EMS Chapter 7 - Life Span Development

Preschooler

A child age 3 to 6 years.

The areas of the infant's skull that have not yet fused together are called ________. Select one: A. sutures B. ventricles C. fontanelles D. cranial valleys

C. fontanelles

Sucking Reflex

An infant reflex in which the infant starts sucking when his or her lips are stroked.

Moro Reflex

An infant reflex in which, when an infant is caught off guard, the infant opens his or her arms wide, spreads the fingers, and seems to grab at things.

Palmar Grasp

An infant reflex that occurs when something is placed in the infant's palm; the infant grasps the object.

Rooting Reflex

An infant reflex that occurs when something touches an infant's cheek, and the infant instinctively turns his or her head toward the touch.

The respiratory rate of 30 breaths per minute in an infant is ________. Select one: A. too slow B. normal C. too shallow D. too fast

B. normal

Neonate

A newborn age birth to 1 month.

Middle Adult

An adult age 41 to 60 years.

Atherosclerosis

A disorder in which cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of the blood vessels, forming plaque, which eventually leads to partial or complete blockage of blood flow.

School Age

A person who is 6 to 12 years of age.

Postconventional Reasoning

A type of reasoning in which a child acts almost purely to avoid punishment to get what he or she wants.

Conventional Reasoning

A type of reasoning in which a child looks for approval from peers and society.

Early Adult

A young adult age 19 to 40 years.

Infant

A young child age 1 month to 1 year.

Toddler

A young child age 1 to 3 years.

Adolescent

A young person age 12 to 18 years.

At what age does separation anxiety typically peak in infants and small children? Select one: A. 10 to 18 months B. 6 to 8 months C. 18 to 24 months D. 24 to 36 months

A. 10 to 18 months

A normal systolic blood pressure for a 30-year-old is between: Select one: A. 90 and 140 mm Hg. B. 80 and 120 mm Hg. C. 60 and 120 mm Hg. D. 70 and 140 mm Hg.

A. 90 and 140 mm Hg.

Which of the following statements regarding an infant's vital signs is correct? Select one: A. An infant's normal body temperature is typically higher than a preschooler's. B. An infant's heart rate generally ranges between 70 and 110 beats/min. C. An infant's normal heart rate increases by 10 beats/min each month. D. By 6 months of age, an infant's normal tidal volume is 2 to 4 mL/kg.

A. An infant's normal body temperature is typically higher than a preschooler's.

Why does the incidence of diabetes mellitus increase with age? Select one: A. Decreased physical activity, increased weight gain, and decreased insulin production B. Decreased physical activity, increased weight gain, and decreased blood sugar levels C. Decreased food intake, decreased weight gain, and decreased blood sugar levels D. Increased physical activity, increased food intake, and increased insulin production

A. Decreased physical activity, increased weight gain, and decreased insulin production

Which of the following is NOT a common factor that would affect a 75-year-old patient's vital signs? Select one: A. Increased weight B. Medical conditions C. Overall health D. Medications

A. Increased weight

Which of the following are noticeable characteristics of a 9-month-old infant? Select one: A. Places objects in the mouth, pulls himself or herself up B. Walks without help, becomes frustrated with restrictions C. Responds to his or her name, crawls around efficiently D. Knows his or her name, can walk without any assistance

A. Places objects in the mouth, pulls himself or herself up

Which of the following describes the Moro reflex? Select one: A. The neonate opens his or her arms wide, spreads his or her fingers, and seems to grasp at something after being startled. B. When the sole of the foot is stroked with a blunt object, the big toe lifts upward and the other toes fan outward. C. When something touches a neonate's cheek, he or she instinctively turns his or her head toward the touch. D. An infant's heart rate decreases secondary to hypoxia because he or she depends heavily on the heart rate to perfuse the body.

A. The neonate opens his or her arms wide, spreads his or her fingers, and seems to grasp at something after being startled.

Age-related changes in the renal system result in: Select one: A. a decreased ability to clear wastes from the body and a decreased ability to conserve fluids when needed. B. dilation of the blood vessels that supply the nephrons, which allows the kidneys to maintain their function. C. the formation of large amounts of urine secondary to an increase in kidney mass of up to 20%. D. a significant increase in filtration, which causes the excretion of large amounts of water from the body.

A. a decreased ability to clear wastes from the body and a decreased ability to conserve fluids when needed. Correct.

At what stage do vital signs begin to level off within adult ranges? Neonate Preschool School-age Adolescent

Adolescent In adolescents, vital signs level off: systolic blood pressure ranges from 90-110 mm Hg, pulse rate ranges from 60-100 beats/min, and respirations range from 12-20 breaths/min.

