
Describe the cellular level of organization.
A single cell/multiple cells that perform unspecialized functions.
Define the term water potential.
A term used to describe the tendency of water to leave one place in favor of another.
What is the advance and advantages of a mammalian four-chamber heart vs. an amphibian three-chamber heart?
A three-chamber heart has a partially divided ventricle, and less mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood occurs. (The ventricle is completely fixed divided in crocodilians). A four-chamber heart has, essentially, two parts of the heart to handle deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood separately. A strong, muscular heart also allows for the pull away from the force of gravity.
What is the pillbugs' MOST preferred environment?
A wet, dark environment that is ripe with decomposing/dead organic material.
D. Larynx
Air is inhaled (voice box)
Describe red marrow, concerning stem cells.
All contain a spongy tissue in which unspecialized cells called multi-potent stem cells differentiate into blood cells.
In what types of cells does Mitosis occur?
All somatic cells.
What is the ultimate cause of the mammalian suckling response?
Allows the mammal to get food, and increases chances of survival.
What are the two different shapes of a secondary structure of a protein?
Alpha Helix shaped and Pleated Sheet shaped
A protein is both a macromolecule and a polymer. Through protein-digesting enzymes, what does it become?
Amino acids, which are also monomers and components.
Name an organism that has a double circulation system, with a three-chambered heart.
An amphibian.
Define trial and error learning.
An animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with positive or negative effects. Example: "Skinner box" -- a rat came close to a lever in a box for food. *An animal tends to repeat the RESPONSE if it's a positive reward, or AVOID if it's harmful! They can also unlearn and relearn new things.
Define taxis.
An animal moves toward or away from a stimulus. Is often exhibited when the stimulus is light, heat, moisture, sound, or chemicals.
Explain how animal forms reflect natural selection.
An animal's size and shape are fundamental aspects of form that significantly affect the way an animal interacts with its environment. The body plan of an animal is the result of millions of years of evolution. Natural selection fits form to function by selecting the variations that best meet the challenges of an animal's environment. Natural selection often shapes similar adaptions wen diverse organisms face the same environmental challenges. Physical laws also influence body form with regard to maximum size.
What is the definition of proximate behavior?
An immediate mechanism for a behavior.
Innate behaviors, or "instinctual" behaviors can be further specialized into Fixed Action Patterns ("FAPs"), or types of movement (such as kinesis or taxis). What is a Fixed Action Pattern?
An unchangeable series of actions triggered by a specific stimulus. It saves TIME (when time matters). There is no need to learn a FAP, as it is pre-programmed within an individual. An example of a FAP is the mammalian "suckling" response, when mammals suckle to extract milk to drink/live.
Chapter 20 + 21
Animal Physiological Processes
An example of the water potential formula: (Distilled water) Yp = 0 + Ys = 0 ______ Y = 0
Another example of the water potential formula: (Plant cell after being put into distilled water) Yp = 0 + Ys = -2 _______ Y = -2
What is the function of the "velvety" villi?
Around the inner wall of the small intestine are large circular folds with numerous small, fingerlike projections.
What is the effect of temperature on the amount of oxygen that water at different temperatures can hold?
As light intensity increases, which causes the temperature to rise as well, primary productivity increases overall (both in Gross Productivity and Net Productivity).
Explain the physiological reasons as to why the pillbugs flocked to the wet petri dish.
As stated previously, pill bugs use gills to breathe -- therefore, they require water to survive and function.
Explain how hemoglobin transports O2 (oxygen).
Attached to polypeptide is a chemical group called a heme, at the center of which is an iron atom. Each iron atom can carry one O2 molecule. Thus, every hemoglobin molecule can carry up to 4 O2 molecules. Hemoglobin loads up with O2 in the lungs and transports it to the body's tissues. There, hemoglobin unloads some or all of its cargo, depending on the O2 needs of the cells. (The partial pressure of O2 in the tissue reflects how much O2 the cells are using).
Define genetic behavior (factor).
Behavioral changes can be passed to future generations, not through genes, but through the social environment. "Phenotypes depend on BOTH genes and the environment." Example: High interaction, relaxed mothers vs. low interaction, fearful mothers (rats) - High interaction mothers interact with their pups, and their pups become high interaction, relaxed adults - Low interaction mothers do not interact with their pups very much, and their pups become low interaction, fearful adults **In a cross-fostering experiment, pups born of high interaction, relaxed mothers were placed with low interaction, fearful mothers, and vice versa. The pups that were cross-fostered grew up to act like their foster mothers.
Define hydrolysis.
Breaking down polymers to monomers by using an enzyme. Water is needed to provide an -OH and -H to "fill in" the e-sharing site that is opened when the covalent bond is broken. (Monosaccharide + monosaccharide = disaccharide)
Define dehydration synthesis.
Building up monomers to polymers by using an enzyme. Water is created when -OH and -H are released as the new covalent bond is formed.
The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of ___ and ___ from the air.
CO2 (carbon dioxide) and O2 (oxygen)
Both polysaccharides and disaccharides are both macromolecules and monomers. What transforms them into monosaccharaides (which are also both monomers and components)?
