Emotion Midterm
What is heart rate variability?
***(unsure)*** the number of times the heart beats per minute during a period of emotional arousal.
One criticism John J.B. Allen poses with regard to current trends in experimental research on emotions is: A. There are too many researchers using sophisticated multivariate time series analysis B. EEG is an excellent measure of temporal and spacial resolution, but cannot be performed without inhibiting wires C. Future experimental design should elicit the more intense forms of emotions, thereby increasing external validity D. Ambulatory assessment tools for psychophysiological measurement are outdated
***I GOT THIS ANSWER WRONG, BUT IT IS NOT B***
Two skills pertinent to emotion regulation that are learned in practicing mindful body scan are: A. interoceptive awareness & non-reactivity B. mindfulness & exposure C. ideal affect & bias reduction D. schadenfruede & appraisals
***I GOT THIS ANSWER WRONG, BUT IT IS NOT B***
What has Dr. Berry Mendes found in her research on self-harm?
***unsure*** Participants' vagal systems suggest that the parasympathetic response immediately and effectively calms them DURING self-harm behaviors.
Which of the following statements about distraction as an emotion regulation strategy is FALSE
Frequent use of distraction as an emotion regulation strategy is associated with higher psychological well-being.
According to your textbook, people in the United States may live in very different cultures, depending upon:
All of the answers here; cultures differ in important ways across people of different ethnicities, religions, and region of the country.
The human genome is composed of sections of DNA that: A. help determine when other sections of DNA are activated. B. can be activated by experiences and environmental factors. C. provide "recipes" for making proteins needed by the body. D. All of the answers listed are true.
All of the answers listed are true.
Which of the following will result in an increase in heart rate?
All of the answers listed can cause an increase in heart rate.
The larger the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) response is before a test, the better people do, in part because they are getting more oxygen to brain. However, reappraisal of the SNS arousal is an important factor in performance outcome. When speaking about the importance of reappraisal in test performance, what does Dr. Berry Mendes say?
All of the answers listed were offered by Dr. Berry Mendes.
Which of the following is thought to be an important mechanism by which infants form attachments to their primary caregivers? A. Synchronized behavior between the caregiver and the infant B. All of the options listed are likely important mechanisms of attachment. C. Endorphins and other opioid neurotransmitters D. Oxytocin
All of the options listed are likely important mechanisms of attachment.
Mindful diaphragmatic breathing requires that the practitioner does what?
Allow the belly to relax and expand on the inhale (while the diaphragm contracts). Then the belly pulls in on the exhale (while the diaphragm relaxes). While doing this, practice an open orientation, with present-moment awareness, and non-judgmental curiosity.
Which of the following best describes the difference in physiological responding when people interpret the same task as a threat vs. challenge?
Although cardiac activity increases in both, the blood vessels contract in threat and relax in challenge.
According to an early study by Hazan and Shaver (1987), adults with which attachment style are most likely to say that they fall in love easily?
Anxious
Which of the following statements about individualism is TRUE, according to evidence discussed in your textbook?
As societies become wealthier, they tend to become more individualistic.
According to an early study by Hazan and Shaver (1987), adults with which attachment style are most likely to agree that romantic love does not last forever?
Avoidant
Which of the following emotion regulation strategies has NOT been linked to psychological resilience—the ability to recover relatively easily from negative events?
Avoiding potentially unpleasant situations whenever possible
Research suggests that the subjective experience of emotion is described well in terms of two intersecting dimensions, which are:
Both pleasantness/arousal and positive affect/negative affect have been supported by research.
Which of the following is a result of increased parasympathetic nervous system activation?
Increased respiratory sinus arrhythmia and heart rate variability
Which statement is false, with regard to Dr. Jeanne Tsai's work on how culture influences emotions?fundamental principles of affect valuation include:
Culture has the most influence on participants' physiological responses to high valence emotions.
Which of the following is a result of increased parasympathetic nervous system activation?
Decreased heart rate
Which of the following best describes the autonomic specificity hypothesis?
Different emotions are associated with different patterns of activity across organs throughout the body.
Jack and Diane have been married for more than 20 years, and frankly, the spark has dimmed. They still care deeply for each other, but would like to rekindle the excitement in their relationship. According to research by Art Aron and colleagues (2000), which of the following activities has a good chance of helping the couple with this goal?
Doing new, exciting activities together
John J.B. Allen describes elicitation approaches for experimental emotion-focused studies in the video you watched this week. Which of the following is NOT one of those methods?
EEG
Which of the following is FALSE regarding electroencephalography (EEG)?