Which life stage is apt to be characterized by antisocial behavior and peer pressure? Toddler Adolescent Early adult Middle adult

Adolescent Rebellious and antisocial behavior is common in adolescence since this is when peer pressure peaks and the child is establishing his/her own identity.

Which of the following conditions is an infant most likely to have? Disk compression in the spinal column Loss of passive immunity Airway obstruction Atherosclerosis

Airway obstruction Because proportionally an infant's tongue is larger and the airway is shorter, infants are more prone to airway obstruction.

Older Adult

An adult age 61 years or older.

Fontanelles

Areas where the neonate's or infant's skull has not fused together; usually disappear at approximately 18 months of age.

The average pulse rate of persons between 19 and 60 years of age is typically: Select one: A. 90 beats/min. B. 70 beats/min. C. 60 beats/min. D. 80 beats/min.

B. 70 beats/min.

The anterior fontanelle fuses together between the ages of: Select one: A. 6 and 8 months. B. 9 and 18 months. C. 3 and 4 months. D. 7 and 14 months.

B. 9 and 18 months.

An infant's blood pressure typically increases with age because: Select one: A. his or her normal heart rate usually increases with age. B. blood pressure directly corresponds to body weight. C. the infant's total blood volume decreases with age. D. as the infant gets older, his or her blood vessels dilate.

B. blood pressure directly corresponds to body weight. Correct

In late adults, the amount of air left in the lungs after expiration of the maximum amount of air: Select one: A. remains unchanged because the lungs have become accustomed to years of breathing pollution. B. increases, which hampers diffusion of gases because of the stagnant air that remains in the alveoli. C. decreases, resulting in widespread collapsing of the alveoli and impaired diffusion of gases. D. decreases, which increases diffusion in the lungs and causes an accumulation of carbon dioxide.

B. increases, which hampers diffusion of gases because of the stagnant air that remains in the alveoli.

An infant or small child's airway can be occluded if it is overextended or overflexed because: Select one: A. the tongue is proportionately small and can fall back into the throat. B. the occiput is proportionately large and the trachea is flexible. C. the back of the head is flat, which prevents a neutral position. D. he or she has a long neck, which makes the trachea prone to collapse.

B. the occiput is proportionately large and the trachea is flexible.

Why do middle adults commonly experience financial concerns? Select one: A. The majority of middle adults still have small children who live at home with them. B. They are typically receiving social security and must budget with a fixed income. C. They are preparing for retirement but must still manage everyday financial demands. D. Most people in the middle adult age group have chronic illnesses and cannot work.

C. They are preparing for retirement but must still manage everyday financial demands.

Factors that contribute to a decline in the vital capacity of an elderly patient include all of the following, EXCEPT: Select one: A. decreased residual volume. B. a loss of respiratory muscle mass. C. increased surface area available for air exchange. D. increased stiffness of the thoracic cage.

C. increased surface area available for air exchange.

A 16-year-old female complains of vaginal bleeding and abdominal cramping that began several hours ago. During your assessment interview, you should: Select one: A. avoid asking questions that she will feel uncomfortable answering. B. recall that patients in this age group prefer not to be treated as adults. C. inquire about the possibility of pregnancy in private, if possible. D. obtain the majority of your information from one of her parents.

C. inquire about the possibility of pregnancy in private, if possible.

You are assessing a 13-month-old female who is running a fever and has been vomiting. While you are performing your physical examination on this child, you will MOST likely find that she: Select one: A. has bulging fontanelles secondary to severe dehydration. B. will readily allow you to separate her from her mother. C. responds to her name but is fearful of your presence. D. is unable to track your movements with her eyes.

C. responds to her name but is fearful of your presence. Correct

The risk of bleeding in the skull, which increases with age, is MOST directly related to: Select one: A. blood vessel dilation. B. meningeal deterioration. C. shrinkage of the brain. D. a decrease in neurons.

C. shrinkage of the brain.

You are dispatched to a call for a 4-month-old infant with respiratory distress. While you prepare to take care of this child, you must remember that: Select one: A. assisted ventilations in infants often need to be forceful to inflate their lungs. B. the infant's proportionately small tongue often causes an airway obstruction. C. small infants are nose breathers and require clear nasal passages at all times. D. an infant's head should be placed in a flexed position to prevent obstruction.

C. small infants are nose breathers and require clear nasal passages at all times.

Atherosclerosis is defined as ________. Select one: A. the buildup of plaque inside blood vessels B. dilation of the arteries C. the blockage of a coronary artery D. constriction of the blood vessels

C. the blockage of a coronary artery Chapter 7, page 252, Older Adults (61 Years and Older) The correct answer is: the blockage of a coronary artery

Children of which age group are considered toddlers? Select one: A. Over 6 years B. 1 month to 1 year C. 3-6 years D. 1-3 years

D. 1-3 years

The human body should be functioning at its optimal level between the ages of: Select one: A. 21 and 30 years. B. 18 and 22 years. C. 25 and 35 years. D. 19 and 25 years.