Carbohydrate-digesting enzymes
Compare and contrast the G.I. tract of a carnivore and a herbivore.
Carnivores: Large, expandable stomachs, shorter alimentary canals relative to their body size. Herbivores: Larger alimentary canals relative to their body size, greater numbers of microbes--bacteria and protists---in action.
Describe the function of arteries.
Carry blood away from the heart to body organs and tissues.
What are the four basic levels of organization? (List them in order from smallest to largest).
Cellular --> Tissue --> Organ --> Organ Systems --> (Organism)
What consists of a plasmodesmata in a plant cell?
Channels between adjacent cells that form a circulatory and communication system connecting the cells in plant tissues. *This is the counterpart to a gap junction in an animal cell
What does COPD stand for?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
What is the difference between cilia and flagella?
Cilia mainly sweep mucus (in the lungs) and propel movement -- they are shorter. Flagella mainly propel cells forward using a "whip-like" motion -- they are longer.
Chapter 23
Circulation
What is the molecular formula for carbohydrates?
Cn (H20)n *where n = 3-8
Define agnostic behaviors
Conflicts that arise over limited resources like food, mates, or territories that are settled by agnostic behaviors, which are threats, rituals, and sometimes combat.
Describe the organ system level of organization.
Consists of multiple organs that, together, perform a vital body function.
Describe the function of capillaries.
Convey blood between arteries and veins within each tissue.
In the Energy Dynamics/Caterpillar Lab, is the biomass measured wet or dry?
Dry.
When does primary productivity typically occur?
During photosynthesis.
Motor proteins called ___ ___ are attached to each microtubule doublet. Using energy from ATP, these motor proteins "walk" along as they attach and release and re-attach.
Dynein Arms
Define the term isotonic.
Equal solute concentration.
What consists of a gap junction in an animal cell?
Especially common in animal embryos, where chemical communication between cells is essentially for development Examples: All types of cells, though specific examples that were given were heart cells
What is the definition of ultimate behavior?
Evolutionary explanations for a behavior.
What is the definition of eutrophication?
Excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from land, which causes a dense grown of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.
What is the function of the microvilli?
Extend into the lumen of the intestine and greatly increase the surface area which nutrients are absorbed
(USE THIS MODEL AND THE NEXT ONE TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AFTERWARD.) *What goes in has to equal what comes out FLOW OF ENERGY INTO AND OUT OF A PRODUCER (PLANT) Energy INPUT (sun energy) --> Plant (total biomass energy of plant) --> Energy output --> Respiration needed for new biomass energy (secondary growth), Respiration needed to stay alive, Heat (waste)
FLOW OF ENERGY INTO AND OUT OF A PRIMARY CONSUMER Energy INPUT (biomass energy the consumer eats!) --> Primary consumer (total biomass energy of consumer) --> Energy output --> (Growth) Respiration needed for new biomass energy**, respiration needed for life activities**, feces biomass energy (heat loss, waste) **"Total Respiration"
True or False: Quitting smoking will not restore one's callused cilia.
False. Eventually, like any callous, the ones that took the place of one's cilia will eventually disappear...if one stops smoking overall. The cilia itself will also eventually come back.
True or False: Does every species have their own unique, MINIMUM "r"?
False. Every species has their own unique, MAXIMUM "r."
___ is both a polymer and a monomer. ___-digesting enzymes transform it into ___ and ___ ___, which are both monomers and components.
Fat, fat, glycerol, fatty acids
B. Nasal Cavity
Filters and warms air and sampled for odors as the air flows through a maze of spaces.
Where and how inside the mitochondria is "mother" oxygen specifically used for in aerobic respiration?
Final electron acceptor (at the end of the E.T.C.--or the Electron Transport Chain)
How is LIFE done? (i.e. This was discussed in class)
First cells on Earth (3.5 billion years ago, the cell sizes were prokaryotic. Membrane infolding let to Endoplasmic Reticulum [or E.R.]) --> Primitive eukaryotic cells (no mitochondria or chloroplasts YET, but the E.R. leads to endosymbiosis) --> Advanced eukaryotic cells (cells have mitochondria and/or chloroplasts, depending if it's a plant or animal cell)
Described an open circulatory system.
Fluid is pumped through open-ended vessels and flows out among the cells; there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid.
Explain the very basic basics of the digestive system.
Food (for example, starches, or otherwise known as polysaccharides) enter the digestive system through the mouth. The food enters a stomach full of HCl, and inactive pepsinogen becomes activated and transforms into active pepsin to help break down this food. The digested food then enters the coelom (abdominal cavity). Unabsorbed matter finally exits the system through the use of an anus in the form of feces.
G = rN Define each part of this equation.
G = Growth rate of the population (number of individuals added per time interval) r = Max per capita (individual) rate N = Population size (number of indivuduals in the population at a particular time
In what types of cells does Meiosis happen?
Gametes (eggs and sperm).
Define environmental behavior (factor).
