Emotion, Stress, and Health - Midterm 2 (PSYC*3410)

principle of antithesis

opposing states will be associated with opposing expressions (to show dominance one might use a t-pose, and to show submission one might lay down, these are opposite looks so that they are easily distinguishable)

facial feedback hypothesis

our facial expressions influence our emotional experience

amygdala and emotion

- involved with attention and fear - evaluating the emotion significance of situations (remember Mmy? shes a scaredy cat, above is an image of what i'd like to think Amy looks like - also Amy is very empathetic)

two system view of stress response

1. Anterior pituitary stimulation of adrenal cortex system 2. Sympathetic Nervous System Adrenal - medulla system (both are alerted at same time)

auditory fear conditioning steps

1. Threatening sound 2. The sound is perceived by the thalamus which goes to the medial geniculate nucleus 3. the medial geniculate nucleus send signals to the auditory cortex and amygdala 4. the amygdala signals the PAG and hypothalamus 5. The hypothalamus generated a sympathetic response and the PAG generates a behavioral response

"Limbic" means a. "border." b. "thalamus." c. "emotion." d. "emotional structure." e. "emotion circuit.

A

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity. a. the same b. different c. tangential d. inhibitory e. excitatory

A

According to the James-Lange theory, the a. experience of emotion is produced by the brain's perception of the body's reactions to emotional stimuli. b. cortex is not involved in emotion. c. autonomic nervous system is not involved in emotion. d. experience of emotion triggers the autonomic response to emotional stimuli. e. experience of emotion is not physiological.

A

Because even innocent people undergoing a lie-detector test are likely to be aroused by questions about their guilt or innocence, the a. guilty-knowledge technique should be employed when possible. b. mock-crime procedure is often employed. c. control-question technique is often employed. d. polygraph is often employed. e. group-contingency threat procedure is often employed

A

In rats, bilateral lesions to the __________________ block fear conditioning to a tone, but bilateral lesions to the _______________ do not. A. medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex B. lateral geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex C. amygdala; medial geniculate nucleus D. auditory cortex; amygdala

A

No emotion has been linked to one single brain structure a. true b. false

A

The process by which benign contexts come to elicit fear through their association with fear-inducing stimuli is called _________________ fear conditioning and requires intact _____________. A. contextual fear; hippocampi B. environmental; hippocampi C. contextual; amygdalae D. environmental; amygdalae

A

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of the Kluver-Bucy syndrome? a. aggression b. sexual activity directed at inappropriate objects c. lack of fear d. consumption of almost anything that is edible e. a tendency to investigate objects with the mouth

A

auditory fear conditioning

A conditioned stimulus noise followed by the noise with a harmful unconditioned stimulus, making them fear the conditioned stimulus even though its just noise

Eustress

A positive stress that energizes a person and helps a person reach a goal

Phagocytes

A type of white blood cell that ingests invading microbes, carry phagocytosis

guilty-knowledge technique

Ask a question that only the culprit would know the answer to and test their autonomic responses.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the feeling of emotion by the cortex and the expression of emotion by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems are a. causally related. b. parallel processes. c. dependent processes. d. serial processes. e. adaptive processes.

B

According to the James-Lange theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity. a. the same b. different c. tangential d. similar e. inhibitory

B

Decorticate cats display a. orchidectomy rage. b. sham rage. c. species-typical rage. d. species-common rage. e. offensive rage

B

Papez attributed emotion to activity in what became known as the a. autonomic nervous system. b. limbic system. c. hypothalamus. d. hippocampus. e. basal ganglion.

B

Phineas Gage had damage to his medial a. diencephalon. b. prefrontal lobes. c. temporal lobes. d. parietal lobes. e. hippocampus

B

Reexperiencing related patterns of motor, autonomic, and sensory neural activity during emotional experiences is generally called the _____ of emotions. A. basis B. embodiment C. complexity D. interrelatedness

B

Selye concluded that stressors stimulate the release of ______________________ from the anterior pituitary, which in turn triggers the release of ______________ from the adrenal cortex. A. cytokines; glucocorticoids B. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); glucocorticoids C. glucocorticoids; cytokines D. glucocorticoids; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

B

The amygdala is thought to control defensive behavior via outputs from the _____ nucleus of the _____. A. medial geniculate; amygdala B. central; amygdala C. lateral; amygdala D. lateral geniculate; thalamus

B

The idea that opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures is called the principle of a. opposition. b. antithesis. c. conspecifics. d. parsimony. e. anti-expression

B

The pattern of behavior that is observed in monkeys after their anterior temporal lobes have been removed is called a. sham rage. b. the Kluver-Bucy syndrome. c. hippocampal rage. d. septal rage. e. temporal-lobe rage.