EEG is able to identify the location of brain activity with great precision.
Which of the following best articulates the distinction between emotion regulation and coping, as defined by your textbook?
Emotion regulation generally refers to the strategies people use to control some aspect of their emotions, whereas coping refers specifically to reducing negative emotion in response to a stressful event.
According to Dr. Jeanne Tsai's research:
European participants tend to *value enthusiasm, excitement, high arousal positive states when compared to Chinese participants
How do different social or cultural contexts shape the manifestfation of major depressive disorder, according to Dr. Jeanne Tsai?
How we define normal depends on culture; Dr. Tsai found that Asian Americans had greater expression of emotions when they were depressed, as compared to European Americans, who had a dampened expression.
Which of the following interventions has NOT been found to produce positive health and/or well-being outcomes?
Interventions in which people are encouraged to express their emotions intensely
Two students, Jia from China and Julie from the United States, each learn that their best friend has cheated on an important exam. Which of the following predictions is most consistent with existing research on culture and emotion?
Jia will feel more ashamed than Julie, because Jia's self-concept is more strongly defined by her relationship with her friends.
Which of the following emotion regulation strategies has been found to promote psychological resilience, even in intensely stressful situations?
Making time for a simple, pleasant event or experience despite the larger stressor
Which of the following emotion regulation strategies has been linked to better-than-average health and wellbeing?
Modifying stressful situations to solve or improve the problem causing distress
In a study by Iris Mauss and colleagues (2005), participants viewed a film clip that went from funny to sad, and back to funny again. Participants' physiological responses were measured, their facial expressions were coded, and they used a rating dial to provide continuous self-report measures of their emotions throughout this film. Which of the following statements about the findings of this study is FALSE?
None of the statements listed here are false; all are true.
Which of the following is the best definition of appraisal, in the context of emotion theory?
Our subjective interpretation of what a stimulus or event means for our own goals, concerns, and well-being
What did Dr. Berry Mendes' study with confederates with temporary birthmarks tell us about what people are unwilling or unable to say about their emotional feelings in sensitive situations?
Participants' physiological responses were in direct conflict with self-report AND behaviors. Participants were nicer to confederates with birthmarks and reported them to be more beautiful than participants with no birthmark.
What is the main implication of Haidt and Keltner's (1999) study of how people interpret embarrassment and shame expressions in the United States and Eastern India?
People can tell the difference between embarrassment and shame, even if their language does not have two different words for these emotions.
Which of the following accurately describes the mere exposure effect?
People report greater preference for abstract stimuli that they have seen a greater number of times, though they are unaware of the link between exposure and preference.
Your textbook describes several studies linking high situational avoidance (as a strategy for avoiding distress) to negative mental and physical health outcomes. By what mechanism are these effects thought to occur?
People who rely primarily on avoidance-based coping fail to take actions that could help improve their health and well-being.
Which of the following best describes the main implications of the Tomaka and colleagues (1997) threat/challenge study described in your textbook?
People will show different physiological response profiles in the same situation, if they appraise that situation differently.
Mark learns that a colleague of his, Joshua, has just been diagnosed with cancer. He thinks about all of the implications this will have for his friend's life, and for their relationship. According to research by Nancy Eisenberg and colleagues (1989), Mark is LEAST likely to offer practical support to Joshua when he is feeling which of the following emotions?
Personal distress
Which of the following best summarizes the distinction between primary and secondary appraisal, in Richard Lazarus' theory?
Primary appraisal assesses the eliciting situation and its implications for your own goals; secondary appraisal assesses your ability to cope with the situation.
Which of the following has NOT been observed as an effect of suppressing emotional expression?
Reduced subjective experience of negative emotion
Research evidence suggests that emotion-eliciting appraisals:
Research has documented all three of these appraisal processes.
According to an early study by Hazan and Shaver (1987), adults with which attachment style are most likely to agree that ups and downs are normal in a long-term romantic relationship?
Secure
When Dr. Berry Mendes illustrates how important context is in the experience and physiological expression of an emotion, what example does she use?
Skin conductance is sensitive but not specific. It tells us about intensity, not valence. It is therefore important to narrow down the stimulus context so that we CAN interpret the increase of skin conductance to mean the specific emotion we are examining.
Social aspects, such as social network size, play important roles in emotional experience. What does Barrett say about this relationship?
Social network size is related to size of amygdala (positive correlation).
In several studies, researchers have given some participants a high dose of acetaminophen, and others a placebo. Participants then complete a laboratory task in which they are apparently rejected by other people. Which of the following best summarizes the implications of these studies' results?
