Endocrine Disorders Adaptive Quizzing (Evolve)
The nurse teaches a patient about diagnostic tests for ascertaining the presence of Cushing syndrome. Which advice would the nurse tell the patient to do to confirm the diagnosis? Select all that apply. 1 "Check plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels." 2 "Take blood chemistries for sodium, potassium, and calcium." 3 "Opt for a complete blood count (CBC) with RBC differential." 4 "Collect a 24-hour urine sample for testing free cortisol and 17-ketosteroids." 5 "Undergo computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)."
1 "Check plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels." 4 "Collect a 24-hour urine sample for testing free cortisol and 17-ketosteroids." 5 "Undergo computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)." Checking plasma adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) hormone levels will help assess the underlying cause of Cushing syndrome because a high or normal ACTH level indicates Cushing syndrome. A urine cortisol level higher than the normal range of 80 to 120 mcg/24 hr is an indicator of Cushing syndrome. Both a computed tomography (CT) scan and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pituitary and adrenal glands are used to detect Cushing syndrome. Blood chemistries for sodium, potassium, and glucose are also a part of the diagnostic tests for Cushing syndrome. A complete blood count (CBC) with WBC, not RBC, differential is usually performed as part of the diagnostic tests for Cushing syndrome.
Which clinical manifestations does the nurse expect to assess in a patient that is diagnosed with hyperthyroidism? Select all that apply. 1 Weight loss 2 Protrusion of the eye balls 3 Thick, cold, and dry skin 4 Elevated blood pressure 5 Purplish red marks on abdomen
1 Weight loss 2 Protrusion of the eye balls 4 Elevated blood pressure Weight loss, protrusion of the eyeballs, and elevated blood pressure are clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism. Weight loss and hypertension are due to increases in metabolic demands; protrusion of the eyeballs is due in part to accumulation of fluid in the eyes. Thick, cold, and dry skin are symptoms of hypothyroidism. Purplish red marks on the abdomen are seen in Cushing syndrome.
A patient has just begun long-term corticosteroid therapy. The nurse determines that the patient requires further education when making which statement? 1 "I may need to monitor my blood sugar more frequently." 2 "If I begin to gain weight I should stop taking my medication." 3 "It is important that I stay away from people who have contagious illnesses." 4 "I understand my appearance may change as fat tissue increases in my face and trunk."
2 "If I begin to gain weight I should stop taking my medication." Corticosteroids should be gradually tapered and not stopped suddenly to avoid life-threatening adrenal insufficiency. Corticosteroids may lead to insulin resistance and increased gluconeogenesis by the liver, and therefore the patient may need to monitor for blood sugar increase. Corticosteroids decrease the inflammatory response and delay healing, and therefore the patient is more susceptible to infections. Adipose tissue accumulates in the trunk, face, and cervical spine as a result of corticosteroid therapy.
A patient was admitted to an inpatient unit for general weakness. The patient had laboratory tests completed, and the nurse is reviewing the results in the electronic medical record. The primary health care provider suspects hypothyroidism. The nurse recognizes that the patient is experiencing primary hypothyroidism. Which laboratory values support the suspicion of primary hypothyroidism? 1 Low thyroid-stimulating hormone level, low thyroxine level 2 High thyroid-stimulating hormone level, low thyroxine level 3 Low thyroid-stimulating hormone level, low basal metabolic rate 4 Low thyroid-stimulating hormone level, high basal metabolic rate
2 High thyroid-stimulating hormone level, low thyroxine level Primary hypothyroidism is caused by destruction of thyroid tissue or defective hormone synthesis. It is characterized by a high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level and a low thyroxine level. A low TSH level and low thyroxine level support secondary hypothyroidism. A low TSH level and a low basal metabolic rate (BMR) support secondary hypothyroidism. A low TSH and high BMR indicate hyperthyroidism
A nurse is caring for a patient who underwent subtotal thyroidectomy because of the overproduction and release of thyroid hormone. Postoperative nursing interventions are important to prevent complications after surgery. Which nursing interventions should the nurse implement for safe, effective care? Select all that apply. 1 Monitor vital signs and potassium levels. 2 Control postoperative pain by administering medication. 3 Place the patient supine and support the head with pillows. 4 Assess for signs of tetany secondary to hypoparathyroidism. 5 Assess the patient every two hours for signs of bleeding or tracheal compression.