B

The valence model proposes that the right hemisphere is specialized for processing __________________ and the left hemisphere is specialized for processing _______________. A. fear conditioning to a tone; contextual fear conditioning B. negative emotion; positive emotion C. facial expressions of emotion; empathy D. positive emotion; negative emotion

B

Which of the following psychologists is well known for his research on facial expression? a. Darwin b. Ekman c. Ax d. Cannon e. Lykken

B

The polygraph does not detect lies, it detects a. criminals. b. arousal. c. guilty knowledge. d. guilt. e. psychopathy

B (haha criminal)

Bard's 1929 research on sham rage led him to conclude that the a. Cannon-Bard theory is basically correct. b. James-Lange theory is basically correct. c. hypothalamus plays a critical role in the expression of aggression. d. entire limbic system plays a critical role in the expression of emotion. e. neocortex plays a critical role in the expression of emotion

C

Because it is usually difficult to determine for certain whether a person who has been accused of breaking the law is innocent or guilty, many studies of lie detection use the a. guilty-knowledge technique. b. control-question technique. c. mock-crime procedure. d. all of the above e. both A and B

C

Bilateral lesions to which of the following structures produces the Kluver-Bucy syndrome? a. medial prefrontal lobe b. hippocampus c. anterior temporal lobe d. lateral prefrontal lobe e. medial temporal lobe

C

Evidence has been accumulating that the _________________ nucleus of the _____ is critically involved in the acquisition, storage, and expression of conditioned fear. A. lateral geniculate; thalamus B. medial geniculate; amygdala C. lateral; amygdala D. lateral; hippocampus

C

In order to employ the guilty-knowledge technique, the polygrapher needs to a. also question a control suspect. b. ask pointed questions. c. have a piece of information about the crime that is known by the guilty party but not by any of the other suspects. d. have a piece of information that is known by all the suspects but nobody else. e. record basal skin conductance levels

C

Papez believed that emotional states were expressed through the action of the other limbic structures on the a. amygdala. b. autonomic nervous system. c. hypothalamus. d. hippocampus. e. neocortex

C

Polygraphy is commonly referred to as a. EEG recording. b. ANS recording. c. lie detection. d. polygraph interrogation. e. many measurements

C

The Kluver-Bucy syndrome appears to result, to a large degree, from bilateral damage to the a. hippocampus. b. hypothalamus. c. amygdala. d. septum. e. cortex.

C

cytokines

Chemicals released by the immune system communicate with the brain, trigger swelling, redness, aches, fever

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotional experience and emotional expression a. are parallel processes. b. have no direct causal relation. c. are independently triggered by the same emotional stimuli. d. all of the above e. none of the abov

D

Darwin believed that a. expressions of emotion evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do next. b. expressions of emotion evolve in ways that enhance their communicative function and that their original function may be lost. c. opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures. d. all of the above e. none of the above

D

Gulls signal aggression by pointing their beaks at one another and submission by a. head bobbing. b. head nodding. c. wing flapping. d. pointing their beaks away from one another. e. none of the above

D

In a standard fear-conditioning experiment, the subject is presented with __________________ and then receives exposure to a foot shock. A. access to food B. an auditory unconditioned response C. a visual unconditioned stimulus D. an auditory conditioned stimulus

D

On the basis of existing evidence, the following conclusion about ANS emotional specificity is warranted: a. The ANS does not respond in the same way to all emotional stimuli. b. There is not enough evidence to conclude that there is a different pattern of ANS activity associated with each emotional state. c. The ANS responds in approximately the same way to all emotional stimuli. d. both A and B e. both B and C

D

The emotional experiences of patients with broken necks a. indicate that somatic and autonomic feedback from the body is not necessary for the experience of emotion. b. are inconsistent with the James-Lange theory. c. are inconsistent with the Cannon-Bard theory. d. both A and B e. both B and C

D

___________________ is a genetic disorder that often results in calcification of the amygdala and surrounding anterior medial-temporal-lobe structures in both hemispheres. A. Huntington's disease B. Klüver-Bucy syndrome C. Prader-Willi syndrome D. Urbach-Wiethe disease

D (your back hurt? because I think you have a genetic disorder that often results in calcification... this is my new pick up line)

Lateralization of emotion

Different influences of the two brain hemispheres on various emotions. The left hemisphere apparently influences positive emotions, and the right hemisphere influences negative emotions.

Sham rage is displayed by a. decorticate cats. b. cats whose entire cerebral hemispheres, including the hypothalamus, have been removed. c. cats whose cerebral hemispheres, excluding the hypothalamus, have been removed. d. both A and B e. both A and C

E

The limbic system rings the a. hypothalamus. b. cingulate. c. cerebellum. d. amygdala. e. thalamus

E

Which of the following structures is considered to be part of the limbic system? a. amygdala b. cingulate cortex c. septum d. mammillary body e. all of the above

E

Fake smile

Either only the mouth or mouth + eyes but eyes are delayed

mirror neurons

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.

