Eiffel Tower in Pariiiii
City of Lights est. - "Paris Dreams.." Ebook
"Admirers identified the city lights as a crowning touch and propagated the sobriquet "Ville Lumière"—"City of Light"—toward the end of the nineteenth century. The city lights had been impressive for a couple of centuries, but not exceptional enough to warrant the title. Candle-lit lanterns illuminated streets in the late seventeenth century; brighter lamps burning oil replaced them in the late eighteenth century. Though weak and scattered by later standards, those early lights were doubtless remarkable to visitors who knew only the dark lanes of small towns and villages." (p. 12)
Critics of City beautiful movement - "Paris Dreams..." ebook
"Demolishing the old— several thousand old houses and several small churches— also meant destroying familiar ways of life for the poor who lived there. So "Old Paris" was also the rallying cry of opposition to the prideful elites and the social consequences of slate-cleaning projects. Old Paris, viewed by its defenders, was a collection of beloved dwellings from many eras, close-knit neighborhoods, and narrow streets alive with entertainers, shops and street vendors, and common people." (p. 21)
Universal exposition - "Paris Dreams..." ebook
"Eleven years after that, on the centennial of the French Revolution, it hosted a much grander "universal exposition," and then a still larger one in 1900 (drawing 51 million visitors to 1889 's 32 million and 83 , 000 exhibitors to 1889 's 61 , 722 ). With the dictator Napoleon III long gone and a republic fully ensconced, everyone was free to extol the greatness and the charms of Paris without fear of lending support to an authoritarian regime" (p.18)
Thoughts of the City Beautiful Movement - "Paris Dreams..." ebook
"Even the author of an essay on "Old Paris," the revolutionary socialist Louis Blanc, generally approved of urban renewal— in particular, the renovations that brought sunlight and air to "unhealthy streets." (p. 17)
Cont. Criticism (Eiffel Tower by Jean-Pierre Navales)
(Eiffel Tower by Jean-Pierre Navales)- page 3 - most uproar was during the construction of the tower, more so the foundational digging - a manifesto was published in "Le Temps" on feb 14th, 1887 titled "Protestation des artistes" by 47 signatories including architects, artists, musicians, and writters. - criticized its appearance and aesthetic affect of Paris - in the manifesto they described it as a "gigantic black factory chimney" that takes attention away from the other sites
Critics of City Beautiful Movement - "Paris Dreams.." Ebook
- "The makeover of Paris destroyed not only particular traditions and memory sites, but also a general sense of the past— myriad webs of memory joining the dead and the living..." (p. 17) - "To less jaundiced observers, Paris as "world capital" meant simply that it was a home to foreigners and their varied ways from many lands. That was what Baedeker guides routinely suggested with the remark "Paris has long enjoyed the reputation of being the most cosmopolitan city in Europe." (p.17)
Personal Tour
- breathtakingly large - indescribable views of Paris
Manufacturing (Eiffel Tower by Jean-Pierre Navales)
Eiffel Tower by Jean-Pierre Navales - Page 4 - all parts were manufactured then sent to the sight -if there was any default, it was sent back to the factory rather than fixed on sight.
Construction (Eiffel Tower by Jean-Pierre Navales)
Eiffel Tower by Jean-Pierre Navales - Page 4 - finished in 635 days (7) - no more than 183 workman on sight at one time (8) - painted red undercoat with two chocolate colored layers over it. The base had a lighter brown tone to accentuate the shape and tallness of the monument (8).
Opening Day Exhibition (Eiffel Tower by Jean-Pierre Navales)
Eiffel Tower by Jean-Pierre Navales - Page 5 - there was great entertainment at the base of the monument - belly dancers - donkey drivers - illuminated fountains - Internation intervention - Germany was the only country to turn down the French's invitation - this accentuated the monument but did not take away from it, the tower was the main focus.
Social Movement (Eiffel Tower by Jean-Pierre Navales)
Eiffel Tower by Jean-Pierre Navales - Page 6 - sparked competition among architects who wanted one up Gustave. - Sir Edward Watkin wanted to build a rival in London but could not get the funding (as early as 1890) - Faure-dujjaric in 1934 tried to make a second Eiffel Tower but much larger (6,600 ft tall) with artillery placements and aircraft hangars.
