EES21 Smartwork

Based on the Narrative Art Video about the formation of the Earth, identify statements that are true of Earth.

B. It has one moon. D. It formed from the third protoplanet from the Sun.

Why don't geologists refer to sand on a beach as a rock?

B. Sand on a beach is composed of loose, unconsolidated minerals.

What would be the significance of finding a precipitated mineral on another planet?

B. The planet may have or have had liquid water on it.

Does the rock composition differ between point X and point Y? Do the temperatures at these points differ?

B. The rock composition is the same, but the temperature is different, with point X being cooler than point Y.

Based on the Narrative Art Video about the formation of the Solar System, identify ways in which heavier elements form.

B. in stars C. during supernovae explosions

What process yields sulfur crystals at a volcanic vent, as shown in photo D?

B. precipitation from gas

Based on the geothermal gradient graph, what can be said about temperature and pressure within the Earth? Select all that apply.

B.At greater depths, the pressure is higher. D.Temperature increases with depth.

In which two ways can sedimentary rocks form?

B.cementing together of grains broken off pre-existing rocks D.precipitation of mineral crystals out of water solutions

Place in chronological order the events that led to life as we know it on Earth.

1. The oceans formed. 2. Photosynthetic organisms appeared on Earth. 3. Oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere 4. Multicellular life developed rapidly on Earth.

What's the difference between a crystalline igneous rock and a clastic sedimentary rock?

B. Minerals in crystalline igneous rocks are held together by interlocking crystals, and in clastic sedimentary rocks grains are held together by cement.

Which of the following statements about differentiation are true?

C. The mantle formed as a result of differentiation. D. The core formed as a result of differentiation.

This photo shows the Crab Nebula, the remains of a supernova observed in 1064 C.E. It is 6,523 light-years from the Earth. Does this nebula contain any uranium?

C. Yes, because the Crab Nebula represents a supernova explosion whose extreme high temperatures allowed for the formation of heavier elements.

On the diagram below, where is the youngest seafloor located?

C. in the red-shaded region

Which of the following images best shows how the Moon was formed?

D. collision picture

Part 1 Which of the following best describes the habitable zone? Part 2 Which of the following is not one of Earth's domains?

Part 1 C. the distance from the Sun where temperatures range between 0°C (freezing) to 100°C (boiling) Part 2 D. the Moon

What process yields the mineral crystals found on the floor of a salty desert lake as it dries out, as shown in diagram C?

C. evaporation of supersaturated water and the precipitation of salt

Diagram A shows two depictions of the fundamental building block of silicate minerals, the most abundant minerals. What is it called?

C. silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

What process produced the purple garnet crystals in the rock in photo G?

C. solid-state diffusion

Place the following Solar System objects in order from closest to the Sun to farthest from the Sun.

Closest Mercury Earth Asteroid belt Jupiter Neptune Oort cloud Furthest

Sort the following characteristics based on whether they correspond to comets, asteroids, or both.

Comets made of ice and rock can orbit along a plane other than the ecliptic plane formed in the Kuiper Belt Asteroids reside between Mars and Jupiter made of rock and metal orbit only along the ecliptic plane Both part of the Solar System orbit the Sun have irregular shapes have collided with Earth

Sort outcomes of continental collision versus those related to ocean-ocean (oceanic) convergence.

Continental Collision 1. crustal thickening 2. mountain building Oceanic Convergence 1. subduction 2. volcanism

Identify the three types of plate boundaries by labeling the following image. Drag the correct label to the corresponding target.

Convergent - towards each other Divergent - away from each other Transform - past each other

Label the layers of the atmosphere.

From top to bottom Thermosphere Mesophere Stratosphere Troposphere

Match each stellar characteristic to the type of star it is associated with.

Intermediate Mass Star 1. is similar in mass to our own Sun 2. carbon core develops toward the end of its existence 3. forms a white dwarf as its last stage of existence Massive Star 1. iron core develops toward the end of its existence 2. forms a neutron star as its last stage of existence

Geologists observe a rock thin section under a petrographic microscope to definitively identify its mineral makeup. Which of the following makes a petrographic microscope different from a standard microscope?