Social pain and physical pain share similar neural mechanisms.
According to Lisa Feldman Barrett's interview video, generally speaking, what do appraisal models of emotions propose?
That people tend to have a particular view of the world and that this view then influences their meaning analysis (appraisal) of what a stimulation means, and THEN they respond with emotions.
What does Dr. Berry Mendes say is one challenge in using the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to help us measure emotional experience?
The ANS's primary function is to help humans survive. Researchers must work with a very narrow window of processes, on top of all the basic regulatory demands, to interpret what it can tell us about emotion.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the Shiota and colleagues (2010) study of emotion in conversations between romantic partners in Asian-American versus European-American couples?
The content of Asian-American and European-American couples' conversations differed significantly; Asian-American partners tended to be more critical of each other than European-Americans.
According to Keltner and Haidt's (1999) approach to integrating evolutionary and cultural influences on emotion, the greatest cultural variability should be seen at which of the following levels of analysis?
The group level
Which of the following best describes the autonomic nervous system?
The nerves carrying instructions from the brain out to the visceral organs in the body, such as the heart, digestive system, and skin
Why is James Gross's (2002) taxonomy of emotion regulation strategies called the process model of emotion regulation?
The taxonomy differentiates emotion regulation strategies in terms of where they occur in the process of emotion generation.
All modern theories of emotion agree that some aspects of emotion are evolved parts of human nature.
True
Which of the following statements about the results in Levenson and colleagues' (1992) study of emotion physiology in United States and Minangkabau participants is FALSE?
United States and Minangkabau participants showed physiological responses of very similar magnitudes.
What statement is most true of lovingkindness meditation?
We offer safety, health, happiness, and ease to ourselves, others, and to all beings.
Sharon Salzberg says the lovingkindness exercise is: B. a meditation practice to experiment with attention C. a way to have a more realistic picture of ourselves and others D. an exercise that helps us to step out of old habits
all these are true
After grocery shopping one Sunday afternoon, Jason accidentally hits another car while backing out of his parking space. The owner of the car is extremely angry, and threatens to sue Jason; even though the lawsuit is unfair, Jason would lose more money than he can afford in hiring a lawyer to defend himself. Jason is embarrassed, and apologizes genuinely and profusely. As a result, the other car's owner calms down, and agrees to simply exchange insurance information instead of filing a lawsuit. In this example, the effect of Jason's embarrassment illustrates:
an interpersonal function of emotion.
Celia is very, very hungry at work one day, but cannot take the time to leave the office to find food. She looks in the office refrigerator to see if anything is available to eat. There is a box of pizza left over from a group lunch last week, but it is becoming moldy; despite her hunger, Celia throws the pizza away in disgust. In this example, the effect of disgust illustrates:
an intrapersonal function of emotion.
Keawe is feeling an approach motivation with negative valence. What emotion might he be feeling?
anger
According to both the core relational theme and dimensional approaches to appraisal, the way in which we appraise a given situation is strongly influenced by --------, and the links between appraisal and emotional response are --------- .
cultural learning; innate and universal
According to your textbook,__________ are usually responses to important events in one's external environment, whereas ________ are motivational states caused by the body's immediate, internal needs.
emotions...drives
Which of the following is TRUE regarding functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?
fMRI measures changes in the amount of oxygen carried through blood vessels in the brain.
The affect infusion model primarily emphasizes the adaptive value of the _____ aspect of emotions, whereas the approach-avoidance model primarily emphasizes the adaptive value of the ______ aspect of emotions.
feeling; behavior
Consuela is feeling an avoidance motivation with a negative valence. What emotion might they be feeling?
grief
Molecules that are released into the bloodstream by one part of the body, and carry instructions through the blood to organs in different parts of the body, are called .
hormones
The term "ultrasocial," as applied to humans, means that:
humans meet many basic survival needs in large, cooperative groups.
Most important aspects of emotion are probably determined by:
interactions between genes and the environment, with aspects of the environment influencing gene activation.
According to John J.B. Allen, the International Affective Picture System could be improved upon by:
making the images less PG-13 and more R-rated
Research with prairie voles as well as human suggests that the neurotransmitter_____ plays an important role in facilitating long-term pair bonds between mating partners.
oxytocin
Ari needs to have a talk with a close friend, Gilad, about something that has been bothering him - a conflict in their relationship. Ari is concerned that the conversation will be stressful, and that Gilad will become angry and defensive. In order to prepare for the conversation, Ari has a practice conversation with another friend, asking this person to pretend to be Gilad and respond as Gilad might. This is an example of:
psychological inoculation.