History (Eiffel Tower by Jean-Pierre Navales)
Eiffel Tower by Jean-Pierre Navales - page 1 - Industrial breakthrough decade of the time (Chunnel) (1) - Where industrial dreams came to life(1) - new use in iron(2)
Inauguration/Opening Date (Eiffel Tower by Jean-Pierre Navales)
Eiffel Tower by Jean-Pierre Navales - page 4 - March 31st 1889 - over two million visitors the first 173 days
Original Plans (Eiffel Tower by Jean-Pierre Navales)
Eiffel Tower by Jean-Pierre Navales page 1 - Richard Trevithick suggested the plans by a remaking of the Reform bill - This idea was taken upon by American engineers (Clark and Reeves) for the Philadelphia exhibition of 1876 -Few years later, 2 French architects (sèbillot and Bourdais) who came up with the idea of building a tower and putting a light house at the top to light up all of Paris
Criticism (Eiffel Tower by Jean-Pierre Navales)
Eiffel Tower by Jean-Pierre Navales- Page 6 - "Eiffelomania" in 1889 - Some critics dropped off - the ones that persisted after it was created insisted it be adjusted it or dismantle it for its 1900 exhibition.
Criticism (Eiffel Tower by Jean-Pierre Navales)
Eiffel Tower by Jean-Pierre Navales: Page 3 - Nobody doubted Gustave engineering capabilities but had other fears - concerns of wind and vertigo for the workers - that it would fall over mid construction - Would be struck by lightening with visitors in it - Gustave rebuked the criticism by reassuring the people of the workers qualifications (insured to work 300-400 ft high) and took up sole responsibility for all accidents/incidents
Symbol of Eiffel Tower - "Paris Dreams..." ebook
Quote: "...was intended to symbolize France's industrial progress under the Republic, but it quickly became the most popular symbol of the city— and simply a giant plaything for the masses, the most popular attraction at the fair." (p. 19)
Economic Gain - "Paris dreaming..." ebook
Quote: "Haussmann built with the understanding that a magnificent city would attract more foreigners and their money, which would be "a source of prosperity for the [local] population," wrote Maxime du Camp in 1875 . Ordinary Parisians, too, realized that "the pleasures [of Paris] attract foreigners and that foreigners bring money." (p. 29).
Tourism and city of lights - "Paris Dreams.." Ebook
Quote: "In 1900 , when Paris hosted its biggest-ever world's fair, the expression "Ville Lumière" gained currency in tourist literature and celebratory reportage. The fifty million visitors who came to the "Exposition universelle" were met with a dazzling profusion of electric lighting— in the pavilions and the Palais de l'Électricité and all the way up the Eiffel Tower. Outside the fairgrounds the new lights illuminated the city's monuments and central boulevards. Elsewhere gas lights were still the rule." (p. 13)
Critics of City Beautiful Movement - "Paris Dreams.." Ebook
Quote: "The social and cultural changes in Paris troubled them even more than the physical alterations. In becoming the world capital, Paris was losing its character, they believed: it was losing both its historic identity and its traditional manners and morals. The "immigration of the entire world" was overwhelming it. The "invasion" of corrupting foreigners or "Barbarians" was destroying the old familiar order of Parisian identities and social relations. The new order was marked by a "crude desire to shine, to put on a show, to make life into a theatrical scene." The women of Paris embraced the decadent new ways more readily than the men..." (p. 16)
Social Impact - "Paris Dreams..." ebook
Quote: - "The exuberant praise of Paris crystallized into a tradition of clichés— the City of Light, the most beautiful city in the world, the most civilized and sophisticated, and the Capital of Pleasures. In guidebooks and histories, Paris history became a triumphalist epic, a narrative of progress that glossed over revolutions, civil war, destruction, and decay. 33 This chorus of praise was in a full crescendo at a time when critics were deploring the city as a hothouse for all that was ugly and alienating in modern civilization— with things only getting worse. 34 The view of Paris history as a success story left out the "warts," the darkness, and the battles, and it shaped the rest into a neat order." (p. 18-19)
Eco friendly improvements - Windows
The Eiffel Tower's new dean view - windows were repositioned without ruining the view. -cut thermal heat by 25% so they use less energy on air conditioning.