It transmits polarized light through the thin section. It has the ability to rotate the thin section slide.

This diagram shows two types of boundaries. Label the boundary type above each diagram. Label the direction of motion of continental lithosphere below each diagram.

Left rift diverging arrows Right collison converging arrows

Identify the internal layers of the Earth, shown in the diagram A.

Left to right Crust Mantle Outer core Inner core

Place the label that identifies the correct layer of the Earth on the following diagram.

Left to right Inner core Outer core Lower mantle Upper mantle Crust

Label each target on the map below with the name of the appropriate geological feature.

Left to right Mountain belt ice sheet continental shelf plain

Drag the appropriate labels to the parts of Earth's magnetic field.

Left to right Solar wind Van Allen belts edge of the magnetosphere Magnetic field lines

Label the parts involved in Earth's magnetic field.

Left to right Solar wind van Allen belts Magnetic field lines Magnetosphere

To appreciate the relationship noted above, label the following on the image: mountains, coastal plain, continental shelf, and abyssal plain.

Left to right mountains, coastal plain, continental shelf, abyssal plain

Sort statements as being true of the lithosphere or asthenosphere.

Lithosphere 1. outermost layer 2. relatively rigid Asthenosphere 1. higher density 2. relatively soft (plastic)

Using the earthquake location map below, select all of the locations that represent plate boundaries.

Location 1 Location 2 Location 4 Location 6

Identify the following substances as mineral, mineral simulant, or non-mineral.

Mineral gypsum corundum aragonite graphite Mineral Simulant hematine cubic zirconia Non-mineral menthol sugar DNA glass

Sort the characteristics typical of continental and oceanic crust into the correct categories below.

Oceanic Crust shallow Moho thin higher density Continental Crust thick deep Moho sits higher in the asthenosphere deeper roots Both igneous rocks sedimentary rocks on top

Part 1 Identify A-E on the cross section. Part 2 How does the lithosphere differ from the asthenosphere? Part 3 Determine which properties go with which areas in the crust and upper mantle.

Part 1 A continental crust B oceanic crust C lithosphere D lithospheric mantle E asthenospheric mantle Part 2 D. The lithosphere is rigid; the asthenosphere is plastic. Part 3 lithosphere composed of rigid upper mantle and crust oceanic crust rocky layer composed of basalt, approximately 3-10 km thick continental crust layer composed of granitic rock; approximately 70 km at its thickest

Part 1 How are fracture zones oriented relative to the axis of a mid-ocean ridge? Part 2 Label the fracture zones and ridge segments on this block diagram.

Part 1 A. Fracture zones run perpendicular to a mid-ocean ridge axis. Part 2 Top to bottom ridge fracture zone

Part 1 How did Wegener use a map of fossil distribution and rock types to support his hypothesis of continental drift? Part 2 Why did most geologists of Wegener's day reject his hypothesis?

Part 1 A. He found similar rocks and fossils on continents that are currently separated by ocean and deduced that the continents must have been connected at some point. Part 2 A. Wegner could not explain how or why continents were moving.

Part 1 Which of the following best describes the geocentric model of the Universe? Part 2 Which of the following best describes the helioentric model of the Universe?

Part 1 A. The Earth is the center of the Universe, and the stars and planets rotate around it. Part 2 C. The Sun is the center of the Solar System, and the planets orbit around it.

Part 1 How did Wegener use this map to justify his continental-drift hypothesis? Part 2 Can the pattern of glacial striations be explained if continents have always been in their present-day locations?

Part 1 A. Wegener speculated that the distribution of late-Paleozoic sedimentary environments defined climate belts on Pangaea and therefore the position of the continents. Part 2 A. No, because glacial ice moves toward coastlines, as many of the striations indicate, not toward the middle of continents.

Part 1 A flat surface that bounds a crystal as it grows is referred to as a __________. Part 2 In the quartz crystal in diagram A, the angle between faces A and B is 120°. What is the angle between faces B and C?