Genes govern learning, memory, internal clocks, courtship and mating rituals, etc. "It seems to run in the family." Example: Male fruit fly (protein) -- leads to males courting other males; genetically engineered females with the male fruit fly protein will court other females
Monomers = ___ + ___ --> Triglycerides (a polymer)
Glycerol, 3 Fatty Acids
Explain how hemoglobin and bicarbonate ions help to buffer blood pH.
Hemoglobin binds most of the H+ (hydrogen ion) --> minimizing blood pH change. Bicarbonate ions can also release or grab H+ ions to buffer blood pH. *This is why you don't die when you exercise!
Define the term hypertonic.
Higher solute concentration.
What is the goal of Meiosis I?
Homologous chromosomes separate.
What are some examples of habituation?
Hydra -- contracts when disturbed by a slight stimulus, stops doing this if the stimulus is repeated. Scarecrow -- birds will avoid a fruit tree for a few days then become used to it.
Explain why imprinting (such as baby geese imprinting on their mothers) has both innate AND learned components.
Imprinting's innate component is the tendency to imprint on a stimulus during a sensitive period (such as a mother goose making noise and walking away from her newly hatched chicks). The imprinting itself is from a learning. Innate -- (pre-programmed behavior) the baby geese WILL imprint on an object during a critical period of time. Learned -- they learn what object to imprint on.
What is the difference between the single circulation of fish and double-circulation of land vertebrates?
In fish, blood travels from gill capillaries to systemic capillaries before returning to the heart. In land vertebrates, blood returns to the heart and is pumped a second time before the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
Describe the glomerulus.
In the vertebrae kidney, the part of a nephron consisting of the capillaries, surrounded by the Bowman's capsule; together, a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule produce the filtrate from the blood.
H. Alveoli
Increases surface area to about 100 m2, that's 50 times the SA (surface area) of skin! That's about a tennis court per lung!
Describe the tissue level of organization.
Integrated group of similar cells that perform a common function.
What does the secondary structure of proteins consist of?
Interactions between O- and H+ charged regions of aa's, which creates H- bonding. (The O- are the backbones of amino acids).
What consists of an anchoring junction in an animal cell?
Intermediate filaments made of sturdy keratin proteins anchor these junctions in the cytoplasm. Examples: All types of cells, though specific examples that were given were skin and heart cells
What does a food vacuole in an ameba allow for?
It allows for intracellular digestion.
What does the primary structure of proteins consist of?
Just the sequence of amino acids.
Name the behavior that pillbugs use to locate their preferred environments and define the behavior.
Kinesis - random, uncoordinated movement used to locate a favorable environment in pill bugs (i.e. they do not a plan, rather they just wander around, trying to sense water around them).
G. 2o Bronchi
Left lung (branches into finger tubes called bronchioles)
What was the hypothesis for the Dissolved Oxygen/Primary Productivity Lab?
Light intensity will affect oxygen (O2) production.
Why do llamas have a higher affinity for oxygen than humans?
Llama hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than does human hemoglobin. Llama hemoglobin becomes saturated with oxygen at a lower partial pressure (pO2) of the higher altitudes to which llamas are adapted.
Define the term hypotonic.
Lower solute concentration.
Describe the organ level of organization.
Made up of two or more types of tissues that perform a common function.
What consists of a tight junction in an animal cell?
Membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, knit together by proteins. Examples: digestive track, skin
When the temperature rises, why does the primary productivity increase overall?
More photosynthesis can happen in warmer temperatures than in colder temperatures. (Due to more sunlight streaming through the water, in warmer climates).
Define kinesis.
Movement that is random and does not result in orientation with respect to a stimulus.
Due to the rule described on the previous card, is N low or high at the beginning of a graph?
N is low
As ___ increases, ___ increases exponentially.
N, G
Which of the three outputs of the primary consumer can be measured?
New biomass and feces biomass
Do any of these compounds occur naturally: a) Methane b) Ethane c) Butene d) 1-butene
No. They are all made from photosynthesis (as well as oil, coal, etc.)
Nucleic Acid is both a polymer and a macromolecule. Name what breaks it down into nucleotides, which are both monomers and a components.
Nucleic-acid digesting enzymes
The circulatory system helps with the movement of ___ & ___, and ___ & ___ and ___ ___.
O2 (oxygen) & CO2 (carbon dioxide); nutrients & wastes; hormone messages
OVERVIEW OF BEHAVIOR: Environmental Behavior: - All behavior will probably be shaped (to some extent) by the environment Genetic Behavior: - All behavior has a gene component, such as natural selection
OVERVIEW OF BEHAVIOR: Innate Behavior: - Instinctual, pre-programmed - Calling when there's a predator - All mosquito behavior (most) - Short time, quick reaction, no learning - Kinesis - Taxis - FAPS Learned Behavior: - Different calls/cries - Takes longer, as the environment changes - Habituation - Imprinting - Trial + error learning - Classical (association) learning - Social learning
What does this mean relative to the average (mean) of the pirates?
On average, each pirate has 2.24 gold coins in their possession, among each of the 5 pirates in question.
Learned behaviors take time to learn. Using knowledge you already know, what is habituation?
