EN 201 Quiz 2

Characteristics of indirect speech acts

1. violate 1+ maxim 2. literal meaning differs from intended meaning 3. hearers/readers notice the utterance violates a maxim and assume that the interlocutor is following the cooperative principle 4. hearers/readers identify intended meaning by looking at context

Testing Constituency: Movement

Any group of words that can be moved in a syntactic operation functions as a unit and is a constituent

Descriptive Approach to Grammar

Describing the regular structures of the language as it is used, not according to some view of how it should be used

Generative Grammar

Explicit rules that yield sentences

Example of Immediate Constituent Analysis

Her father brought an amazing gift to the wedding. Her father -> noun phrase brought an amazing gift -> verb phrase to the wedding -> prepositional phrase

What does Chomsky's Universal Grammar Theory argue?

Human language is hard-wired in the brain.

The ___________________ (____) allows us to interpret and process the ____________, _____________, _____________, and _________ properties of grammar.

Language Acquisition Device (LAD), phonological, morphological, semantic, syntactical

Styles or registers definition

Language varieties characteristic of particular social situations

Tests for determine constituency

Movement Substitution Coordination

Phrase-Structure Expansions: S-> ?

NP VP

Example of Prescriptive Approach

Never begin a sentence with "AND"

Types of agreement in grammar

Number, Person (pronouns), tense, voice (passive or active), gender

Testing Constituency: Coordination

Only constituents of the same kind can be conjoined by a coordinator such as and/or

Phrase-Structure Expansions: PP-> ?

PREP (NP)

Lexical Categories are similar to _______________.

Parts of speech

Types of Appropriateness Conditions

Propositional content, preparatory, sincerity, essential

Elements of the Cooperative Principle

Quantity, Relevance, Manner, Quality

Types of Speech Acts

Representatives, Commissives, Directives, Declarations, Expressives, Verdictives

Types of Descriptive Grammar Approaches

Structural Analysis and Immediate Constituent Analysis

Grammar is __________.

Subconscious (mental grammar)

Example of Structural Analysis

The ______ makes a lot of noise. Can be "donkey", "car", "radio" but cannot be "a donkey", "a car", "a radio"

Recursion

The capacity to be applied more than once in generating a structure

"Linguistic Etiquette"

The identification of the proper or best structures to be used in a language

Structural Analysis

The use of "test-frames" which can be sentences with empty slots in them

Prescriptive Approach to Grammar

The view of grammar as a set of rules for the correct or proper use of a language

What is the name of Chomsky's theory?

Universal Grammar or Generative Grammar

Phrase-Structure Expansions: VP-> ?

V (NP) (PP)

Testing Constituency: Substitution

When a pro-form can substitute for a string of words in a sentence, that string of words is a constituent

Preparatory condition requires what?

a conventionally recognized context in which the speech act is embedded

Knowing ____________ is more than knowing how to _____________________ and ____________________.

a language, encode a message, transmit it to a second party

Morpheme definition

a minimal linguistic unit that has a meaning or grammatical function associated with it

Utterance Definition

a sentence that is said, written or signed in a particular context by someone with a particular intention, by means of which the speaker intends to create an effect on the addressee

Locution definition

a sentence with a grammatical structure and a linguistic meaning

A conversation can be viewed as ______________.

a series of speech acts

What is grammar?

a way of describing the structure of phrases which will account for all of the grammatical sequences, and rule out all the ungrammatical sequences

Deep structure

abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining structural interpretation are represented (same meaning)

Speech acts definition

actions that are carried out through language

Surface structures

active vs passive tense

English primarily relies on _______ to add morphemes.

affixes

Indirect Speech Act Definition

an apparent violation of the cooperative principle but is in fact indirectly cooperative

Politeness definition

an organizational force in conversation

Declarations definition

bring about the state of affairs they name: blessings, hirings, firings, baptisms, arrests

A less reliable way to identify lexical categories is:

by meaning

A descriptive approach seeks to ________________________________.

catalogue the authentic usage of language and describe variation.

