EES150-002 Final Exam
The main type of rock type exposed Earth's surface in Kentucky and the surrounding region is metamorphic rocks
False
The majority by volume of the magma erupted at volcanoes such as Mount St. Helens is extruded as fluid lava flows.
False
The most abundant gas dissolved in silicate magmas is CO2
False
The oceanic and continental crust have constant thickness
False
The volcanic gas that is most diagnostic for monitoring and predicting volcanic eruptions is SO2 (sulfur dioxide) because it does not occur in our atmosphere.
False
Transform plate boundaries are associated with the largest volcanic eruptions in Earth history.
False
Which of the following does not apply to the most explosive volcanic eruptions?
Involves basalt magma
Referring to the feature circled in red in the photo below. Which of the statements DOES NOT apply to the feature?
It is a pahoehoe lava flow
Yellowstone is part of the Cascade continental volcanic arc that formed by subduction of the Juan de Fuca oceanic plate.
False
The "KGS", the state agency responsible for documenting and informing the public of potential seismic hazards in Kentucky, is the:
Kentucky Geological Survey
Which of the rocks below is most analogous to the foam released when a soda bottle is opened?
Pumice
Which of the following is NOT associated with basaltic eruptions?
Pyroclastic flows
Which of the following is NOT a process by which Earth is losing heat
Radioactive decay of U and K in the crust
We discussed the following volcanic eruptions this semester, which are listed in alphabetical order here: Mazama (Crater Lake) Huckleberry Ridge (Yellowstone) Pinatubo Saint Helens Toba Which volcano erupted the least amount of magma? o pop
Saint Helen
The volcano/volcanic feature in the picture above is
Santorini, Greece
Which of the following is NOT a source of heat in Earth?
Solar thermal energy
All of the following are true of plutonic igneous rocks except:
They can take only hours or days to cool and solidify
Hawaii and Yellowstone have all of the following in common except:
They erupt rhyolite
Which of the following is not a characteristic of stratovolcanoes?
They form at at divergent plate boundaries
The earthquakes below Pinatubo before the eruption were interpreted to be related to magma moving upward below the volcano.
True
The feature that metamorphic rocks have in common and distinguish them from plutonic igneous rocks is a foliation, layering, or planar structure that reflects compressional deformation during metamorphism
True
The force that causes tall buildings to collapse and that knocks objects off shelves in homes and stores during an earthquake is due to the acceleration produced by sudden onset of ground motion.
True
The heat source for felsic magma generated in supervolcano systems like Yellowstone is from heat released by basalt magma trapped/ponded/intruding at the base of the continental crust.
True
The increase in seismicity (in terms of number and strength of earthquakes) in central Oklahoma from 2009-2016 correlates with the amount of wastewater injected into the deep subsurface.
True
The most powerful earthquakes in terms of magnitude (M) exhibit the largest rupture areas and displacements along the fault.
True
The most silica-rich magmas also contain the most dissolved water, which increases their explosivity.
True
The most viscous magmas are silica-rich (e.g., rhyolite)
True
The oceanic crust consists primarily of basalt and gabbro
True
The presence of basalt on any planetary body requires that body to have a mantle consisting of peridotite, just like on Earth
True
The primary driving mechanism for lava fountaining or magma explosion is expansion of bubbles of gas that was dissolved in the magma.
True
The primary hazard associated with basaltic volcanism is property destruction.
True
The temperature of water expelled by black smokers in seafloor hydrothermal systems is as high as 300 oC.
True
The total energy released by all Magnitude 1-8 earthquakes on Earth in a single year is less than the energy of a single Magnitude 9 Great Earthquake.
True
There are some exceptions but in general there exists a correlation between the distribution of earthquakes and volcanic centers on Earth
True
Water involved in the production of magma in subduction zones is derived from sediment deposited on the oceanic crust before that crust is subducted.
True
With the exception of "hot spot" volcanism, most magmatic activity occurs at plate boundaries.
True
According to the U.S. Geological Survey a successful earthquake prediction would specify all of the following except:
Type of fault that the earthquake forms on
Which volcanic system exhibits the greatest diversity/range of magma compositions?
continental volcanic arcs
The Mercalli scale for quantifying earthquake intensity is based on all of the following observations except:
the length of the displacement along the fault on which the earthquake occurs.
Megathrusts possess or exhibit all of the following features or properties except:
the upper plate moves laterally relative to the lower plate
Stratovolcanoes form only on continental crust.
False
The Earth's lower crust and upper mantle are mostly molten. This explains why volcanoes are found everywhere across Earth's surface.
False
The July 6th 2018 Ridgecrest California M 7.1 earthquake was probably triggered by wastewater injection that lubricated the fault plane.
False
An accurate estimate for the temperature of magma erupted at Kilauea is (temperature in degree Celsius):
1200 C
Refer to the figure below of a decay curve for an unstable radioactive isotope parent that decays to a stable daughter isotope. If a zircon crystal has 25 atoms of the parent isotope, and 75 atoms of the daughter isotope, how many half lives have passed?