D. 19 and 25 years.

Barotrauma

Injury caused by pressure to enclosed body surfaces, for example from too much pressure in the lungs.

In preconventional reasoning, children: Select one: A. look for approval from their peers and society. B. make decisions based on their conscience. C. blame their actions on what they have observed in older children. D. act almost purely to avoid punishment and to get what they want.

D. act almost purely to avoid punishment and to get what they want.

When you are communicating with an older patient, it is important to remember that: Select one: A. most older patients are confused due to a decrease in brain cells. B. deafness and blindness are a normal part of the process of aging. C. the majority of older patients experience a loss of low-frequency hearing. D. age-related changes diminish the effectiveness of the eyes and ears.

D. age-related changes diminish the effectiveness of the eyes and ears.

The decline in cardiac function that commonly occurs in late adulthood is MOST often related to: Select one: A. medication use. B. kidney failure. C. hypotension. D. atherosclerosis.

D. atherosclerosis.

Physical changes that typically occur in early adults include an: Select one: A. increase in respiratory rate due to increased metabolism. B. increase in height because of spinal disc expansion. C. increase in muscle strength and reflexes. D. increase in fatty tissue, which leads to weight gain.

D. increase in fatty tissue, which leads to weight gain.

According to the terminal drop hypothesis: Select one: A. a person's physical health begins to decline after the age of 75 years. B. most late-stage adults retain high brain function until 1 month before death. C. most elderly patients experience depression after the death of a loved one. D. mental function is presumed to decline in the 5 years preceding death.

D. mental function is presumed to decline in the 5 years preceding death.

The Moro reflex occurs when something touches an infant's cheek. TrueFalse

F Correct. The Moro reflex happens when a neonate is caught off guard by something or someone. The rooting reflex takes place when something touches a neonate's cheek.

The head accounts for 15% of a neonate's body weight. TrueFalse

F Correct. The head accounts for 25% of a neonate's body weight.

Why is a neonate's head more "moldable"? Calcium growth in bones has not yet begun. Fontanelles have not yet fused to form the skull. The brain stem is less rigid. There is more space between the skull and the brain.

Fontanelles have not yet fused to form the skull. In a neonate, the fontanelles have not yet fused to form the skull. The anterior fontanelle fuses between 9 and 18 months of age.

Congenital abnormalities are the leading cause of death in which age group? Neonates Toddlers Adolescents Older adults

Neonates Congenital abnormalities are the leading cause of death in neonates and infants.

Changes in which of the following body systems can result in the most debilitating of age-related illnesses? Nervous Renal Sensory Endocrine

Nervous Nervous system changes result in the most debilitating of age-related illnesses. Brain weight decreases, peripheral nervous system functioning slows, and nerve endings deteriorate, leading to falls and dangerous lack of sensation.

Which age group is most likely to suffer from diabetes? Infants Adolescents Middle adults Older adults

Older adults In older adults, insulin production decreases but a slowdown in the metabolism increases the need for insulin, and diabetes can result.

Which of the following affects vital signs the most in older adults? Patient's immune system Overall health of the patient Patient's cardiovascular system Patient's diet

Overall health of the patient Later in life, vital signs depend on the patient's overall health.

Trust and Mistrust

Refers to a stage of development from birth to approximately 18 months of age, during which infants gain trust of their parents or caregivers if their world is planned, organized, and routine.

________ describes how we feel about ourselves and how we fit in with our peers. Self-esteem Self-concept Preconventional reasoning Postconventional reasoning

Self-esteem Correct. Self-esteem is how we feel about ourselves and how we fit in with our peers.

Which of the following should be expected when you assess a 76-year-old patient's pupils? Slower pupillary reaction Vision deficit Fixed, dilated pupils Unequal pupils

Slower pupillary reaction Older adults experience restricted pupillary reaction.

Infants younger than 6 months are particularly prone to nasal congestion. TrueFalse

T Correct. Infants younger than 6 months are particularly prone to nasal congestion.

The younger the person, the faster the pulse rate and respirations. TrueFalse

T Correct. The younger the person, the faster the pulse rate and respirations.

Toddlers begin to recognize gender differences by observing their role model. TrueFalse

T Correct. Toddlers do begin to recognize gender differences by observing their role models.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person can be expected to live.

Nephrons

The basic filtering units in the kidneys.

Which of the following statements is true about the physiology of older adults? The filtration function of the kidneys decreases and the size of the kidney increases. The metabolic rate in the older brain does not change. Vital capacity is at its highest in older adults. Older adults require more sleep than younger adults.

The metabolic rate in the older brain does not change. The metabolic rate in the older brain does not change, and oxygen consumption remains constant throughout life