Once habituated to a particular stimulus, an animal still senses the stimulus -- its sensory organs detect it -- but the animal learned not to respond it.
Describe the term "alveoli."
One of millions of tiny dead-end sacs within the vertebrae lungs where gas exchange occurs.
What do orientation behaviors do for animals?
Orientation behaviors place an animal in its most favorable environment.
What is the relationship between oxygen production and assimilation of carbon?
Oxygen production and carbon assimilation are directly proportional. For example, if the amount of carbon assimilation goes up in a pond or lake (meaning that aquatic plants are using greater numbers of carbon in photosynthesis), the production of oxygen will increase as well, due to the plants giving off more oxygen. If carbon assimilation was to be low, the production of oxygen would be low, too, because the aquatic plants wouldn't be making enough oxygen to sustain a diverse life.
C. Pharynx
Paths of food and air cross (epiglottis, etc.)
Continuing from the previous question, give one example of an animal form that reflects natural selection.
Perhaps one of the most famous example of natural selection is the peppered moth. During the Industrial Revolution in England, smoke from the factories coated the trees in black, sooty grit. White/lighter peppered moths that landed on these trees were quickly spotted and eaten by birds. Black/darker peppered moths were not as easily spotted and were, therefore, able to survive long enough to reproduce. This led to natural selection "selecting" the darker peppered moths to become the more dominant moths, seeing as how they were surviving longer and able to breed.
What is phenolphthalein used for in this lab?
Phenolphthalein is used as an acid base indicator in this investigation. Furthermore, it is used to show the rate of diffusion (of an acid) through the respective agar cubes. In turn, the augur cubes would turn from their red hued colors (phenolphthalein) to a clear color, indicating that the diffusion of an acid was successful.
What is sex-linked inheritance?
Phenotypes that are expressed and/or inherited, due to sex chromosomes.
What is autosomal inheritance?
Phenotypes that are expressed and/or inherited, regardless of the sex chromosomes.
List a few differences between a plant cell and an animal cell.
Plant cell: - Supported by rigid cell walls made largely of cellulose - Plasmodesmata are connecting between cell walls Animal cell: - The extracellular matrix consists mainly of glycoproteins - Tight junctions form leak-proof sheets - Anchoring junctions rivet cells into strong tissues - Gap junctions allow substances to flow from cell to cell
What is the broad definition of survivorship curves?
Plot survivorship as the proportion of individuals from an initial population that are alive at each age.
In an S-Shaped Logistic Curve, why is the rate slow at the beginning and then at the end?
Population growth is slowed by limiting factors and then gradually wears off.
In the plant model, which output represents the energy available to primary consumers? What measurement in this lab reflects this?
Respiration needed for new biomass energy (secondary growth); the dry mass of plants
Where does the primary consumer get their energy input? What measurement in this lab reflects this?
Respiration needed for new biomass energy (secondary growth); the dry mass of plants
Chapter 22
Respiratory Systems/Gas Exchange
Describe the function of veins.
Return blood to the heart.
F. 1o Bronchi
Right lung (branches into finer tubes called bronchioles)
Which row represents the feces biomass energy in the primary consumer model? What is the value?
Row 11 -- there was 0.04 g excreted
Which row represents the total respiration for life activities and new biomass? What is the value?
Row 13 -- there is 1.81 kcal
Which row represents the energy input to the caterpillar in the primary consumer model? What is the value?
Row 4 -- there is 2.0 kcal per larva
Which row represents the respiration energy needed for new biomass in the primary consumer model? What is the value?
Row 9 -- there is 0.35 kcal
What is the proximal cause of the mammalian suckling response?
Rubbing the mammal's cheek.
What is the difference between an "S-Shaped Curve" and a "J-Shaped Curve"?
S-Shaped Curve - represents logistic growth, G = rN [(K-N)/K] J-Shaped Curve - represents logistic growth, G = rN
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated fat has the maximum number of hydrogens. Unsaturated fat has less than the maximum number of hydrogen.
Define signal transduction.
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses.
What is the goal of Meiosis II?
Sister chromatids separate.
Describe the effect of smoking on cilia.
Smoke inhibits and/or destroys cilia. Eventually, they disappear and calluses form (mucus just sits, not being moved, except for when people experience a "smoker's cough" to move the mucus)
Describe the effect of smoking on macrophages.
Smoke's toxins kill the macrophages.
Diffusion can occur in all three basic states of matter. What are these basic states?
Solids, liquids, gases.
Explain how hemoglobin transports CO2 (carbon dioxide).
Some CO2 can bind directly to hemoglobin, the rest reacts with H2O (water) to form carbonic acid.
Describe absorption into blood --> into the lymph system (also, what gets treated special?)
Some nutrients are absorbed by simple diffusion; other nutrients are pumped against the concentration gradients into the epithelial cells. Notice that a small lymph vessel and a network of capillaries penetrate the core of each villus. After fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed by an epithelial cell, these building blocks and recombined into facts, which are then transported into a lymph vessel. Other absorbed nutrients, such as amino acids and sugars, pass out of the interstitial epithelium and then across the thin walls of the capillaries into the blood.