2 half lives
Refer to the Map with the locations A through F. Some locations may used more than once. Some questions have more than one possible correct response but GIVE ONLY ONE RESPONSE. Which box corresponds to the location of a magmatic hotspot?
A
The name of the 3-person submersible vehicle first used to explore seafloor volcanic and hydrothermal systems on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge was
Alvin
Refer to the Map with the locations A through F. Some locations may used more than once. Some questions have more than one possible correct response but GIVE ONLY ONE RESPONSE. Which box corresponds to the location of a stratovolcano built on continental crust?
B
Which magma composition on Earth is involved in or fundamental to generation of all other magmas?
Basalt
Pillow lavas erupt underwater, along the axis of mid-ocean ridges. Which type of magma does this eruption involve?
Basaltic
A planet that is actively undergoing plate tectonics would exhibit all of the following topographic patterns except:
Broad high areas with dense development of meteorite impact craters
Refer to the Map with the locations A through F. Some locations may used more than once. Some questions have more than one possible correct response but GIVE ONLY ONE RESPONSE. Which box corresponds to the location of a stratovolcano built on oceanic crust?
C
Seismicity in the New Madrid Seismic Zone is related to an active strike-slip plate boundary that runs from the northeastern U.S. to the region of the San Andreas Fault Zone.
False
Mount St. Helens is part of which continental volcanic arc?
Cascade Arc
The members of the Italian Great Risks Commission responsible for informing the public of seismic risk were convicted of which of the following in regard to the 2011 L'Aquila, Italy, earthquake?
Conducting a superficial analysis of the seismic risk and providing false reassurances to the public.
Which of the following is NOT evidence for the composition of the Earth's core?
Convection of the Mantle
Refer to the Map with the locations A through F. Some locations may used more than once. Some questions have more than one possible correct response but GIVE ONLY ONE RESPONSE. Which box corresponds to the location of formation of basalt by melting of ascending mantle asthenosphere?
D
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the New Madrid Seismic Zone?
Earthquakes result from strike-slip plate boundary like the San Andreas fault system.
Basalt magma forms when the mantle asthenosphere rises and melts the oceanic crust at divergent plate boundaries.
False
Because Earth has fewer meteorite impact craters it did not undergo the same heavy meteorite bombardment that is evidenced by the dense cratering of the Moon
False
Mars has an extensive highland region and an extensive lowland region, which together require that Mars has plate tectonics like Earth.
False
Martian meteorites are a type of iron meteorite.
False
Megathrust earthquakes are the most powerful earthquakes because they are also the deepest earthquakes that occur on Earth.
False
Most of the eruptions on Hawaii in the past 70 years have been from the summit crater of Mauna Loa.
False
Mount St. Helens was the largest eruption on Earth in the past 150 years.
False
Our understanding of Martian igneous rock types is based on samples collected by Martian landers that drove around on Mars, grabbed samples, and then blasted off from Mars and returned the samples to Earth, like we did by going to the Moon.
False
Peridotite xenoliths are examples sedimentary rocks that form at Earth's surface in erupting basaltic lava
False
Rhyolite magma is the most voluminous/abundant magma generated on Earth.
False
Rhyolite welded tuffs form by crystallization of viscous rhyolite lava flows.
False
Shield volcanoes are the characteristic type of edifice formed at convergent plate boundaries.
False
Caldera volcanic systems involve all of the following processes or features except:
Formation of a shield volcano
Subduction is associated with all of the following phenomenon except
Generation of new oceanic crust
Which type of rock would you NOT expect to find on Mars?
Granite
All of the following contribute to making rhyolite caldera eruptions more explosive except:
High rate of gas escape from the magma before eruption
What type of tectonic process or plate interaction is occurring between the Arabian Plate and Eurasian Plate?
Indentor tectonics
Refer to the map below. Which of the following pairs of continents or plates does not make a matching fit in support of movement of lithospheric plates?
India and Eurasia
Which of the following convergent plate tectonic settings does not actively involve subduction and therefore does not exhibit giant earthquakes:
India with Eurasia
The primary volcanic hazard associated with eruptions at Kilauea is:
Lava flows covering property and setting fire to buildings.
There were several volcanic materials erupted at Mount Pinatubo, which is relatively remote from many towns and cities. Which of the following was NOT one of the volcanic materials that impacted towns and urban centers to create most of the damage and long-lasting disruption to people's lives?
Low viscosity basalt lava flows
Viscosity of a magma is controlled primarily by:
Magma composition (silica or SiO2 content)
All of the following processes drive lithospheric plate motion except
Mantle hotspots
The relative volume proportions (in percent: %) of the different layers of the Earth are:
Mantle:Core:Crust = 83:16:1
Which famous scientist defined the term "radioactivity"?
Marie Curie
Which of the volcanoes listed is the most active volcano based on the number of eruptions in the past 4000 years?
