Embalming Microbiology Term 1
Under what conditions must an autoclave work to sterilize?
15 psi at 121oC for 10 minutes
A microbe's virulence is reduced, weakened, and diluted through a process known as
Attenuation
Which is not one of the 3 basic shapes of bacteria?
Bone-like
What is the most poisonous substance on Earth?
Botulinum toxin
Why is Cytomegalovirus (CMV) a concern for an embalmer who is also pregnant?
CMV can pass through the placenta to the fetus.
Mixed
Caused by two or more organisms
Primary
Causes the initial illness
The prefix staphyl- means
Cluster
In which symbiotic relationship would one organism benefit while the other organism not be harmed?
Commensalism
It is generally safe to handle remains that were once considered to be infectious biohazard concerns after those remains have been
Cremated
What bacteria type produces 20% of the Earth's oxygen (O2)?
Cyanobacteria
What level of classification is the broadest, most general, and most comprehensive relative to the other classifications?
Domain
A human being's ability to ward off disease based on his or her ability to acquire immunity from natural characteristics they were born with is called adaptive immunity.
False
A monotrichous bacteria has multiple flagella.
False
Pus is only white in color.
False
Which is NOT a method of preparing a specimen for study under a microscope
Flushing
Mycology is the study of
Fungi
Which item is NOT a level or way of controlling microbial growth.
Incineration
The correct way to write the name of the bacterium that causes gonorrhea is
Neisseria gonorrhea
The prefix strepto- means
chain
What is used to treat municipal drinking water and swimming pools?
chlorine
The three basic shapes of bacteria are
coccus, bacillus, spirilla
In a microbial association, when one bacterium benefits and the other is unaffected, that is known as ___________.
commensalism
What disease gave milkmaids immunity to smallpox?
cowpox
What chemical is used to produce Lysol?
cresols
Destroying pathogenic agents by disinfecting inanimate objects is
disinfection
The physical method of controlling microbes that denatures proteins is
dry heat
A thick-walled cell produced by bacteria to survive unfavorable conditions is the
endospore
A bacterium in a ______________ solution would swell and might burst.
hypotonic
The best method to treat hazardous waste is
incineration
Another word for skin is
integument
A disinfectant that is a tincture is
iodine
A compound of iodine and surfactant is
iodophore
How does higher temperature affect the effectiveness of chemical agents?
it usually increases effectiveness
An agent that kills mosquito larvae is
larvicide
Bacteria that prefer human body temperatures are
mesophiles
When both species of bacteria benefit in an association, that is known as __________.
mutualism
Bacteria that MUST have oxygen are
obligate aerobes
Bacteria that must NOT be in the presence of oxygen are
obligate anaerobes
Bacteria that would be utilizing tissue of human remains as a nutrition source would be _____________ bacteria.
obligate saprophyte
How many chromosomes do bacteria have?
one
When bacteria have flagella over the entire cell, that is known as
perit
A chemical method of controlling microbes that has a sickeningly sweet and tarry odor is
phenol
Bacteria that might prefer the temperature of remains in a refrigeration unit are
psychrophiles
An unorganized coating on bacteria that is loosely attached to the cell wall is the
slime layer
Plasmids are
small circles of DNA separate from the main chromosome in bacteria
Completely removing or destroying all life-forms, endospores, or their products is
sterilization
An acid would be numbers ____ to ____ on the pH scale.
0;6
How much of the Earth's oxygen do autotrophic bacteria produce?
20%
A substance is neutral if its pH level is
7
A base would be numbers ____ to ____ on the pH scale.
8;14
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
General
An example is Septicemia
This vector is the primary spreader of Malaria
Anopheles mosquito
Binary fission is a form of
Asexual reproduction
How was smallpox eradicated?
Controlling the human reservoir
Which organism is the MOST flexible and adaptable when it comes to finding food sources on which to survive?
Facultative organisms
The Magic Bullet Theory, in context of this course, references that fateful day in Dealey Plaza that took the life of President John Kennedy.
False
When you take a cold shower on a hot and humid day, you are creating conditions that will INCREASE the amount of bacteria and dust mites on your skin.
False
A red blood cell will remain the same (neither shrink nor swell) in which type of solution?
Isotonic
Why is tincture of iodine not considered a sterilant?