Part 1 A. crystal face Part 2 picture 4 B. 120°

Part 1 Up to what elevation can you live without needing supplemental oxygen? Part 2 At 100 km/h (62 mph), how long would it take to drive a distance equal to the thickness of the breathable atmosphere?

Part 1 B. 5.5 km Part 2 C. 3.3 minutes

Part 1 How does a planet differ from a protoplanet? Part 2 How does a protoplanet differ from a moon?

Part 1 B. A protoplanet is a large, nonspherical body smaller than a planet. Part 2 A. Protoplanets orbit the Sun; moons orbit planets.

Part 1 Describe the process by which oceanic lithospheric mantle forms. Part 2 Is the lithospheric mantle thicker beneath a mid-ocean ridge or beneath a continental shelf? Part 3 Why are abyssal plains deeper than mid-ocean ridges?

Part 1 B. As newly formed oceanic crust moves away from the ridge axis, the crust and the mantle directly beneath it gradually lose heat to the ocean above, forming lithospheric mantle. Part 2 A. beneath a continental shelf Part 3 B. Older lithosphere sinks down into the asthenosphere because it is thicker, colder, and denser than younger lithosphere.

Part 1 What is the central area (A) called? Part 2 What is the composition of A? Part 3 What is the composition of the material in B? Part 4 What are the stages of planet formation according to the nebular hypothesis?

Part 1 the sun Part 2 dust particles Part 3 ice particles Part 4 1. Nebula formed from hydrogen and helium 2. Gravity pulled gas and dust inward to form an accretionary disk. 3. Dust and ice particles began to stick together, forming planetesimals 4. More collisions led to protoplanets; proto Earth became round due to gravity 5. After Earth formed, it was hit by a protoplanet that ejected debris which then formed the Moon 6. Earth's atmosphere formed form volcanic gas

The image below contains three types of plate boundaries. Above each image, identify the type of plate boundary shown. Below each image, identify the relative motion between the plates.

Rift divergent diverging arrows Submerging converging converging arrows transform transform arrows

Below is a list of news headlines that pertain to geologic issues. From the dropdown list, choose the subdiscipline of geology that addresses the topic.

Soaring Nickle Prices Could Be a Problem for Automotive Manufacturers - economic geology Hot Springs Reveal Where Continental Plates Collide Beneath Tibet - tectonics New Dinosaur Species Discovered at Construction Site - paleontology California Mudslides Trap Residents, Damage Homes - engineering geology NASA Rover Samples Martian Rocks - petrology

Obsidian is a volcanic glass that forms when lava cools very quickly and consists of a solid mass of glass through and through. Why is obsidian not classified as a mineral?

The atoms or molecules in obsidian do not have a crystalline structure.

The use of ____ for energy and ______ for construction are two examples of how society uses Earth materials.

coal and limestone

Place in chronological order the events that led to the formation of the Earth.

1. The Earth cleared its orbit of all other matter, making it a true planet. 2. The moon formed. 3. Volcanic activity occurred, releasing gases. 4. An atmosphere formed.

Order the steps that lead to seafloor spreading.

1. The asthenosphere beneath diverging plates rises and melts. 2. A magma chamber forms beneath the ridge axis. 3. Magma rises to the surface and erupts via submarine volcanoes. 4. Newly formed crust is moved laterally away from the ridge.

Place in order the steps of the formation of the Universe.

13.77 Billion Years Ago All matter is condensed into a single point. The singularity explodes. The first stars form. The first galaxies form. Humans evolve. Present

Minerals can have zero to four cleavage directions. Minerals split on cleavage planes because bonds across them are weak. How many cleavage directions does the sample of mica in photo D have?

A. 1 direction

Based on what you learned from the Narrative Art Video on solar system formation, identify the statement(s) that are true of nebulae.

A. Nebulas are vast swirling clouds of gas and dust floating in space. B. Most of a nebula is hydrogen and helium left over from the Big Bang. C. A single large nebula can be a nursery for a large number of stars. D. Solar systems form within a nebula.