2 Control postoperative pain by administering medication. 4 Assess for signs of tetany secondary to hypoparathyroidism. 5 Assess the patient every two hours for signs of bleeding or tracheal compression. Nursing interventions after a thyroidectomy are important to prevent complications, such as airway obstruction. These interventions include controlling pain with medication; assessing for signs of tetany (i.e., tingling in toes, fingers, and around the mouth, Trousseau sign, and Chvostek sign); and assessing the patient every two hours for signs of bleeding and tracheal compression. Monitoring vital signs is important, but monitoring potassium levels is not; the calcium levels should be monitored. The patient should be placed in a semi-Fowler's position, not supine, with the head supported with pillows.
A nurse is caring for a patient who has Addison's disease. The nurse should assess the patient for which symptoms? Select all that apply. 1 Weight gain 2 Hyperpigmentation 3 Weakness and fatigue 4 Orthostatic hypotension 5 Thin skin with ecchymosis
2 Hyperpigmentation 3 Weakness and fatigue 4 Orthostatic hypotension Hyperpigmentation, orthostatic hypotension, and weakness coupled with fatigue are all manifestations of Addison's disease. A patient with Addison's disease will have weight loss, not weight gain. Thin skin with ecchymosis is a manifestation of Cushing syndrome, not Addison's disease.
A patient is diagnosed with adrenocortical insufficiency. What would the nurse anticipate the patient's laboratory findings to look like? Select all that apply. 1 Serum sodium: 140 mEq/L 2 Serum potassium: 6.5 mEq/L 3 Blood glucose levels: 80 mg/dL 4 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): 30 mg/dL 5 Electrocardiogram (ECG): Peaked T waves
2 Serum potassium: 6.5 mEq/L 3 Blood glucose levels: 80 mg/dL 5 Electrocardiogram (ECG): Peaked T waves Adrenocortical insufficiency leads to hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, peaked T waves in ECG, hyponatremia, and increased blood urea nitrogen levels. The normal level of serum sodium is 135 to 145 mEq/L, serum potassium is 3.5 to 5 mEq/L, glucose level is 120 to 160 mg/dL, and blood urea nitrogen is 15 to 50 mg/dL. A serum potassium level of 6.5 mEq/L shows increased serum potassium levels (hyperkalemia). A blood glucose level of 80 mg/dL shows decreased glucose levels (hypoglycemia). Peaked T waves are observed in electrocardiogram due to hyperkalemia.
A patient diagnosed with hyperthyroidism received radioactive iodine one week ago. The patient tells the nurse, "I don't think the medication is working, I don't feel any different." What is the best response by the nurse? 1 "You should notify your primary health care provider immediately." 2 "You may need to have your thyroid removed sooner than anticipated." 3 "It may take several weeks to see the full benefits of the treatment." 4 "You don't feel any different? Would you like to sit down and talk about it?"
3 "It may take several weeks to see the full benefits of the treatment." Radioactive iodine has a delayed response, and the maximum effect may not be seen for up to three months. For this reason, it would not be necessary to contact the primary health care provider immediately, or for the patient to have the thyroid gland removed sooner. Asking the patient to sit and talk about it demonstrates that the nurse is being responsive to psychosocial/emotional needs, but is not the best nursing response at this time.
Which clinical manifestation is a classic finding in Graves' disease? 1 Gingivitis 2 Cretinism 3 Exophthalmos 4 Muscular dystrophy
3 Exophthalmos Exophthalmos is the protrusion of eyeballs from the orbits; it results from increased fat deposits and fluid in orbital tissues. It is a classic clinical manifestation in Graves' disease. Gingivitis, cretinism, and muscular dystrophy are not classic clinical manifestations associated with Graves' disease.