Antibody-mediated immunity

Immunity that results from the presence of antibodies in blood and lymph.

HPA axis (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis)

Interaction between the nervous and endocrine systems to produce the body's response to stress. Elevated levels of one of these hormones may lead to depression

Pellis and colleagues (1988) discovery

It was observed that some cats react defensively to mice, some "play" with them, and some kill them. After giving these cats anti-anxiety medication, all cats moved more aggressively, going from defense to "playing", "playing" to killing, and killing to killing even faster. This shows that cats do not "play" with their food, they are vacillating between attack and defense

Gastric ulcers

One of the first medical disorders classified as psychosomatic, lesions in stomach lining

Hans Selye

Psychologist who researched a recurring response to stress that he called the general adaptation syndrome

Capgras Syndrome

Recognize a familiar face, but doesn't feel familiarity and assumes the individual is an imposter

General Adaptation Syndrome

Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion (homeostasis)

limbic system theory of emotion

Structures of limbic system affect hypothalamus

Cannon-Bard Theory

The proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously (WRONG)

Stress

a coordinated series of responses to an actual or potential aversive stimulus (physical, social, cognitive) which typically include alterations in neuroendocrine and autonomic functions, with complex changes in behaviour

Urbach-Wiethe Disease

a genetic disorder that often results in the calcification of the amygdala and surrounding brain structures results in loss of ability to recognize facial expressions of fear, inability to produce fearful expression, and difficulty with other complex visual stimuli

chronic stressors

a source of stress that occurs continuously or repeatedly for long periods

Microbiome

all of the microorganisms that live in a particular environment, such as a human body

defensive behaviors

behaviors whose primary function is protection from threat or harm

aggressive behaviors

behaviors whose primary function is to threaten or harm

Fregolis Syndrome

belief that different people are the same individual in disguise

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

characterized by emotional changes, such as reduction of fear and anxiety, after bilateral amygdala damage

Hypothalamus and aggression

critical for expression of aggressive responses

medial performance lobes and emotion

emotion-cognition interaction site

fear

emotional reaction to threat

Darwin and emotions

emotions evolved as adaptive behaviors in both humans and animals. argued emotions are universal across cultures

Distress

impairs immune functions

Cotard's Syndrome

individual believes they are dying, rotting, or they don't exist

Psychosomatic Disorders

medical disorders in which psychological factors play a causal role (heart disease, asthma, and skin disorders)

Enteric Nervous System

sheaths of tissue lining esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon • Gut-brain axis

six primary emotions

surprise, joy, disgust, anger, fear, sadness

sham rage

the exaggerated, poorly directed aggressive responses of decorticate animals (this happens when a cats cortex has been removed, BUT once their hypothalamus is removes, that aggression is gone.)

Cortex (aggression)

the function is to inhibit and direct aggresion

target-site concept

the idea that the aggressive and defensive behaviors of an animal are often designed to attack specific sites on the body of another animal while protecting specific sites on its own

Duchenne (genuine) smile

the mouth (zygomaticus) and the eyes (orbicularis) are both involved

modern biopsychological view

the perception of the emotion-inducing stimulus, the autonomic and somatic responses to the stimulus, and the experience of the emotion can influence the other two (basically, there is no order)

Control-question technique

the physiological response to the target question is compared with the physiological responses to control questions whose answers are known (ex. "did you steal that purse?" we dont know, so we ask the control "did you rob a bank?" we know that they didnt, so we compare the results, 55% accuracy)

contextual fear conditioning

the process by which benign contexts come to elicit fear through their association with fear-inducing stimuli (the noise is no longer the cause of fear, but the box is) (the hippocampus plays a role in spatial memory, so it is important for this)

Psychoneuroimmunology

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

James-Lange Theory

the theory that emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment (NORMALLY, one would see a bear, feel fear, heart starts to beat due to the fear... JAMES GUY, one would see a bear, they body would start to experience reactions to the bear, these feelings would cause the person to be scared) (WRONG - apparently people with broken necks feel fear.. who knew, anyway, they feel fear without any autonomic or somatic feedback, so that isnt what causes the fear)

acute stressors

threatening events that have a relatively short duration and a clear endpoint

Cell-mediated immunity

type of immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or abnormal body cells

Microexpressions

very brief, sudden emotional expressions

germ free mice

void of all microbials, meaning they have no gut microbiome (causes them to have higher cortisol levels in childhood, they take risks other mice wouldnt bc their anxiety is always high, cortisol levels even out in adult hood but this behavior stays)