Could a planet like Earth have formed around a first-generation star?

A. No. First-generation stars formed from nebulae that had only elements 1 through 5 on the periodic table, whereas Earth's core is composed primarily of iron (26 on the periodic table).

Identify statements true of Pangaea.

A. Pangaea was one of several supercontinents that have formed and broken up during Earth's history. C. Rates of seafloor spreading in the Atlantic Ocean are compatible with what is known about the breakup of Pangaea. D. The regional-scale folds visible in the Appalachian Mountains are remnants of Pangaea's formation.

Diagram A shows a brilliant-cut diamond's top and side views. What are the many distinct smooth surfaces called, and how are they produced?

A. They are facets produced by a faceting machine.

Based on what you learned in the Narrative Art Video on solar system formation, select the item(s) that may show us what planetesimals looked like inside.

A. chondritic meteorites

Mineral X can scratch a penny, but it can't scratch glass. Mineral Y can scratch glass, as in diagram B. Which mineral is harder, according to the Mohs hardness scale?

A. mineral Y

Which of the following characteristics would be helpful to a geologist who is attempting to visually identify the rock makeup of an outcrop?

A. the amount and type of weathering of the outcrop C. the presence or absence of bedding or foliation D. the presence or absence of faults or folds

Imagine that you are a Greek philosopher living 2,000 years ago. If you were to lecture on the structure of the Universe to students, which of the following statements would help your students distinguish between stars and planets?

A.Stars appear to revolve around a fixed point. D.Planets move in complex paths independent of stars.

The development of the telescope in the 1600s and 1700s provided us with a great deal of information about our neighbors in the Solar System. It became obvious that these other bodies vary widely in size, composition, orbital position, and many other ways. Please rank the objects in our Solar System from smallest (top) to largest (bottom).

Asteroid Mars Earth Jupiter Sun

Sort the following descriptions of Solar System bodies based on whether they are planets, dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, or comets.

Asteroid irregularly shaped, 215 m across, composed of metal Comet irregularly shaped, 657 m long, mixture of ice and rock, highly elliptical orbit Planet a rocky, spherical body, 5,000 km across, with no moons or debris orbiting the body spherical, 0.0006 AU across, made primarily of hydrogen and helium gas, with a rocky core, has multiple moons Dwarf Planet spherical body, 940 km across, has not cleared its orbit of other bodies, has an icy surface Moon spherical body with an icy crust, 500 km across, orbits a larger body volcanically active body, 3,600 km across, orbits a larger body

Label this diagram of an atom by dragging three of the labels to the appropriate targets.

picture 2

Place each image in the correct box to indicate the Earth material it best represents.

picture 3

Scientists have been able to determine the numerical age of the most important events in history by using a combination of radiometric age dating and mathematical modeling. Please put the accompanying events in order from youngest (top) to oldest (bottom).

youngest formation of the Moon formation of the Earth Nuclear fusion in the proto-sun Big bang oldest

Complete the diagram by dragging the names of the planets and features to their correct position within the Solar System.

Left to right Mercury Sun Asteroid belt Saturn

Rank the following parts of the larger Solar System based on distance from the Sun.

Close to the sun inner planets asteroid belt outer planets Kuiper belt heliopause oort cloud Far from the sun

Label A-H on the map.

Picture 1

Which of the following is a mineral?

salt

Order the steps in continental rift formation.

1) The lithospheric mantle begins to stretch horizontally and thin vertically. 2) The crust fractures, and faults develop. 3) Large fault blocks of crust slide down into the widening rift. 4) Magma erupts as lava, creating volcanoes along and near the center of the rift.

Order the steps of volcanic island arc formation.

1. A subduction trench forms where the subducting plate bends downward into the mantle. 2. An accretionary prism begins to form. 3. Magma, created by flux melting of the mantle, rises through the overriding plate. 4. Lava erupts onto the surface, forming volcanoes.

Order the events chronologically that occurred in the formation of our Solar System.