In developing a teaching plan for the patient with exophthalmos, the nurse understands that the highest priority is placed on 1 Avoiding eyestrain 2 Improving self-esteem 3 Preventing corneal injury 4 Minimizing the risk of nerve damage
3 Preventing corneal injury The patient with exophthalmos may not be able to close the eyelids completely. This puts the patient at risk for dry eyes, for overexposure to environmental irritants, and for corneal injury. Lubricating eye drops can be used to combat drying, and dark glasses are encouraged to decrease exposure to environmental irritants. Preventing corneal injury is the priority for the patient with exophthalmos. Exophthalmos may create a function limitation in extraocular movements because of forward protrusion of the globe of the eye. The patient with exophthalmos is encouraged to move the eyes through the six cardinal fields of gaze several times a day to maintain ocular muscle flexibility. Avoiding eyestrain is not a priority for the patient with exophthalmos. Patients may suffer from decreased self-esteem because of the physical changes associated with exophthalmos. Good grooming is encouraged as a strategy to improve self-esteem. Improving self-esteem is of lower priority than preventing corneal injury. Exophthalmos is not associated with ocular nerve damage.
When discussing long-term management of Addison's disease with a patient, the nurse includes which self-care management measures? Select all that apply. 1 The patient will need to follow a low-sodium diet. 2 When taking antacids, the patient may need to decrease corticosteroid medication. 3 The patient must notify the health care provider whenever experiencing vomiting or diarrhea. 4 The patient will need to take extra medication when experiencing either physical or emotional stress. 5 The patient or patient's caregiver will need to administer corticosteroids subcutaneously in the case of an emergency, and the patient cannot take hormone replacements orally.
3 The patient must notify the health care provider whenever experiencing vomiting or diarrhea. 4 The patient will need to take extra medication when experiencing either physical or emotional stress. Vomiting and diarrhea can deplete cortisol levels and parenteral replacement may be needed. The patient with Addison's disease is unable to tolerate physical or emotional stress without exogenous corticosteroids and may need to increase medication at these times. Patients with Addison's disease will need to increase their sodium intake, because they are at risk for hyponatremia. Antacid intake will necessitate increased corticosteroid hormone therapy. Corticosteroids must be given intramuscularly when the patient is unable to take them orally.
A patient with a severe pounding headache has been diagnosed with hypertension that is not responding to traditional treatment. What should the nurse expect as the next step in management of this patient? 1 Administration of β-blocker medications 2 Abdominal palpation to search for a tumor 3 Administration of potassium-sparing diuretics 4 A 24-hour urine collection for fractionated metanephrines
4 A 24-hour urine collection for fractionated metanephrines Pheochromocytoma should be suspected when hypertension does not respond to traditional treatment. The 24-hour urine collection for fractionated metanephrines is simple and reliable, with elevated values in 95% of people with pheochromocytoma. In a patient with pheochromocytoma preoperatively an α-adrenergic receptor blocker is used to reduce blood pressure. Abdominal palpation is avoided to avoid a sudden release of catecholamines and severe hypertension. Potassium-sparing diuretics are not needed; most likely they would be used for hyperaldosteronism, which is another cause of hypertension.
Which hormone deficiency may lead to a life-threatening condition? 1 Prolactin 2 Oxytocin 3 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 4 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
4 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) may lead to acute adrenal insufficiency and shock. This may result in a life-threatening situation because of sodium and water depletion. Prolactin plays a role in lactation. Oxytocin is a hormone that is particularly functional during and after childbirth. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is associated with reproduction and is responsible for the development of eggs in females and sperm in males. The absence of these other hormones are not life threatening.
The nurse should monitor for increases in which laboratory value in a patient being treated with dexamethasone? 1 Sodium 2 Calcium 3 Potassium 4 Blood glucose
4 Blood glucose Hyperglycemia, or increased blood glucose level, is an adverse effect of corticosteroid therapy. Sodium, calcium, and potassium levels are not affected directly by dexamethasone.