There continue to be many different approaches among those who ______________________________, and many more among those who __________________________.

claim to analyze language in terms of generative grammar, are critical of the whole system

Commissives defintion

commit a speaker to a course of action: promises, pledges, threats, vows

If the sentences of a language can be seen as a ___________ _____, then there must be a set of _________ _______ which yield those sentences.

comparable set, explicit rules

People often employ _______, ________, and ________ sentences for purposes other than making statements, asking questions, and issuing commands respectively

declarative, interrogative, imperative

Immediate Constituent Analysis

designed to show new small constituents (components) in sentences go together to form larger constituents. (divide into categories such as "noun phrase" or "prepositional phrase")

Linguists refer to articles as _______.

determiners

Every __________ is a _________.

dialect, language

Every language is made up of _______.

dialects

Understanding utterances requires _________________________.

drawing appropriate inferences from conversation

The alternative view is to treat a tree diagram as a _________ format, in the sense that it represents a way of __________________________________ which are called _____________________.

dynamic, generating not only that sentence but a very large number of sentences with only a small number of rules, phrase structure rules

Language is ______, not ______.

dynamic, static

The study and analysis of structures found in a language is aimed to ________________.

establish a description of grammar

Lexical categories can be identified by:

examining related forms of words (ex. fork and forks, books and books)

Lexical categories can also be identified by:

examining which words and categories can occur together in phrases

The grammar will _________________________.

generate all the well-formed syntactic structures and fail to generate any ill-formed structures.

Directives definition

get the addressee to carry out an action: commands, requests, challenges, invitations, dares

Constituents definition

groups of words that serve as structural units

The grammar will ________________________.

have a finite number of rules, but will be capable of generating an infinite number of well-formed structures.

This grammar also shows ______________________________.

how some superficially distinct sentences are closely related and how some superficially similar sentences are in fact distinct.

Phrases and sentences can be described as ___________ of _______ within a __________________.

ill-formed, well-formed, prescriptive paradigm

Speakers have some intention in making an utterance, and what they intend to accomplish is called an ___________.

illocution

Expressives definition

indicate the speaker's psychological state or attitude: greetings, apologies, condolences

Register definition

language varieties characteristic of situations of use

Dialect definition

language variety characteristic of a particular regional or social group

Every utterances is represented by a _________.

locution

Verdictives definition

make assessments or judgments: ranking, assessing, appraising, condoning

Speech events definition

members of a community interact on one or more topics, for a particular purpose, and with awareness of social relations among the interlocutors

The rules of this grammar will ______________________________.

need the property of recursion

Cooperative principle

participants expect that each will make a "conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange." (Grice)

Indirect speech acts can be used to show _________.

politeness

We appeal to both ______________________ in conversational organization.

positive and negative politeness

Accent definition

refers to distinctive pronunciation

Representatives

represent a state of affairs (assertions, statements, claims, descriptions)....can be characterized as true or false

Negative Politeness

respecting an interlocutor's independence (interrupting by apologizing and then asking for the time)

Casual conversation is organized according to ______.

rules

Positive politeness

showing involvement with an interlocutor (expressing hope to meet again in the future)

Speech events need not involve ______________.

speaking (ex. shopping lists, birthday cards, newspaper editorials)

A tree diagram is a _______ representation of ______________________________.

static; the structure of the sentence at the bottom of the diagram

Code switching definition

switching between language varieties

Transformational or generative grammar is a _______________ that includes a ___________________________-.

syntactical model; finite set of rules that could generate an infinite number of utterances

Essential condition requires what?

that the involved parties all intend the result

Propositional content condition requires what?

that the words of the sentence by conventionally associated with the intended speech act and convey the content of the act

Speech situation definition

the coming together of significant situational factors such as purpose, topic, and social relations

Prescriptive syntax definition

the concept that there is a correct and an incorrect way to speak, write or sign

A pivotal element in the interpretation of an utterance ___________ in which it is uttered.

the context

Appropriateness conditions definition

the conventions that regulate the conditions under which an utterance serves a particular speech act

Descriptive syntax definition

the largely subconscious rules of language

What is the term "linguistic repertoire" used for?

the set of language varieties exhibited in the speaking and writing patterns of a speech community

Sincerity condition requires what?

the speaker to be sincere in uttering the declaration

Syntax definition

the structure and ordering of components within a sentence

Generative grammar is also referred to as _______________.

transformational

We switch among ________ within a language depending on ______________.

varieties, social situations

Structural Ambiguity

when a sentence has two underlying interpretations which would be represented differently in the deep structure

In analyzing sentences, it is important to recognize that sentences consist not of ____________ but of _____________.

words strung together, organized constituents

Syntax - simple definition

"a setting out together" or "arrangement"

Phrase-Structure Expansions: NP-> ?

(Det) (A) N (PP)