1. An accretionary disk formed. 2. a protosun formed. 3. Rings formed in the protoplanetary disk. 4. Planetesimals collected to form protoplanets.

Which statement is true about the formation of the Moon?

D. The Moon formed from debris created when Earth suffered a catastrophic protoplanet collision.

Physicists have shown that the 92 naturally occurring elements in the universe form during the life cycle of stars. During what stellar process are the very large elements (those heavier than iron) created?

D. a supernova explosion

Part 1 How can glass be distinguished from a mineral? Part 2 A rock that forms from molten material is called _________ whereas a rock that forms from a preexisting rock and undergoes changes in heat and pressure is called ________. Part 3 A material that can exist as a gas on the Earth's surface is called Part 4 How do sediments differ from melts? Part 5 Items (6 items) (Drag and drop into the appropriate area below)

Part 1 B. Minerals have a crystal form; glass does not because its atoms are not arranged in an orderly manner. Part 2 D. igneous; metamorphic Part 3 C. a volatile. Part 4 D. Sediments are loose, unconsolidated grains; melts are liquids that were derived from solids. Part 5 Mafic low silica gabbro denser Felsic granite high silica less dense

Part 1 An apparent polar-wander path for a continent represents ______________. Part 2 Researchers assumed that continents _____________ and that Earth's magnetic poles actually moved long distances over time.

Part 1 B. the movement of a continent relative to fixed magnetic poles Part 2 remained in fixed positions

Part 1 What is the approximate distance from Earth to the Sun? Part 2 The International Space Station travels at 25,000 km/hr. How long would it take an object traveling that speed to go from Earth to the Sun? Part 3 Why do astronomers use light-years to define distances between stars?

Part 1 C. 150,000,000 kilometers Part 2 D. 250 days Part 3 B. It is a convenient way to measure vast distances.

Part 1 The ball-and-stick model in diagram B is a representation of the arrangement of Na+ and Cl- ions in halite (salt). Why are the blue balls larger than the white balls? Part 2 In the diagram B's ball-and-stick model, what do the sticks represent?

Part 1 C. The anions are represented by the blue balls and are larger because the extra electrons make them larger than cations, represented by the white balls. Part 2 D. The sticks represent the bonds between the ions.

Part 1 How does Earth's inner core differ from its outer core? Part 2 Which layer is responsible for the magnetic field?

Part 1 C. The inner core is solid; the outer core is liquid. Part 2 B. outer core

Part 1 What characteristics define a mineral? Part 2 Which of the materials shown in photos A and B is a mineral?

Part 1 C. solid D. naturally occurring E. crystalline material with a definable chemical composition F. often inorganic Part 2 quartz

Part 1 Why does an X-ray passing through a crystal produce a geometric pattern, such as the one in diagram C? Part 2 The arrangement of dots on the right of the dashed line is a mirror image of the arrangement on the left. What, in general, is this characteristic called?

Part 1 D. Minerals have regular structures. Part 2 D. symmetry

Part 1 What process yields minerals growing in lava as it cools, as illustrated in diagram A? Part 2 In diagram A, the circles represent images as seen through a microscope. Which circle represents a sample collected closest to the volcanic vent?

Part 1 D. crystallization Part 2 C. right

Part 1 Label the following diagram of Earth's layers. Part 2 How does the crust of a continental shelf differ from the crust in a continent's interior? Part 3 How do lithospheric mantle and asthenosphere differ from each other?

Part 1 Left Continental Crust Middle - top to bottom continental shelf moho lithospheric mantle Right - top to bottom oceanic crust asthenosphere Part 2 C. Continental shelf crust is generally thinner and below sea level. Part 3 Lithospheric Mantle 1. rigid 2. part of a tectonic plate 3. cannot flow 4. rocks cooler than 1,280°C Asthenosphere 1. can flow 2. plastic 3. sits beneath tectonic plates 4. rocks warmer than 1,280°C

Part 1 This image shows a cross section of the Atlantic Ocean floor. Label the principal bathymetric provinces. Part 2 Sort the following bathymetric features based on their typical depth.