List some density dependent factors.
Space, health, predation, physiological factors* *For example, high mice density leads to "stress syndrome." This delays sexual maturation in a mouse population that is extremely high. The reproductive organs can also shrink and the immune system can become depressed. Ultimately, there is a high increase in morality and a decrease in birth rate.
Explain secretion.
Substances in the blood are transported to the filtrate.
A shortage of sulfur or the sulfur rad group amino acids in your diet would make it very difficult for you to build proteins. Why?
Sulfur constructs disulfide bridges which unify protein building. It there is a sulfur shortage, protein building can't take place.
Describe an energy pyramid representing the ecosystem in this lab.
Sunlight --> Bottom level - Producers --> Middle level - Primary Consumers --> Frass --> Decomposers
Explain the movement of tetrapods on to land.
Tetrapods first evolved in shallow water from what researches jokingly call "fishapods." These ancient forms had both gills and lungs. The adaptations for air-breathing evident in their fossils include a stronger and elongated snout and a muscular neck that enabled the animal to lift the head clear of water and into the unsupportive air. Strengthening of the lower jaw may have facilitated the pumping motion used by early air-breathing tetrapods (and still employed by frogs to inflate their lungs).
Define associative (classical) learning.
The ability to associate one environmental feature with another (such as a school bell, phone ringing, etc.). *"If I hear, see, feel, smell that . . . I'll get . . ." (stimulus) Example: "Pavlov's dog" -- tube in salivary gland. Dog would salivate when he got food, and he would ring a bell and the dog would salivate at a bell ringing.
Describe a closed circulatory system.
The blood is confined to vessels, which is distinct from the interstitial fluid.
What would be the problem if we were to measure the true biomass (DRY!) of the caterpillars as they grow?
The caterpillars would have to be killed in order to dry them.
Why were the cubes pre-soaked in mild (0.01%) NaOH and what color did this pre-soak make the blocks?term-152
The cubes were pre-soaked in mild (0.01%) NaOH because this causes the agar blocks to change pink/red (due to the phenolphthalein) in response to a base diffusing through the block, which is the NaOH itself. In turn, diffusing a acid through the cubes (vinegar) would make them turn clear.
USE THIS INFORMATION TO ANSWER THE NEXT SET OF QUESTIONS. 1. Mass of Brussel Sprouts 2. Dry Mass of Brussel Sprouts (mass x 23%) - (23% is the average percent biomass from the fast plant data table) 3. Plant Energy (biomass x 4.35 kcal/g) 4. Plan Energy consumed by each Larvae 5. Mass of 10 Larvae 6. Average mass of one Larvae 7. Larva percent biomass as stated in lab manual 8. Individual larva biomass (mass x percent biomass) 9. Energy produced per individual (individual biomass x 5.5 kcal/g) - (New Growth) 10. Mass of the frass of the larvae 11. Frass per individual 12. Waste energy (frass mass x 4.76 cal/g) 13. Estimate of Total Cellular Respiration (plant energy consumed - waste energy produced)
The data is organized in this order: *DAY 1 - 12-day old larvae **DAY 3 - 15-day old larvae ***Over 3 days of growth 1. 31 g -- 11 g -- 20 g total mass consumed 2. 7.13 g -- 2.53 g -- 4.6 g dry mass consumed 3. 31.01 kcal -- 11.00 kcal -- 20.01 kcal 4. 3.1 kcal -- 1.1 kcal -- 2.0 kcal per larva 5. 0.4 g -- 2.0 g -- 1.6 g gained 6. 0.04 g -- 0.2 g -- 0.16 gained 7. 40% -- 40% -- 40% 8. 0.016 g -- 0.08 g -- 0.064 g gained 9. 0.088 kcal -- 0.44 kcal -- 0.35 kcal 10. 0 -- 0.4 g -- 0.4 g excreted 11. 0 -- 0.04 g -- 0.04 g excreted 12. 0 -- 0.19 kcal -- 0.19 kcal excreted 13. 0 -- 0 -- 1.81 kcal
What is considered the dependent variable in this experiment?
The dependent variable in this experiment would be the amount of the agar cubes that the vinegar moved through (otherwise known as the "clear," coloring, or "basic" part of the agar cubes).
Why would have mammals needed the adaptation of a four-chamber heart?
The evolution of a powerful four-chambered heart was an essential adaptation to support the high metabolic rate characteristic of birds and mammals, which are endothermic.
What is cytokinesis?
The final division of the cell in question -- the cleavage furrow/cell wall finally split the parent cell into two new daughter cells.
A fish swims in a glass of water, about half full. Another fish swims in a glass of water, which is totally full. Which glass would have more oxygen available to the fish?
The fish swimming in the glass that is totally full would have more readily available oxygen. If the overall surface area is large, more oxygen can dissolve.
What is the definition of the benthic zone?
The floor of a body of water. (Lake bottom, bottom of an ocean, etc.)