Eiffel Tower eco friendly improvements - Turbines(The Eiffel Tower's new dean view)
The Eiffel Tower's new dean view - There were no enviromental standards for the building however Paris wanted to reduce its carbon footprint given their part in the City of Paris Climate Change Plan. - finished in 2015, two verticle axis wind turbines were installed on the second floor for optimal wind. - turbines are 7 meters high by 3 meters wide. -can produce up to 10,000 kilowatt hours per year which equals the energy consumption of the shop on the first floor.
Eco friendly improvements - solar panels and renewable energy
The Eiffel Tower's new dean view - roof of Ferrie Pavillion has solar panels installed which covers 50% of the hot water requirements in both pavilions. - The Ferrie pavilion also has rainwater retreval system that supplies water for toilets so it isn't wasted. - January of 2015, the Eiffel Tower switched to GEG power supply which is a 100% renewable energy company.
First floor eco renovation - hot water
Tour de force: The Eiffel Tower's new clean view - http://pointloma.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/docview/1781210217?accountid=13223. - the hot water powered by solar panels is attached to heat pumps to make sure temperature is even. - the pavilion also has rain water systems that catch water and are used for the toilets
First floor eco renovation - solar pannels
Tour de force: The Eiffel Tower's new clean view - http://pointloma.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/docview/1781210217?accountid=13223. -Solar panels installed on the first floor of the Ferrié Pavilion about 10 meters across which cover about 50% of the hot water requirements in both pavilions.
Wind turbines ("Eiffel Tower Goes Green")
http://pointloma.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=109031333&site=ehost-live - While it only saves a small percentage of energy, it is a good start to a better future.
Installing Wind turbines ("Eiffel Tower Goes Green")
http://pointloma.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=109031333&site=ehost-live - a unique challenge was getting the turbines up without welding, drilling, or any lifting equipment because of the Eiffel Tower laws. - did it the old fashion way through rope, winches, and pulleys.
Installing Wind turbines ("Eiffel Tower Goes Green")
http://pointloma.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=109031333&site=ehost-live - installation is usually standard but because of the building, made of iron and its curved shape, it was quite unconventional. - the tower consumes the same amount of energy of a town of 3,000 people, mostly because the elevators are taking people up and down 15 hours a day.
critics of the time - "France : Modern Architectures in History"
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/lib/pointloma-ebooks/reader.action?docID=4438911&ppg=9 - "Faced with conservatism of official institutions, new ideas were spreading in multiple networks of association and friendship" (pp.16).
Social Impact of French Architecture beyond France - "France : Modern Architectures in History"
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/lib/pointloma-ebooks/reader.action?docID=4438911&ppg=9 - "Finally, French modernity is considered in relation to intellectual culture, literature and visual culture in the period that saw the emergence of cinema, television and, more recently, computing" (pp. 11).
Impact of French Architecture beyond France - "France : Modern Architectures in History"
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/lib/pointloma-ebooks/reader.action?docID=4438911&ppg=9 - "The notion of 'French' architecture is broadly applied..." (pp.11).
Paris Architecture - "France : Modern Architectures in History"
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/lib/pointloma-ebooks/reader.action?docID=4438911&ppg=9 - "The transformation as well as the enduring features of French architecture can only be understood in relation to the strategies of economic and social modernization of a country constantly formed by the play of politics and the actions of the state. It is necessary to put these in a wider historical context than just the twentieth century, given the enduring power of developments that derive from Ancient Régime and the Revolution" ( 8).
Paris Architecture's formulation - "France : Modern Architectures in History"
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/lib/pointloma-ebooks/reader.action?docID=4438911&ppg=9 - Quote - talking about the formation of modern and new architecture. - "Two moments of intensity - modernity in the interwar period and modernization in the first two decades of the post-war period - are the subject of separate chapters organized around specific issues. A linear account would have rendered them unreadable" (pp. 11).