The nurse reviews lab values for a patient who underwent thyroidectomy 48 hours ago. Which finding is of most concern? 1 Increased thyroxine 2 Decreased phosphorus 3 Increased serum calcium 4 Decreased serum calcium
4 Decreased serum calcium During thyroid surgery the parathyroid glands are often unavoidably removed. The result is an inability to regulate serum calcium, stemming from a lack of parathyroid hormone. In hypoparathyroidism there is a decrease in parathyroid hormone, which results in decreased serum calcium and increased phosphorus levels. An increase in thyroxine is not seen after thyroidectomy; the thyroxine level may actually drop below normal. Decreased phosphorus and increased serum calcium levels may occur initially after a thyroidectomy because of manipulation of the thyroid gland during surgery. This causes a surge of parathormone, but the level does decrease if the parathyroid glands are removed.
A patient has developed Cushing syndrome due to the prolonged administration of corticosteroid hormonal therapy. What course of action should be taken to treat the patient? 1 Withholding therapy for few days 2 Conversion to an alternate-day regimen 3 Abrupt discontinuance of corticosteroids 4 Gradual discontinuance of corticosteroids
4 Gradual discontinuance of corticosteroids Corticosteroid hormone doses should be decreased gradually until the discontinuation of therapy if the therapy leads to Cushing syndrome. The therapy should not be withheld for a few days. Alternate-day regimen cannot be applied for hormonal therapy. Discontinuing the therapy suddenly might lead to adrenal insufficiency, which is life threatening.
The nurse is caring for a patient with a history of hyperthyroidism who was admitted into the hospital with a kidney infection. It is most important that the nurse notify the health care provider if noting which physical sign or symptom? 1 Flank pain 2 Frequent voiding 3 Heart rate of 100 beats/minute (bpm) 4 Jugular vein distention
4 Jugular vein distention The patient is at risk for thyrotoxicosis because of a medical history of hyperthyroidism and a current diagnosis of infection. Jugular vein distention is a sign of congestive heart failure, which is a manifestation of thyrotoxicosis. Early treatment is essential to prevent further complications. Flank pain and frequent voiding are non-life-threatening manifestations of a kidney infection. A heart rate of 100 bpm needs to be monitored, but is not considered severe tachycardia.
A patient is scheduled for a bilateral adrenalectomy. What does the nurse include in the discharge teaching for this patient? 1 No replacement therapy will be needed. 2 Weekly adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) injections will be needed. 3 Cortisol will be required if the patient has stress. 4 Lifelong replacement of corticosteroids will be required.
4 Lifelong replacement of corticosteroids will be required. Discharge instructions are based on the patient's lack of endogenous corticosteroids and resulting inability to physiologically react to stressors. Patients undergoing a bilateral adrenalectomy will require lifetime replacement therapy. ACTH injections are not an option, because both adrenal glands were removed during surgery. Exogenous cortisol is required at all times, and the dose needs to be increased dramatically if the patient experiences stress.
The patient with an adrenal hyperplasia is returning from surgery for an adrenalectomy. For what immediate postoperative risk should the nurse plan to monitor the patient? 1 Vomiting 2 Infection 3 Thromboembolism 4 Rapid blood pressure changes
4 Rapid blood pressure changes The risk of hemorrhage is increased with surgery on the adrenal glands as well as large amounts of hormones being released in the circulation, which may produce hypertension and fluid and electrolyte imbalances for the first 24 to 48 hours after surgery. Vomiting, infection, and thromboembolism may occur postoperatively with any surgery.
Which statement is true about pheochromocytoma? 1 The primary treatment is drug therapy. 2 An attack is provoked by antiepileptic medications. 3 Decreased levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine are observed. 4 Severe pounding headaches and profuse sweating are clinical features.
4 Severe pounding headaches and profuse sweating are clinical features. Severe pounding headache and profuse sweating are clinical features of pheochromocytoma. Although drug therapy is administered during preoperative care to reduce complications, the primary treatment is surgery. The attack is provoked by opioids, not antiepileptic medications. Epinephrine and norepinephrine levels rise in patients with pheochromocytoma.