In a second instance, say there was only enough time to ask 5 pirates how many gold coins they have. In statistical terms this means we have a sample size of 5 and in this case we use the standard deviation equation for sample of a population.
The formula of standard deviation differs from the formula of a standard deviation of a select population.
There are 100 pirates on a ship. In statistical term this means there is a population of 100. If the amount of gold coins that each of the 100 pirates have is known, we use the standard deviation for an entire population.
The formula of standard deviation of an entire population is different than the formula of standard deviation of a select population.
What is considered the independent/manipulated variable in this experiment?
The independent/manipulated variable in this experiment would be the amount of time the agar cubes were left in the vinegar solution (which was determined as being ten minutes).
Define a monohybrid pattern of inheritance.
The inheritance of a single characteristic. The different forms of the characteristic are usually controlled by different alleles of the same gene.
Define a dihybrid pattern of inheritance.
The inheritance of two characteristics, usually over two generations. Two different genes usually code for two different characteristics.
Describe the term "capillaries around alveoli."
The part of the circulatory system that help with gas exchange in the lungs. (Oxygen from the lungs enters the alveoli and then diffuses across the membrane into the capillaries then into the blood stream which carries the oxygen around the body. At the same time, carbon dioxide which is produced by the body diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli to be expired out of the lungs.)
During this lab, a doorway was created between two petri dishes that the pillbugs could walk through. One petri dish was given wet paper, and the other was given dry paper. Five pillbugs were placed in each side of the petri dish. Using what you already know about pillbugs, which side would they flock to?
The pillbugs would flock to the wet petri dish.
What is the definition of primary productivity?
The rate at which biomass is produced by organisms which converts inorganic substrates into complex organic substrates.
What is your conclusion regarding the rate of diffusion of vinegar into agar? (What was the "discovery" here?) Does this make sense? Why or why not?
The rate of diffusion of vinegar into agar is the same across each of the individual cubes, regardless of their respective size differences. This does make sense, considering the vinegar was evenly distributed among all three of the cubes (covering all of them completely in the same beaker). The vinegar then was guided through the cubes when they were swirled around in the beaker. The augurs are not of the same thickness (as they are three different sizes - 1 x 1 cm, 2 x 2 cm, 3 x 3 cm), however, they are made of the same material and were soaked with the same concentration (0.01%) of sodium hydroxide (and, thus, they all have the same concentration of phenolphthalein), which would account to the directly similar rates of diffusion of vinegar into the agar.
The urinary system is...?
The removal of and selective reabsorption of substances from the blood.
Explain why allowing nitrogen or phosphorus fertilizers to run into a body of water can negatively affect life in it.
The runoff of the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers will eventually up in a body of water. The nitrogen and phosphorus will stimulate rapid photosynthesis and plant growth in the body of water due to the runoff. The oxygen will then become trapped in the benthic zone and will not be continually recycled to the animals living in the water. The animals will then die off from lack of oxygen.
Describe homeostasis.
The steady state of body functioning; a state of equilibrium characterized by a dynamic interplay between outside forces that tend to change an organism's internal environment and the internal control mechanism that opposes such changes.
The tertiary structure of a protein forms a 3-D polypeptide, which can result in a functional protein. But, how does a tertiary structure form?
The tertiary structure is formed due to interactions of unique R-Groups: 1. H+ (hydrogen bonds) 2. Ionic bonds 3. Sulfur - Sulfur (Disulfide bridges) 4. Hydrophobic forces (hate water) 5. Hydrophilic forces (love water)
Besides the new growth in biomass, what else would have to be measured from the caterpillar (the primary consumer)? Why?
The waste. As they grow and consume more, the waste will get bigger.
Would you expect the DO (Dissolved Oxygen) concentration of water samples taken from a lake at 7:00 a.m. to be higher or lower than samples taken at 5:00 p.m.? Explain.
The water samples taken at 7:00 a.m. would have lower DO concentrations than the ones taken at 5:00 p.m. Photosynthesis cannot happen during the nighttime hours when there is no sunlight. At 5:00 p.m., however, plants would have enough time to perform photosynthesis and create more oxygen.
What is unique about red blood cells, concerning their size?
Their SA (surface area) to V (volume) ratio.
What makes proteins so unique?
Their respective shapes.
What is the scale pH range and colors for phenolphthalein?
There is a scale pH range and specific colors for phenolphthalein. If an agar cube was colorless, its pH content was in a 0 - 8.2 pH range, which means it is either acidic or slightly neutral. If the color was pink or red, its pH content was in a 8.2 - 12.0, which means it is basic.
To determine if the observed date fall within acceptable limits, a chi-square analysis is performed the test the variability of null hypothesis. What is the basic null hypothesis?
There is no (null) statistically significant difference between the observed and expected value.
What is anchorage dependence?
They must be in contact with a solid surface -- such as the inside of a culture dish or the extracellular matrix of a tissue -- to divide.
How do innate (inherited) and learned behaviors affect animal survive?
They promote their survival and reproductive success.
Give an example of intracellular digestion in an ameba.