Purpose of the Universal Exposition - "France : Modern Architectures in History"
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/lib/pointloma-ebooks/reader.action?docID=4438911&ppg=9 - Third Republic was established in 1875 - the exhibition was the centenary mark (100 yrs) of the storming of Bastille - pp 16
Ecole des Beaux-Arts - "France : Modern Architectures in History"
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/lib/pointloma-ebooks/reader.action?docID=4438911&ppg=9 - created in 1819 - its symbolism and power was at a peak right before 1914 - its influence on careers was huge -pp. 16
Growth in Population - "France : Modern Architectures in History"
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/lib/pointloma-ebooks/reader.action?docID=4438911&ppg=9 - exponential growth in French cities the two decades following WWI. - population in urban cities passing rural ones in 1931. - In 1921, population in Paris hit 3.1 million which included poor housing and pushed people into the outskirts of Banlieue where population increased by 40%. - pp. 107
Paris Architecture - "France : Modern Architectures in History"
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/lib/pointloma-ebooks/reader.action?docID=4438911&ppg=9 - the Universal Exhibition of 1889 started a new era in technology and culture. -page 11
Rise of architects - "France : Modern Architectures in History"
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/lib/pointloma-ebooks/reader.action?docID=4438911&ppg=9 - the rebirth of the country took shape largely through the emergence of architecture in the 1800's thanks to public institutions. - Central Society of Architects (1840) - National Society of French Architects (1873) - Provincial Association of Architects (1889) - page 18
Impact of French Architecture beyond France - "France : Modern Architectures in History"
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/lib/pointloma-ebooks/reader.action?docID=4438911&ppg=9 - there is an expansive reach of french professionals on a global scale. pp. 11
Paris Architecture - "France : Modern Architectures in History"
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/lib/pointloma-ebooks/reader.action?docID=4438911&ppg=9 Quote: - "[the] 'mother' of modern architecture: the first appearance of an architecture of iron and glass in the nineteenth century." (pp. 7)
Ecole des Beaux-Arts - "France : Modern Architectures in History"
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/lib/pointloma-ebooks/reader.action?docID=4438911&ppg=9 Quote -" The Ecole formed the elite of the profession, those who worked with public authorities and large private enterprises. Architecture occupied an important position in the reconstruction of the defeated country..." (pp 17).
Paris Architecture's timing - "France : Modern Architectures in History"
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/lib/pointloma-ebooks/reader.action?docID=4438911&ppg=9 - took place less than 15 years after the creation of the Third Republic - no other creation or "architectural movement" will overshadowed the Eiffel Tower - Page 11
Paris aestethic - "Paris Dreams.." Ebook
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/lib/pointloma-ebooks/reader.action?docID=842220&ppg=21 "...cast the greatness of the city as timeless and transcendent, setting it in the realm of myth" (pp. 9).
City Beautiful Movement, Specifics - "Paris Dreams.." Ebook
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/lib/pointloma-ebooks/reader.action?docID=842220&ppg=21 Quote: "...the operations carried out were massive: they included 165 kilometers of new streets, 560 kilometers of sewers, 24 squares and two large parks, and an infrastructure of new town halls, hospitals, and schools. Workers demolished 20 , 000 buildings and constructed 34 , 000 . 16 All that rebuilding, along with embellishments before and afterward, generated a fresh wave of admiration of Paris" (pp. 11).
City Beautiful Movement - "Paris Dreams.." Ebook
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/lib/pointloma-ebooks/reader.action?docID=842220&ppg=21 Quote: "Modern" Paris emerged in the 1850 s and 1860 s through an ambitious urban renewal program undertaken by the Emperor Napoleon III. Or rather, that was how the supporters of the Second Empire described it. In their admiration for the bold projects, they made it sound as though the emperor and his prefect for Paris, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, had created a new and different city in the place of the old" (pp. 10-11).
aris aestethic - "Paris Dreams.." Ebook
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/lib/pointloma-ebooks/reader.action?docID=842220&ppg=21 Quote: "So the tributes to Paris accumulated over centuries in poems, travel accounts, and songs, well before guidebooks became an institution and before tourism promoters joined the cause. Montaigne's oft-quoted appreciation set a high standard early on: Paris was "the glory of France and one of the most noble of ornaments of the world." He went on to declare his great love for the capital, personified as a woman in the already- conventional way. The more he saw of other beautiful cities, the more the beauty of Paris won his affection" (pp. 9)
Social Impact of Paris beyond France- "Paris Dreams.." Ebook
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/lib/pointloma-ebooks/reader.action?docID=842220&ppg=21 Quote: "The English guide Cassell's ( 1900 ) began by describing Paris as "the beautiful city . . . , which for ages has been recognized as the chief capital of Europe." Bouquets of superlatives appeared year after year. "The most attractive treasury of art and industry in the world," "the most cosmopolitan city in Europe," "indisputably the cradle of high culinary art"—these were not the boasts of a proud Parisian, but the remarks of the sober German-based Baedeker, passing along conventional judgments as matters of fact." (pp. 7) none of them mentioned the rats or the sewers,or the alcoholism and poverty or the traffic - all harmonious things. "But some of the city's enthusiasts found so much to love about Paris that its defects did not matter." (p.8)
City of lights - "Paris Dreams.." Ebook
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/lib/pointloma-ebooks/reader.action?docID=842220&ppg=21 Quote: - Perhaps the best known of those representaions is the phrase 'the city of lights', which has been a premier identity of Paris for more than a century, despite the persistent reign of darkness in many quarters" (2).
