Emerging Toodlerhood
What assessment is used to measure play and gestures in emerging toddlerhood?
Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scale
Gestures predict early language ____________.
Development
Toddlers who have slow comprehension also tend to have slow ___________.
Expression
During the second year of life, many of these interactions are not expressed with words, but rather ___________ and ___________.
Gestures Vocalizations
Toddlerhood is often a time of ________________ because we can expect to see a vocabulary spurt.
Identification
_______________ assessment is when each professional carries out a relatively independent assessment, exploring the issues relevant to his or her own discipline
Multi-disciplinary
Examples of games to play when assessing pragmatics informally:
Peek-a-boo Rolling ball back and forth Go fish (turn taking, joint attention)
What do we assess in emerging language?
Play & gestures -Communication/language -Range, frequency and form -Comprehension: what words and semantic relations the child understands with and without support -Expression: Phonology skills, vocabulary, semantic-syntactic productions
Informal assessments are useful for evaluating _____________.
Pragmatics (e.g. turn-taking, comprehension skills, communicative functions)
What are the three main communicative intentions for 18 month olds?
Social Interaction Behavior Regulation- requesting or rejecting objects and actions Establish joint attention
Two word utterances are also called _____________ speech.
Telegraphic
What assessment is can be done in a collaboration with other professions, or by another professional trained to do so (under the supervision of a colleague)?
Trans-disciplinary Ex: Early Intervention & School Setting
Transdisciplinary approach is used for children ____________.
Under the age of 3 Involves the child interacting with just one adult, a "facilitator" who performs some formal and informal assessment while other team members observe the interaction with the facilitator
Examples of how to assess expressive language.
Using search game with prompts (e.g. you found a....) < expressive language and semantics
Fast-mapping:
When a child is exposed to a word only once or twice and adds it easily to his lexicon & applies in communication
Transdiciplinary assessment can be used to:
decide whether a young child is eligible for services for early intervention. The clinician can do more in-depth reference assessment to establish baseline function.
_________________ approach, everyone does an independent assessment, reports to the same case coordinator who presents it to the parents.
interdisciplinary
Major milestones are __________ and you can compare them to typically developing children.
observable
Sometimes we see a ______________, which is expected.
regression Due to: motor & speech; toileting; sibling; moving
Local homologies
specific relationships that occur at certain points in development
Example of informally assessing comprehension.
"Lets play trains" -Ask kid what he wants to do -Make a comment on something and observe response
Examples of informally assessing comprehension by observing responses:
"Lets play with the trains" "I like the red one"
What behaviors would we expect to see in the emergence stage of language?
-Acknowledgment -Answering questions -Two word utterances -Requesting information
What do screening tools do?
-Identify a disorder -Screen for production and comprehension
How do we assess?
-Interview -Formal instruction (communication and symbolic behavior scale) General development level (adaptive, behavior, cognitive and language) -Informal instruments (play assessment)
What are the types of teams?
-Multi-disciplinary -Inter-disciplinary -Trans-disciplinary
New intentions and communicative functions are:
-Requesting information -Answering questions -Acknowledging
How can we decide which toddlers with slow language development are at risk?
-Screening -Can the child make two word utterances? -What are the communicative intent and functions?
At 9 to 12 months a range of communicative intentions through gestures are present.
-protesting -seeking attention -initiating social games -initiating joint attention
Major milestones of toddlerhood:
1) sleep 2) School 3) Motor 4) social 5) Independence
Changes in communication between 24 and 36 months:
1. Becomes more verbal, with nonverbal communication gradually giving way. 2. Attempts to communicate increase in frequency, almost doubling over the 18- 24 month period 3. The range of intention the child is trying to express broadens
Multi-disciplinary assessments can be used to:
1. decide whether a client is significantly impaired 2. Establish a baseline 3. identify intervention goals
Toddlerhood spans approximately _________ to ______ years of age.
1.5- 2.5 years of age
9 new words a day occurs after ____ to ____ months
15 to 18
Two-word utterances being at _______ months
18
At what age do children produce an average of two communicative acts per minute in an interactive sample?
18 months
Between _______ & _______ months, children significantly increase their frequency of communication, both verbally and nonverbally, and move toward frequent verbal expressions of intent.
18 to 24
Two-word utterances and simple two-word sentences are used by ______ to _____ month olds.
18-24 month olds
After the vocabulary spurt begins (24-36 months), toddlers have an expressive vocabulary of ________ words and receptive vocabulary of _______ words
200- 500 (24-36 months) 500- 700 words (24 to 36 months)
There is an increased frequency of communication (5- 7 communicative acts per minute) at _____ months.
24 months
By ________ months, children produce an average of 5 to 7 communicative acts per minute.
24 months The majority of these communicative acts are verbal words or word combinations, although non-verbal acts are still used.
An unfamiliar partner will only understand ________ % and familiar ______% for 2 to 3 year old children.
50% 75% Consider intelligibility
Vocabulary explosion/burst/spurt for 3 new words a week at ages _______ to ______ months.
9 to 15 months