Endocrine

Oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

A peptide hormone that increases blood calcium concentrations.

Glucagon

A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.

Hormones of the anterior pituitary include

ACTH, MSH, somatotropic hormones (GH and prolactin), and glycoprotein hormones (FSH, LH, and TSH).

Alcohol inhibits this hormone

ADH

Cortisol is secreted from where?

Adrenal cortex

Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones are produced by cells in the ________

Adrenal cortex

Pancreas

An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.

GH (growth hormone)

Anterior pituitary; stimulates growth, especially bones and metabolic functions

Where is the thyroid located

Base of the throat

If your calcium level is to high, what does the thyroid gland release?

Calcitonin

If calcium levels rise, ________is secreted. If calcium levels fall, _______ is released.

Calcitonin PTH

Electrolyte controlled by parathyroid

Calcium

An example of negative feedback

Controlling blood sugar, controlling body temperature, sweating, release of ADH when dehydrated

Excessive corticosteroids is associated with

Cushing's syndrome

This condition is due to a failure to thrive

Dwarfism

The endocrine system has _______ glands (how many)

Eight (8)

Which body system releases hormones directly into the blood?

Endocrine system

A doctor who specializes in treating people with hormone problems is called

Endocrinologist

The pancreas regulates what?

Glucose

What is stimulated by LH and FSH

Gonads

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

Graves disease

What hormone stimulates growth and development of muscles, cartilage, and long bones?

Growth Hormone (GH)

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism?

Hashimoto's

What gland is known as the master regulatory organ?

Hypothalamus

What is the pathway for the release of calcitonin?

Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, thyroid

adrenal medulla

Inner section of the adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

Pancreatic _______ comprise the endocrine portion of the pancreas

Islets

function of pineal gland

Makes melatonin, diurnal cycles, sets circadian rhythm

An example of positive feedback

Muscle contraction in the uterus during labor.

What are the three ways endocrine glands are regulated?

Neural, hormonal, humoral

Two hormones found in the posterior lobe of the pituitary glad hypophysis?

Oxytocin ADH

Which hormones are produced by the parathyroid gland?

PTH

Only gland that has both endocrine and exorcise functions

Pancreas

Although most endocrine hormones travel to target cells far from the site of release, these two hormones are located locally...

Paracrine and autocrine

What gland is responsible for the synthesis of melatonin?

Pineal glad

Which endocrine gland controls the secretion of other endocrine glands?

Pituitary

Prolactin

Prolactin is a hormone produce in the anterior pituitary that stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk.

Atrial Nutriuretic Peptide

Released by the heart; promotes water loss in the kidneys

adrenaline (epinephrine)

Responsible for fight or flight response; secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure

In regards to controlling blood calcium levels, the parathyroid glands are responsible for preforming the following task that take place in the bone, kidney, and intestine?

Stimulate osteoclasts, increase absorption of Ca

What glad contains both follicular and parafollicular cells?

Thyroid gland

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

a hypothalamic hormone that regulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary

Hypothalamus

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

Excessive GH in adults

acromegaly

This endocrine gland sits atop the kidneys. It's inner most portion releases the hormone epinephrine.

adrenal

Hypersecretion of ________ results in increased urinary output and dehydration.

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Where is the hypothalamus located?

below the thalamus

Hormones

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

As chemical messengers, hormones are analogous to nerve impulses in that they both __________ the body's multitude of cells into a functional whole

coordinate

What are the two parts of the adrenal gland

cortex and medulla

hyperglycemia

excessive sugar in the blood

In addition to endocrine glands, some organs whose functions are primarily nonendocrine also produce hormones. These endocrine tissues include ________ and ________.

heart and kidneys

What is hyperglycemia?

high blood glucose levels

What connects the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland?

isthmus

thymus gland

located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secretes thymosin

Hyperglycemia symptoms

lots of eating, peeing, drinking. blurred vision, fatigue, weight loss

adrenal cortex

outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones

This hormone stimulates uterine contractions during birth and causes milk ejection in the lactating mother.

oxytocin

Melatonin, a hormone made by this gland, controls our diurnal (daily) cycle.

pineal

What gland makes growth hormone?

pituitary

glands of the endocrine system

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal

Hormones released from this gland include ADH and oxytocin.

posterior pituitary

Where is the parathyroid gland located?

posterior surface of the thyroid gland

thyroid gland

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth Shaped like a butterfly Located surrounding the trachea

Thymosin

regulates immune response

alpha cells of pancreas

secrete glucagon

beta cells of pancreas

secrete insulin

FSH or Follicle Stimulating Hormone

stimulates growth of the follicles in the females ovary to mature as well as an increase in estrogen; and stimulates sperm production in males.

The secretion of TSH is suppressed via negative feedback as the blood concentration of __________ rises.

thyroid hormone

ADH hormone

works on kidney to keep it from releasing excessive water volume