Opening of new city - "Paris Dreams.." Ebook
https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/lib/pointloma-ebooks/reader.action?docID=842220&ppg=21k - Quote "Boosters of the Bonapartist regime went so far as to dub the renovated Paris the "capital of the world," the successor to Rome as a center of farreaching civilizing power and influence. Government officials added substance to the claim by organizing world's fairs in Paris in 1855 and 1867 , expositions universelles on an unprecedented scale. People from all overthe globe came to see firsthand the fruits of progress on display in the expositions and in the renovated city— from new wide boulevards to new well-lighted (and nearly odor-free) sewers open for public tours from 1867 on. 24 At the same time, visitors came to experience the fabled pleasures of Paris as well. For each of those high tides of tourism, lovers of the city" (p. 14-15)
Temporary Structure (Andrew Ballantyne)
https://search-credoreference-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/content/entry/lkingbfpp/eiffel_tower/0?institutionId=874 - envisioned as a temporary structure for only 20 years - the modern material was iron - arches around the base are considered unnecessary from an engineering standpoint but add beauty.
Gustave's experience (Andrew Ballantyne)
https://search-credoreference-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/content/entry/lkingbfpp/eiffel_tower/0?institutionId=874 - experienced engineer in bridges
Symbol(Andrew Ballantyne)
https://search-credoreference-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/content/entry/lkingbfpp/eiffel_tower/0?institutionId=874 - has become an instant recognizable symbol of France. - represents modernity. Paris is the capital city of modernity. - projects a new sense of possibility. What was going to be torn down wasn't and has become a national sensation. HAs shown what iron can do and has carried great enthusiasm with it.
Radio signal(Andrew Ballantyne)
https://search-credoreference-com.pointloma.idm.oclc.org/content/entry/lkingbfpp/eiffel_tower/0?institutionId=874 - used as a radio transmitter which is one of the reasons it wasn't dismantled in 1909
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen - Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution - "proclaiming liberty, equality, the inviolability of property, and the right to resist oppression" - BUT it was not enforced until the National Constituent Assembly, when feudalism was officially abolished
Freedom of the Press - britannica
https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution - During the French revolution, King Louis XVI granted freedom of the press which flooded France with posters and pamphlets for reconstruction of the state.
France's new republic - Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution - From feudal regime to a republic - many European countries followed this after France
Post Revolution - Bitannica
https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution - There were still radicals going into different countries and some civil unrest, but no war was still present
Abolition of fuedalism - Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution - after the Great Fear and the storming of Bastille, the bourgeois and the nobles "took flight" and abolished the feudal regime on August 4th, 1789 because the peasants would not rest until change was made.
bourgeoisie - Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution - elite and wealthy commoners - merchants professionals, manufacturers - sought out political power
First phase of war - britannica
https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution - revolutionists revolted after Prussia came into war and the French found out that Marie Antoinette encouraged her brother Leopold III to invade France. - Parisians found out and invaded the palace
France's new constitution - britannica
https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution -Approved by the National Convention -"executive power in a Directory of five members and legislative power in two chambers, the Council of Ancients and the Council of the Five Hundred (together called the Corps Législatif)."
Bloody war - britannica
https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution -lots of people were killed and revolutionists were quite violent - people raided the jails to set prisoners free and murder nobles.
Causes of the French Revolution - Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution/Events-of-1789 - Fed up with King Louis XVI's extravagant spending and expenses from American Revolution while much of society was close struggling and reaching bankruptcy. - There was a lack of harvest, rising prices in food, and heavy taxes that didn't benefit the peasants or urban poor. - growing resentment towards their regime - Rise of of the Third Party (commoners) while the other two parties were made of the nobles and aristocracy. Third party demanded their votes to be count by head rather than party at the Estates General because they never got equal representation, despite being the biggest party made up of commoners. - Third Party established themselves as the National Assembly and met in a tennis court when locked out of assembly in Versaille where they established a new constitution. (known as the National Constituent Assembly on July 9th, 1789)
Bastille Day - britannica
https://www.britannica.com/event/French-Revolution/The-new-regime - tensions were rising as food became even more sparse and there were rumors of an "aristocratic theory", that the privileged were planning to overthrow the Third Party - this became known as the Great Fear in July of 1789. - With high tension, the people couldn't take it anymore and Parisians seized Bastille.