Think of a time when you or someone you know had strep throat. The strep cells itself secrete enzymes to break down the environment around them--which explains why one's throat hurts immensely when they have strep throat--and thus the cells are able to absorb this broken down material through intracellular digestion.
What does a "human" (for example) circulatory system allow for concerning the movement of red blood cells?
This allows for the movement of one red blood cell at a time!
A. Diaphragm
Thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by a sheet of muscle.
What is the main function of the digestive system?
To break down food into monomers and to move small monomers into the bloodstream.
What is the function of the circular folds within the digestive system?
To increase surface area
True or False: Smoking disrupts the natural cleansing and protective mechanism of the respiratory system.
True
True or False: The anus, though it is sometimes regarded as "gross" or "humorous," is actually regarded as an extremely advanced design of the digestive system.
True
True or False: The typically human intestine is 21 feet long in length.
True
True or False: If an aquatic ecosystem is exposed to various light intensities, then the primary productivity will increase as the light is increased.
True.
True or False: Pillbugs are the only form of land isopods that actually have a set of gills.
True.
True or False: Though the net movement of molecules is down their concentration gradient, at any time molecules can move in both directions as long as the membrane is permeable to the molecule.
True.
True or False: Are all lipids insoluble in water?
True. They are also non-polar.
What does "exponential growth" mean?
Unregulated growth in ideal conditions.
Explain excretion.
Urine--the product of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion--passes from the kidneys to the outside via the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
A mammal uses only 1-2% of its energy in ventilation (breathing air in and out) while a fish must spend about 15% of its energy to move water over its gills. Explain this huge difference in their efforts to collect oxygen.
Water is heavier than air. Due to this, a fish must use up more of its energy to move the heavy water over its gills. There is also more dissolved oxygen in air (21%) than water (5-10%).
Know the water potential formula:
Water potential (Y) = pressure potential (Yp) + solute potential (Ys)
Explain filtration.
Water/small molecules enter the nephron tube from the glomerulus.
Explain (selective) reabsorption.
Water/valuable solutes, including glucose, salt, other ions, and amino acids, are returned to the blood from the filtrate.
E. Trachea
Windpipe (inhaled air passes toward the lungs through this)
Why is the biomass measured dry?
With extra water, the biomass would be heavier than it actually is. Therefore, the biomass is dried and then measured.
What is the Chi square formula?
X2 = E (observed value - expected value)2 / (expected value) *X2 = chi-square **E = summation
Can pollution from the environment cause respiratory problems?
Yes
Does COPD include emphysema and chronic bronchitis?
Yes
When they find the appropriate probability number in a "degrees of freedom" chart, scientists usually use the "0.05" probability from the chart. However, if the calculated chi square value is greater than or equal to the critical value from the table, is the null hypothesis still rejected?
Yes, the null hypothesis is then rejected.
Compare the circulatory system of a fish, an amphibian, and a human. Is this sufficient evidence to support the theory that we, as humans, evolved from fish? (Also consider homologous structures--which are structures with the same embryological origin but possess a different function).
Yes.
Are monomers considered monosaccharides?
Yes. They both mean "one sugar."
Explain a temperature negative feedback. (Consider the example of the regulation of room temperature)
You set the thermostat at a constant temperature--call this its "set point." When a sensor in the thermostat detects that the temperature has dropped below this set point, the thermostat turns on the furnace. The response (heat) reverses the drop in temperature. then, when the temperature rises to the set point, the thermostat turns the furnace off. The sensor, a receptor, is rises to the set point, the thermostat turns the furnace off. The sensor, a receptor, is triggered by a stimulus (room temperature below the set point) and the furnace is an effector, which produces a response, heat. The thermostat represents a control center, which processes information from the receptor and directs the response by the effector.
These are the BIG FOUR of biological ORGANIC compounds: a) Carbohydrates b) Lipids c) Proteins d) Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) Now name their functions and give an example.
a) Energy - Gasoline b) Long term storage - Some structure c) Enzyme function - Enzymes control chemical reactions (structure) d) Shape - Sequences of amino acids (can code ANY enzymes)
Remember that enzymes are ___ in the simplest to the most complex form!
active
Different environments bring about evolution (___/___) of digestion.
adaptions, advancements
Structural ___ enhance ___ between animals and their ___.
adaptions, exchange, environment
Agnostic behaviors is exhibited when animals respond to each other through ___ or ___ responses.
aggressive, submissive
Hydrocarbons are compounds only composed of: a) sulfur and phosphorous b) hydrogen and carbon c) carbon and oxygen
b) hydrogen and carbon (otherwise known as carbohydrates) **LOTS of energy (calories) in their C-H bonds
Organic chemistry is ___ based life.
carbon
If the null hypothesis is rejected, the differences between the observed and expected are probably due to something other than ___ alone.
chance
Evolution of circulatory systems can reflect ___ ___ and ___ ___! (Transport of essential nutrients such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.)
common ancestry, divergent evolution
Diffusion is the net movement of molecules down their ___ ___.
concentration gradient
Nucleic acids are made of monomers and polymers. Monomers in nucleic acids are made of ___, and the polymers are made of ___.