The patient experiencing thyrotoxicosis asks the nurse why he or she is being given propranolol. What is the most accurate answer to the patient's question? 1 To suppress thyroid hormone secretion 2 To prevent thyroid hormone induced hypotension 3 To decrease thyroid gland vascularity in preparation for surgery 4 To block the sympathetic nervous system response to excess thyroid hormone
4 To block the sympathetic nervous system response to excess thyroid hormone Thyrotoxicosis is an acute crisis state of hyperthyroidism often precipitated by a physiologic stressor in the patient with hyperthyroidism. Thyrotoxicosis is an extreme state of hypermetabolism. Excessive amounts of thyroid hormone are present and tissue sensitivity to sympathetic nervous system stimulation is increased, resulting in a number of signs and symptoms, including severe tachycardia leading to heart failure. Propranolol is a beta-adrenergic antagonist that blocks the thyroid-hormone-induced sympathetic nervous system stimulation, resulting in a lowered heart rate and a decreased risk of heart failure. One of the priority treatment goals in the patient with thyrotoxicosis is to decrease thyroid hormone secretion. A decrease in thyroid hormone secretion is primarily accomplished through the use of either methimazole or propylthiourical. Propranolol does not suppress thyroid hormone secretion. In addition to slowing heart rate, propranolol decreases blood pressure; it is not used to prevent hypotension. Nonradioactive strong iodine solution, either in the form of saturated solution of potassium iodine or Lugol's solution, may be used to decrease size and vascularity of the thyroid gland in preparation for surgery. Potassium Iodide or Lugol's solution also may inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis. Propranolol does not decrease size or vascularity of the thyroid gland.
The patient has a prescription for levothyroxine 37.5 mcg. Available are 0.075 mg tablets. How many tablets should the nurse administer? 1 0.25 tablet 2 0.5 tablet 3 0.75 tablet 4 1 tablet
2 0.5 tablet First, convert 0.075 mg to mcg, which equals 75 mcg. Using ratio and proportion, multiply 37.5 by x and multiply 75 × 1 to yield 37.5x = 75. Divide 75 by 37.5 to yield 0.5 tablet.
The nurse is performing discharge education for a patient who was admitted for acute hypothyroidism. The patient is undergoing thyroid hormone therapy for the first time. What statement by the patient to the nurse confirms that discharge teaching was effective? 1 "I should take my levothyroxine every morning before eating my breakfast." 2 "I should only follow up with my doctor if I start having shortness of breath." 3 "I should keep the air conditioning a few degrees colder to help me with sweating." 4 "I should limit the amount of fiber I am eating to help keep me from getting constipated."
1 "I should take my levothyroxine every morning before eating my breakfast." A patient with a new diagnosis of hypothyroidism should be taught how to manage hypothyroidism, including taking the thyroid hormone in the morning before food. Patients with hypothyroidism need to be taught about the importance of regular follow-up care, not just when they are having abnormal symptoms. Patents with hypothyroidism should be taught to keep the environment warm and comfortable because of cold intolerance. Patients with hypothyroidism should increase the amount of fiber in their diet to prevent constipation; they should not limit the amount of fiber.
A patient is prescribed levothyroxine. To promote optimal absorption, the nurse should instruct the patient to take the medication at which time? 1 0600 2 1200 3 1600 4 2100
1 0600 For maximum absorption, levothyroxine should be taken first thing in the morning on an empty stomach 30 minutes before breakfast. 1200, 1600, and 2100 may not result in adequate absorption.
The nurse expects that which drug will be prescribed for the treatment of a patient diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, asthma, and heart disease? 1 Atenolol 2 Methimazole 3 Lugol's solution 4 Propylthiouracil
1 Atenolol Atenolol, a β-Adrenergic blocker, is prescribed to control the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system that often occurs with hyperthyroidism. Atenolol manages tachycardia, nervousness, irritability, and tremors. It is considered the drug of choice for treating a patient diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, asthma, and heart disease. Methimazole is used to treat hyperthyroidism; however, it is not the drug of choice for patients with concurrent diagnoses of asthma and heart disease. Lugol's solution is an antithyroid drug that is used in treatment of thyrotoxicosis. Propylthiouracil, although appropriate for the treatment of hyperthyroidism, is not the drug of choice for a patient with concurrent diagnoses of asthma and heart disease.