Construction
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument - 150 workers in the Levallois-Perret factory - Between 150 and 300 workers on the construction site - 2,500,000 rivets - 7,300 tonnes of iron - 60 tonnes of paint - 5 lifts
Design details
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument - 18,038 metallic parts - 5,300 workshop designs - 50 engineers and designers
Time it took to build - duration
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument - 2 years, 2 months and 5 days of construction
Construction
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument - All pieces were made in Eiffel's factory right outside of Paris in levallois-Perret - 18,000 pieces - each piece "traced out to an accuracy of a tenth of a millimeter" and put together to form 5 meters each
The creators
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument - Gustave Eiffel was an entrepreneur - Chief engineers were Emile Nouguier and Maurice Koechlin - Architect Stephen Sauvestre
Exceeding limits
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument - In june of 1884 Gustave had to create a patent so they could get new configured pylons and metal supports that could fit the requirements and safety of the 1000 ft tower
Sauvestre's Design
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument - Original design was quite different - He wanted stonework on the legs of the tower - arches to link each leg (kept) - large glass-walled halls on each level - large bulb shape at the top to dress it up - many of this fancy and ornamental designs were simplified
Construction Schedule
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument - Works kick-off January 1887 - Start of the pillars' mounting1st July 1887 - base took the longest (10 months) - First floor achievement1st April 1888 - Second floor achievement 14th August 1888 - Top and assembly achievement 31st March 1889
Criticism slowed down
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument - after the monument was finished, criticism burned out for the most part because it turned out to be so wondrous and quite the masterpiece, it was hard to criticize it. - it became an enormous popularity and was greeted by twi million people during the World's Fair
Formation
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument - an iron tower was wanted on the Champ-de-Mars with a square base and 1000 ft tall - 107 projects were submitted
Construction Cont
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument - every piece is held together by bolts that were heated and cooled together to mold. (thermally assembled) - 4 men were needed to assemble each rivet. One heat it, one to hold it in place, one to shape the head, and the fourth to beat it with a sledgehammer. - because they worked by the sein, they used watrtightt metal caissons and "injected compressed air" so they could work before the water level. - used wooden scaffolding to reach its height
Significant dates
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument - first digging was Jan 28th 1887 - 1889 was the Exposition Universelle - this marked the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution
Shape of the tower with wind
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument - many feared that it would fall over because of its tall and narrow height - however the curvature of it has been "mathematically determined" to be the most efficient against wind
Base of the tower
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument - the legs are cemented into concrete foundations that go meters below ground and are compacted with gravel at the top - Each leg has a pressure of 3-4 kilograms per square centimeter
Controversy
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument -"Even before the end of its construction, the Tower was already at the heart of much debate. Enveloped in criticism from the biggest names in the world of Art and Literature, the Tower managed to stand its ground and achieve the success it deserved" - throughout 1886, various articles and pamphlets were published - "Protest against the Tower of Monsieur Eiffel" published in the Le Temps newspaper and was addressed to the Worlds Fair's director of works, Monsieur Alphand" - this publication was signed by many big names from high places of art and literature such as, "Charles Gounod, Guy de Maupassant, Alexandre Dumas junior, François Coppée, Leconte de Lisle, Sully Prudhomme, William Bouguereau, Ernest Meissonier, Victorien Sardou, Charles Garnier and others to whom posterity has been less kind". - other satirists pushed criticism even further by giving out insults like, "this truly tragic street lamp" (Léon Bloy), "this belfry skeleton" (Paul Verlaine), "this mast of iron gymnasium apparatus, incomplete, confused and deformed" (François Coppée), "this high and skinny pyramid of iron ladders, this giant ungainly skeleton upon a base that looks built to carry a colossal monument of Cyclops, but which just peters out into a ridiculous thin shape like a factory chimney" (Maupassant), "a half-built factory pipe, a carcass waiting to be fleshed out with freestone or brick, a funnel-shaped grill, a hole-riddled suppository" (Joris-Karl Huysmans).