Part 1 Left to right Continental shelf Abyssal plain Mid-ocean ridge Ridge axis Part 2 2-2.5 km: mid-ocean ridges 4-5 km: abyssal plains

Part 1 Label the planetary orbits. Part 2 In what direction do the planets revolve around the Sun?

Part 1 Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Part 2 C. counterclockwise

Part 1 Sort the planets into the appropriate categories. Part 2 Choose the correct object based on the description.

Part 1 Terrestrial Mars Venus Earth Mercury Jovian (Giants) Saturn Neptune Uranus Jupiter Part 2 Located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter — asteroid belt Jupiter has 63 of them. — moons Donut-shaped ring of particles outside the orbit of Neptune — Kuiper Belt Spherical layer of icy objects surrounding the Solar System — Oort Cloud Icy objects that follow an elliptical orbit — comets

Part 1 Clarence King was the first director of the USGS. His main focus for the agency at the time was mining geology. Mining geology would involve which type of natural resource? Part 2 Today, the USGS researches all of the spheres of the Earth system. Sort the following USGS mission areas into groups according to the Earth system sphere with which they are most closely associated. Part 3 One of USGS's mission areas is Core Science Systems. This mission area doesn't focus on one specific Earth sphere but instead focuses on _________ for scientists and managers both in the United States and internationally.

Part 1 non-renewable resources Part 2 Hydrosphere water Geosphere minerals land use Biosphere environmental health ecosystems Atmosphere climate Part 3 translating data into formats that are accessible

Part 1 The basic premise of _______ is that discrete pieces of semi-rigid lithosphere move very slowly relative to each other over a softer _________. Part 2 What do the the length of the arrows on map B represent?

Part 1 plate tectonics and asthenosphere Part 2 B. direction of movement C. plate velocity

Part 1 Which of the models in diagrams C and D, showing the arrangement of atoms in two materials, represents the atomic arrangement of a glass pitcher? Part 2 What feature of the image model helped you make your choice?

Part 1 spaced out and disorderly Part 2 D. Glass has a disorderly arrangement of atoms.

Drag the appropriate labels to the geological features on the map below. Keep in mind that the darker blues represent deeper water.

Top Abyssal plain Bottom - left to right fracture zone continental shelf mid-ocean ridge

The graphic below presents an artist's rendering of the Milky Way Galaxy as viewed from the side. Label the graphic.

Top - left to right A condensed group of thousands of stars that is situated outside of the Milky Way's galactic plane A halo of diffused light surrounding the Milky Way Middle The region of the Milky Way containing a dense concentration of stars that extends above and below the galactic disk Bottom - left to right The plane in which most stars and spiral arms of the Milky Way reside A cloud of dust or gas in space that often resides within a spiral arm of the Milky Way

Label the layers of Earth's interior as understood before detailed seismic studies were conducted.

Top to bottom crust mantle core

This figure shows air temperature values in the layers of the Earth's atmosphere. Identify each layer by dragging the labels to the correct spot on the figure.

Top to bottom thermosphere mesosphere stratosphere troposphere

Based on the Narrative Art Video on solar system formation, identify the statements true of volatile materials and refractory materials.

Volatile Materials 1. hydrogen and helium are examples 2. melt/vaporize at lower temperatures 3. freezing yields ices Refractory Materials 1. freezing yields rocky/metalic solids

Geological studies address a number of practical issues confronting society. A few are depicted here. Match the geolocial process shown with the appropriate label for the issue at hand.

a) seismicity b) climate change c) mineral reserves d) deforestation

Explanation See Hint According to the nebular theory of planet formation, which type of force was responsible for causing particles in the protoplanetary disk to clump and bind together, growing from soot-sized specks into boulder-sized blocks, and eventually into planetesimals?

gravitational

In the context of a scientific discusssion, a _________ is a statement that can be tested and a ________ is a statement supported by a substantial amount of data.

hypothesis and theory

From what materials do igneous and metamorphic rocks form?

igneous rocks molten rock metamorphic rocks pre-existing rocks