deoxyribose, DNA or RNA
Environmentally controlled behavior will differ between ___ environments.
different
Keep in mind that ___ exhaust A LOT of energy on a hot, humid day.
endotherms
Mating behaviors may involve a complex series of activities that facilitate ___, ___, and ___ with a member of the same species.
finding, courting, mating
A ___ moves its mouth to pass water over its gills, yet they can afford to stop moving for periods of time. ___, however, need to keep moving.
fish, Sharks
Many behaviors have ___ and ___ components.
genetic, learned
Each kind of gas will diffuse down a ___ of their own ___ ___ independently of other gases.
gradient, partial pressure
It can be predicted that the ___ amount of time is used to titrate a solution, the greater amounts of hydrogen peroxide will be consumed and converted into water and oxygen.
greater
Vertebrates and many inverts use ___, and ___ containing pigment.
hemoglobin, Iron (Fe++)
Molecules are in constant motion and tend to move from regions where they are in ___ concentration to areas of ___ concentration.
higher, lower
Good link to check out the counter current exchange system:
http://211.67.160.206/jpkc/yuleixue/English/countercurrent.GIF
Great link to check out for a diagram of hemoglobin loading and unloading O2.
http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/38/flashcards/1293038/png/oxygen_transport1336075699361.png
Great link to check out concerning the basics of oxygen diffusion and blood transport: *Remember that veins (blue) carry deoxygenated blood and arteries (red) carry oxygenated blood!
http://diagramreview.com/wp-content/uploads/Circulatory-Organs-Diagram.jpg
Nice, simple link to check out:
http://physproject-2011.wikispaces.com/file/view/12-18-2010_4%3B51%3B47_PM.JPG/189139043/720x208/12-18-2010_4%3B51%3B47_PM.JPG
A fantastic, lengthy overview of the endomembrane system in motion (with an animation):
http://users.uma.maine.edu/SBaker/nucleus_endo.html
Great link to check out the very basics of a closed circulatory system:
http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbio/circclosed.JPG
A good overview website of the parts of an animal cell (diagram):
http://www.celldiagram.net/animal-cell-diagram.html
A good overview website of the parts of a plant cell (diagram):
http://www.celldiagram.net/plant-cell-diagram.html
Great link to check out a chart concerning the differentiation of blood cell types from bone marrow stem cells:
http://www.scienceprofonline.org/images/blood_cell_lineage.jpg
Great link to check out to see a picture of a temperature negative feedback example:
http://www.tokresource.org/tok_classes/biobiobio/biomenu/nerves_hormones_homeostasis/Homeostasis_TempControl.GIF
Great link to check out concerning different types of hemoglobin (and their different affinities for oxygen):
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/Oxysat.gif
Excellent link to check out to compare all 3 types of the closed circulatory systems (in this course):
http://ykonline.yksd.com/distanceedcourses/Courses/Biology/lessons/SecondQuarterLessons/Chapter6/6-2/Images/CircFishVsMam.jpg
Great link to check out the very basics of an open circulatory system:
https://awbionotes.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/circsys_1.gif
Great link to check out that outlines the respiratory system:
https://bonesandbugs.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/respiratory-system-diagram.jpg
Good link to check out the whole system of fish gills with the counter current exchange system:
https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/959/flashcards/1239959/jpg/countercurrent_exchange_in_gills1335146735297.jpg
A great link for an intestinal diagram:
https://ib-biology2010-12.wikispaces.com/file/view/villi_in_sm._intestine/173325835/villi_in_sm._intestine
**Great link to check out:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?_v=3xfGbloqG4&feature=player_detailpage
The celery sticks placed in salt water were placed in a ___ solution.
hypertonic
Solute potential (Ys) = iCRT
i = The number of particles the molecule will make in water; for NaCl this would be 2; for sucrose or glucose, this number is 1 C = Molar concentration (from your experimental data) R = Pressure constant = 0.0831 liter bar/mole K T = Temperature in degrees Kelvin = 273 + °C of solution
The process of diffusion and osmosis account for much of the ___ movement of molecules at the cellular level.
passive
The membrane ___ allows passage of certain types of molecules while restricting the movement of others.
passively
Polymers of amino acids are connected by ___ (carboxyl group to amine/nitrogen group)
peptide bonds
Exposure to air ___ (and tobacco smoke) causes continual irritation and ___ of the lungs.
pollution, inflammation
Isomers are compounds with the ___ formulas but ___ structures.
same, different
In osmosis, water moves through a ___ ___ from a region of its higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
selectively permeable
If the null hypothesis is accepted, it means that there is a 95% confidence level, and there is no ___ ___ difference between the observed numbers and the ___ numbers! The observed seem to fit the expected numbers, in this instance. In other words, the differences that are seen between the observed and expected are probably due to ___ alone.
statistically significant, expected, chance
Blood ___ respiratory gases (___ & ___) and ___ the blood.
transports, O2 & CO2, buffers
Titration will allow for molecules of hydrogen peroxide to be converted into ___ and ___ through the use of an enzyme/catalase.
water, oxygen