Activity intolerance in a patient with hypothyroidism is related to what? 1 Fatigue 2 Diarrhea 3 Weight loss 4 Nervousness
1 Fatigue Activity intolerance in a patient with hypothyroidism is related to weakness and fatigue. Patients with hyperthyroidism, not hypothyroidism, experience weight loss, diarrhea, and nervousness.
The nurse is caring for a patient who underwent removal of the thyroid gland (thyroidectomy) three days ago. The patient's serum chemistries reveal calcium of 3.2 mg/dL, potassium of 3.9 mEq/L, and phosphorus of 4.0 mg/dL. What condition do these findings indicate? 1 Hypocalcemia 2 Hypercalcemia 3 Hyperkalemia 4 Hypophosphatemia
1 Hypocalcemia Hypocalcemia is a low serum calcium level. Surgical removal of the thyroid gland may also include removal of the parathyroid gland. This results in a deficiency of parathyroid hormone, which controls serum calcium by regulating absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract, mobilizing calcium in bones, and excreting calcium in breast milk, feces, sweat, and urine. The normal serum calcium level ranges from 9.0 to 11.5 mg/dL. Potassium is within normal limits (3.5 to 5 mEq/L), and phosphorus is also within normal limits (2.8 to 4.5 mg/dL).
The nurse teaches the patient receiving levothyroxine that symptoms of drug toxicity include which of the following? Select all that apply. 1 Chest pain 2 Weight gain 3 Nervousness 4 Tachycardia 5 Cold intolerance 6 Mental sluggishness
1 Chest pain 3 Nervousness 4 Tachycardia Levothyroxine is a synthetic thyroid hormone used to treat hypothyroidism. The signs of overtreatment, or levothyroxine toxicity, are the same as the signs of hyperthyroidism, a state of increased metabolism and increased tissue sensitivity to sympathetic nervous system stimulation. Signs of overtreatment of hypothyroidism with levothyroxine include chest pain, nervousness, and tachycardia. Weight gain, cold intolerance, and mental sluggishness are signs of hypothyroidism.
The nurse is caring for a patient with pheochromocytoma. Which intervention would help prevent the sudden release of catecholamines and sudden hypertension? 1 Nourishing the patient with a healthy diet 2 Avoiding palpations of the patient's abdomen 3 Advising the patient to rise slowly from the bed 4 Administering α- and β-blockers preoperatively to the patient
2 Avoiding palpations of the patient's abdomen The nurse should avoid palpating the abdomen of a patient with suspected pheochromocytoma because the action may cause the sudden release of the catecholamines and severe hypertension. A healthy diet promotes the overall health of the patient. Advising the patient to rise slowly from the bed helps prevent orthostatic hypotension. Administering α- and β-blockers preoperatively helps prevent an intraoperative hypertensive crisis.
What should the nurse include in dietary instructions provided to a patient who is diagnosed with hyperthyroidism? Select all that apply. 1 Eat a high-fiber diet. 2 Consume a high-calorie diet. 3 Eat snacks high in protein. 4 Avoid caffeinated beverages. 5 Decrease the intake of carbohydrates.
2 Consume a high-calorie diet. 3 Eat snacks high in protein. 4 Avoid caffeinated beverages. A diet high in calories and protein is encouraged. Caffeinated beverages should be avoided. High-fiber foods should be avoided, not encouraged, because they can further stimulate the already hyperactive gastrointestinal tract. The patient should increase intake of carbohydrate-rich foods to compensate for the increased metabolism. This provides energy and decreases the use of body-stored protein.