It is does not kill endospores
What is responsible for causing disease according to the Germ Theory of Disease?
Microorganisms
Which of the following is NOT one of the four kingdoms?
Monera (Prokeryotae)
exogenous
Organism not present in the body
The four kingdoms are
Protista, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi
What genus of bacteria is commonly associated with secondary infections in burn patients?
Pseudomonas
What level of classification is the most specific and exclusive relative to the other classifications?
Species
A microbe's virulence is generally a measure of its
Strength and ability to spread disease
Regarding temperature, which of the following is the maximum time it takes to kill all microorganisms present?
Thermal Death Time
Why do children tend to contract more illnesses than adults?
They are born with immature immune systems.
Communicable
Transmitted between people
What kind of light controls microbial growth?
UV
The physical method of controlling microbes that damages the cell's DNA is
UV light
A retort is
a combustion chamber
______________ immunity is a result of being sick once or getting a vaccination.
acquired
A chemical method of controlling microbes that denatures proteins and dissolves lipids in the cell membrane is
alcohol
When bacteria have flagella on each end of the cell, that is known as
amphit
When one bacterium inhibits the growth of another, that is known as __________.
antagonism
Inhibiting microbial growth on living tissue is
antisepsis
Organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis are
autotrophs
A virus that infects bacteria is
bacteriophage
Bacteria reproduce by a process called
binary fission
Bacteria that can adapt to different sources of nutrition are ____________ bacteria.
facultative
Appendages on a bacterium that allows it to attach to surfaces is
fimbriae
An agent that kills mold would be
fungicide
A sticky, gelatinous coating on bacteria that surrounds the cell wall is the
glycocalyx
A disinfectant that oxidizes certain molecules within the microbial cell is (choose two):
halogen and iodine
A bacterium in a ___________ would shrivel.
hypertonic
What can kill endospores?
sterilization
What alters the surface tension of the cell membrane, causing the cell contents to leak out and kill the cell?
surfactants
The lowest temperature at which all microbes are killed in 10 minutes is
thermal death point
An organism that spreads disease is called a/n
vector
An agent that kills viruses is
viricide
The mosquito that causes malaria is
Anopheles mosquito
The microbe of great concern that can cross the placenta is
Cytomegalovirus
The pus from __________________ is blue.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
The bacterium that causes bubonic plague is
Yersinia pestis
Proteins that are Y-shaped and either neutralize or destroy antigens are
antibodies
An _________________ causes the body's immune system to respond.
antigen
An exogenous infection is caused by microbes that
are not normally present in the body
Reducing a microbe's virulence by diluting or weakening it is
attenuation
The most poisonous substance on Earth is _____________________.
botulinum toxin
A/n ____________________ is toxin confined within the body of a bacterium and is released only when the bacterium is broken down.
endotoxin
Ebola is a ____________________ disease.
epidemic
Some bacteria use an enzyme that digests fibrin threads to better utilize blood as a nutrient. That enzyme is
fibrinolysin
An infection where microbes enter blood or lymph vessels and spread to other parts of the body is called a/n ___________________ infection.
focal
An inanimate object to which infectious material adheres and can be transmitted is a
fomite
Organisms that cannot make their own food and require food from a carbon source are
heterotrophs
The enzyme that Staphylococcus aureus uses to penetrate the body's connective tissue is
hyaluronidase
Proteins that respond to viruses, bind to receptors on uninfected cells, and cause the uninfected cells to produce antiviral enzymes are
interferons
The three arrangements of bacteria are
pairs, chains, clusters
COVID-19 is a ____________________ disease.
pandemic
Salmonella food poisoning comes from
poultry
The natural habitat of a pathogen is]
reservoir
Organisms that utilize decomposing matter as nutrients are
saprophytes
The proper term for "blood poisoning" is
septicemia
The only disease that was eradicated and is no longer in the human population is
smallpox
An agent that kills endospores is
sporicide
The process bacteria use to produce the endospore is
sporulation
_________________ is when poisonous products of bacteria are distributed throughout the body.
toxemia
The ability of a microbe to survive and produce disease is
virulence
Genetic material in a protein coat would describe a __________________.
virus
Diseases that are communicable from animal or animal products are
zoonoses