Why it was record breaking
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument - only took 5 months to build the foundation - only so much rudimentary means available at this time making its speedy making of only 22 months quite incredible. - "all the chronicles of the period could agree" it was a "marvel of precision" for its time.
Quotes of criticism from "Protest against the Tower of Monsieur Eiffel", 1887
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument/history - "We come, we writers, painters, sculptors, architects, lovers of the beauty of Paris which was until now intact, to protest with all our strength and all our indignation, in the name of the underestimated taste of the French, in the name of French art and history under threat, against the erection in the very heart of our capital, of the useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower which popular ill-feeling, so often an arbiter of good sense and justice, has already christened the Tower of Babel. (...) - Is the City of Paris any longer to associate itself with the baroque and mercantile fancies of a builder of machines, thereby making itself irreparably ugly and bringing dishonour ? (...). To comprehend what we are arguing one only needs to imagine for a moment a tower of ridiculous vertiginous height dominating Paris,just like a gigantic black factory chimney, its barbarous mass overwhelming and humiliating all our monuments and belittling our works of architecture, which will just disappear before this stupefying folly. - And for twenty years we shall see spreading across the whole city, a city shimmering with the genius of so many centuries, we shall see spreading like an ink stain, the odious shadow of this odious column of bolted metal.
Gustave's response to criticism (quote)
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument/history - "Well then ! I hold that the curvature of the monument's four outer edges, which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be (...) will give a great impression of strength and beauty, for it will reveal to the eyes of the observer the boldness of the design as a whole. Likewise the many empty spaces built into the very elements of construction will clearly display the constant concern not to submit any unnecessary surfaces to the violent action of hurricanes, which could threaten the stability of the edifice. Moreover there is an attraction in the colossal, and a singular delight to which ordinary theories of art are scarcely applicable".
Technological achievement (quote)
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument/key-figures "Its construction in 2 years, 2 months and 5 days was a veritable technical and architectural achievement. "Utopia achieved", a symbol of technological prowess, at the end of the 19th Century it was a demonstration of French engineering personified by Gustave Eiffel, and a defining moment of the industrial era. It was met immediately with tremendous success."
Tourist attrcation
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument/key-figures - 7 million people visit it each year (75% are foreigners) making it the most visited monument you have to pay for in the world
Gustave Eiffel
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument/key-figures - Started as an engineer and founded a company that specialized in metal structural work - the Eiffel Tower was his culminating creation. - worked on the Porto viaduct over the river of Douro in 1876 -the Garabit viaduct in 1884 - Pest railway station in Hungary - dome of the Nice Observatory - Statue of Liberty
Gustave Eiffel
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument/key-figures - creator of many iconic creations - created the metallic structure on the Statue of Liberty - Bordeaux railway bridge - the dome at the Nice Observatory
Gustave Eiffel
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument/key-figures - graduated from Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures in 1855 - After the Eiffel tower, his career as an entrepreneur went to rest and he dedicated the rest of his life to his experimental research of aerodynamics & meteorological and finding a practical application so that the tower could stand for longer than 20 years.
Center of events
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument/key-figures - stage of various events of "international signifigance"
Gustaves Career sumamrized (quote)
https://www.toureiffel.paris/en/the-monument/key-figures -Eiffel built hundreds of metal structures of all kinds, all around the world. Bridges, and in particular railway bridges, were his favourite field of work, but he also won renown for his metal structural work and industrial installations. His career was marked by a large number of fine buildings, among which two of the most outstanding are the twin edifices of the Porto viaduct and the Garabit viaduct in the Cantal region of France. Equally outstanding are certain other structures in which the pure inventiveness of Eiffel's company was allowed free rein, such as the "portable" bridges sold around the world in "kits", the ingenious structure of the Statue of Liberty in New York, and of course the Eiffel Tower itself.
Feudalism - britannica
the system followed in the medieval period of Europe, very controlling and lacked freedom
The French Revolution - History.com
www.history.com/topics/landmarks/eiffel-tower - watershed event in Europe -began in 1789 and ended in late 1790's - French uprooted and reestablished the monarchy system and feudal system - the French were fed up with the ruling of King Louis XVI (who eventually died via guillotine)