A nurse is caring for a patient admitted for hyperthyroidism. What laboratory results will the nurse expect to see in the electronic chart to confirm hyperthyroidism? Select all that apply. 1 Elevated TSH level 2 Undetectable TSH level 3 Low free thyroxine (free T4) level 4 Elevated free thyroxine (free T4) level 5 Low thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level
2 Undetectable TSH level 4 Elevated free thyroxine (free T4) level 5 Low thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level The primary laboratory findings to confirm the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism are low or undetectable TSH levels and elevated free thyroxine levels. Low free thyroxine levels and elevated TSH levels are found with hypothyroidism.
Which condition shows a clinical presentation of purplish red striae? 1 Hypofunction of androgens 2 Hyperfunction of androgens 3 Hypofunction of glucocorticoids 4 Hyperfunction of glucocorticoids
3 Hypofunction of glucocorticoids Purplish red striae are seen in Cushing syndrome, which occurs due to the hypofunctioning of adrenal cortex. Purplish red striae are observed in a patient with Cushing syndrome due to the hypofunction of glucocorticoids. Hyperfunctioning of androgens may result in hirsutism and hyperpigmentation. Hypofunctioning of androgens may result in decreased axillary and pubic hair in women. Hyperfunctioning of glucocorticoids may result in bronzed skin or hyperpigmentation of face, neck, and hands.
A patient has been taking oral prednisone for the past several weeks after having an exacerbation of asthma. The nurse has explained the procedure for gradual reduction rather than sudden cessation of the drug. What is the rationale for this approach to drug administration? 1 Prevention of hypothyroidism 2 Prevention of diabetes insipidus 3 Prevention of adrenal insufficiency 4 Prevention of cardiovascular complications
3 Prevention of adrenal insufficiency Sudden cessation of corticosteroid therapy can precipitate life-threatening adrenal insufficiency. Diabetes insipidus, hypothyroidism, and cardiovascular complications are not common consequences of suddenly stopping corticosteroid therapy.
Bronze-colored skin with hyperpigmentation in sun-exposed areas along with the other clinical findings indicates _________ disease.
Addison's The drug prescribed in this case should be fludrocortisone
Symptoms of Cushing Syndrome
thinning of hair, red cheeks, acne, buffalo hump, moon face, supraclavicular fat pad, increased body/facial hair, weight gain, purple striae on pendulous abdomen, echymosis from easy bruising, thin extremities w/ muscle atrophy, thin skin/subcutaneous tissue, slow wound healing
The nurse is caring for a patient being treated for acute thyrotoxicosis. What are the nursing interventions for this patient exhibiting exophthalmos? Select all that apply. 1 Apply artificial tears. 2 Tape the eyelids lightly for sleeping, if needed. 3 Ask the patient to exercise the intraocular muscles. 4 Place the patient in a supine position. 5 Avoid elevating the patient's head.
1 Apply artificial tears. 2 Tape the eyelids lightly for sleeping, if needed. 3 Ask the patient to exercise the intraocular muscles. Nursing interventions for the patient exhibiting exophthalmos include application of artificial tears to soothe and moisten conjunctival membranes, to relieve eye discomfort, and to prevent corneal ulceration. If the eyelids cannot be closed, the nurse should lightly tape them shut to help the patient sleep. To maintain flexibility, the patient must be taught to exercise the intraocular muscles several times a day by turning the eyes in the complete range of motion. The patient should sit upright as much as possible. The head must be elevated to promote fluid drainage from the periorbital area.
Which clinical manifestations does the nurse expect during the assessment of a hospitalized patient experiencing exophthalmos? Select all that apply. 1 Dyspnea 2 Celiac disease 3 Cardiac hypertrophy 4 Distended abdomen 5 Bounding, rapid pulse
1 Dyspnea 3 Cardiac hypertrophy 5 Bounding, rapid pulse Exophthalmos is a classic finding in Graves' disease, which is caused by hyperthyroidism. Clinical manifestations anticipated by the nurse upon assessment include a bounding, rapid pulse; cardiac hypertrophy; and dyspnea. Clinical symptoms such as celiac disease and distended abdomen are associated with hypothyroidism.