Mount St. Helens, Washington
Which of the following is NOT one of the volcanoes that comprises the island Hawaii?
Mt. Pele
Which of these volcanoes is NOT a submarine stratovolcano in an oceanic arc?
Ngauruhoe
Which pair of volcanoes/volcanic settings is most different in their eruption style?
Ngauruhoe (New Zealand)-Kilauea
The distribution of volcanoes on Earth is
Not random and distributed in linear belts, e.g., around the Pacific ocean
The two most abundant elements of the crust and mantle are:
O and Si
Pumice is a highly vesicular form of which volcanic rock?
Obsidian
The largest single volcanic edifice in the solar system that we know of is:
Olympus Mons on Mars
Submarine (underwater) eruption of magma in an oceanic volcanic arc is different from a continental arc in all of the following ways except:
One involves subduction and one involves a hot spot
All of the following are a type of pyroclastic material except:
Pahoehoe
The mantle consists of what type of igneous rock?
Peridotite
Lava erupted underwater forms:
Pillow lava
The Moon, Mars and Earth have all of the following in common in their histories except:
Plate tectonics
Which type of volcano is most likely to generate lahars?
Stratovolcano
Refer to the Figure. Fault Number 1 is a:
Strike-slip Fault
The volcano in the photo below is exhibiting what style of eruption?
Strombolian
Refer to the figure below. Based on the relative width of oceanic crust that is 20 millions old, which of the listed divergent plate boundaries is spreading the fastest?
The Nazca-Pacific plate boundary.
Which of the following is not a characteristic feature of sea floor magnetic anomalies?
The anomalies are older at the ridge axis and younger away from the axis
The presence of active volcanism on Hawaii in the middle of the Pacific ocean implies all of the following except
The crust or mantle immediately beneath Hawaii is cooler than the surrounding oceanic crust
All of the following are components of the elastic rebound model for earthquake generation EXCEPT:
The fault surface is always a vertical strike-slip fault like the San Andreas fault zone
The international tsunami detection and warning system can detect or predict all of the following except:
The magnitude of the earthquake that generated the tsunami.
Which of the following is not true about the magnet polarity time scale:
The polarity reversals are all of the exact same length of time
We discussed the following volcanic eruptions this semester, which are listed in alphabetical order here: Mazama (Crater Lake) Huckleberry Ridge (Yellowstone) Pinatubo Saint Helens Toba Which volcano erupted the greatest volume of magma?
Toba
Although most mountains form at convergent plate boundaries, mountains can also form along transform plate boundaries
True
Although volcanoes don't form there, most of the magmatism on Earth in terms of volume of magma generated occurs at divergent boundaries where new oceanic crust forms.
True
Although we see mostly sedimentary rocks as we drive around at Earth's surface, the majority of the continental crust consists of plutonic igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks
True
Basalt is the most common magma in the inner solar system based on its presence on Earth, Mars, and the Moon.
True
Common plate motion rates are on the order of 1-20 cm/year
True
Deformation of rocks by fracturing or flowing is permanent (not recoverable)
True
Earthquakes occur primarily at plate boundaries but may also occur in intraplate settings far from plate boundaries.
True
Eruption of basalt on the moon that filled the large impact basins ended by 3.9 billion years ago.
True
Faults represent displacement of rock layers along a fracture.
True
Isotopes are atoms of the same elements with different numbers of neutrons
True
Location of an earthquake epicenter requires detecting the earthquake on seismometers from at least three seismic stations.
True
Measurement of the rate and direction of plate motion by the satellite-based Global Positioning System (GPS) agrees with measurements from paleomagnetism and seafloor spreading from plate motions determined by paleomagnetism
True
Oceanic crust is ultimately consumed by subduction at convergent plate boundaries
True
Of the two types of crust, only oceanic crust is subducted into the mantle
True
One of the challenging aspects of understanding intraplate earthquakes is that they tend to shift locations over 100 to 1000 year time spans, as in northern China.
True
P waves have the highest velocity in the crust and therefore are the first seismic waves to arrive at a seismometer station.
True
Plate Divergence requires creation of new oceanic crust
True
Sedimentary rocks form from sediment that is deposited in horizontal layers, e.g., the sand you might see deposited along the shoreline in Florida or the Bahamas
True
Some lithospheric plates, such as the North American plate, consist of continental crust and oceanic crust.
True
Some of the tsunamis associated with the Great Alaskan Earthquake of 1964 were generated by submarine landslides that were in turn triggered by the earthquake.
True
The Mercalli scale is used to quantify intensity for earthquakes that occurred before seismometers were invented, such as the 1811 New Madrid and 1906 San Francisco earthquakes.
True
The New Madrid Fault Zone is considered by the U.S. Geological Survey to have the same seismic risk hazard as the San Andreas Fault Zone.
True
The San Andreas Fault System along southwest margin of the North American plate is an example of a transform plate boundary
True
Gas that is dissolved in a magma and is released during an eruption is primarily:
Water (H2O) vapor