The nurse creates a plan of care for a patient with a pheochromocytoma. What is an appropriate expected outcome for the patient? 1 Verbalizing coping mechanisms 2 Maintaining a normotensive state 3 Maintaining a decreased activity level 4 Demonstrating compliance with dietary instructions
2 Maintaining a normotensive state A pheochromocytoma is a benign tumor of the adrenal gland, the major manifestation of which is severe hypertension due to excessive secretion of catecholamines, such as epinephrine. Therefore, the priority goal for this patient would be to maintain a normal blood pressure, or a normotensive state. At least 10% to 30% of patients require antihypertensive medication after the surgery. If the blood pressure returns to a normotensive state, the need to verbalize coping mechanisms, a decreased activity level, and compliance with dietary restrictions do not apply.
A patient who underwent thyroid surgery develops neck swelling. What is the first action that the nurse should take? 1 Monitor calcium levels 2 Evaluate difficulty in speaking 3 Assess the patient for signs of hemorrhage 4 Place the patient in a semi-Fowler's position
3 Assess the patient for signs of hemorrhage The patient who undergoes thyroid surgery is at risk for hemorrhage. Swelling is a clinical manifestation of hemorrhage. The first nursing action is to assess the patient. Monitoring calcium levels and evaluating difficulty in speaking helps in assessing the signs of hypoparathyroidism. Placing the patient in a semi-Fowler's position helps in avoiding flexion of the neck and tension on the suture lines.
The nurse is caring for a patient who is postoperative following a thyroidectomy. A priority of the patient's nursing care includes which action? 1 Assessment of hoarseness 2 Assessment of Babinski's reflex 3 Assessment of Chvostek's sign 4 Assessment of neck full range of motion
3 Assessment of Chvostek's sign A positive Chvostek's sign is a sign of life-threatening tetany, which could be caused by hypocalcemia because of accidental removal of the parathyroid glands. Hoarseness for three to four weeks postoperatively is an expected outcome of a thyroidectomy. A Babinski's reflex is not related to thyroid removal. Although it is advisable that the postoperative thyroidectomy patient exercise the neck muscles, neck flexion is contraindicated because it places tension on the suture line.
The nurse is teaching a patient with Addison's disease about corticosteroid therapy. The nurse should prioritize which of these teaching points? 1 "Plan a high-carbohydrate diet." 2 "Increase your daily intake of sodium." 3 "Decrease your daily intake of calcium." 4 "Do not stop taking the medication abruptly."
4 "Do not stop taking the medication abruptly." The patient should be instructed to not stop the medication abruptly because this can cause adverse side effects. Patients taking corticosteroids should not consume a high-carbohydrate diet, because corticosteroids increase blood sugar. Patients should also increase their daily intake of calcium to prevent bone loss due to the side effects of corticosteroids. Patients should also decrease, not increase, their daily intake of sodium to avoid fluid retention.
In developing a teaching plan for the patient with Addison's disease, what is the nurse's highest priority? 1 Avoiding infection 2 Following a low-salt diet 3 Practicing stress management techniques 4 Managing lifelong corticosteroid replacement
4 Managing lifelong corticosteroid replacement The patient with Addison's disease experiences hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex, resulting in decreased production of glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids, and androgens. Patients with Addison's disease require lifelong glucocorticoid and mineral corticoid replacement therapy to avoid Addisonian crisis. Addisonian crisis is characterized by profound hypotension, dehydration, fever, tachycardia, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia. Circulatory collapse may occur if the patient is treated inadequately. Although Addisonian crisis often is triggered by illness-related physiologic stress, and although avoiding infection is important, avoiding infection is of lower priority than managing lifelong corticosteroid replacement. Corticosteroid replacement must be increased during times of stress to prevent Addisonian crisis. Patients taking a mineralocorticoid should increase their salt intake. Emotional stress may contribute to the need for increased corticosteroid replacement. Stress management techniques are important. Practicing stress management techniques, however, is of lower priority than managing lifelong corticosteroid replacement.
A patient with an endocrine disorder is prescribed corticosteroids. Which parameters should the nurse monitor for early detection of side effects? Select all that apply. 1 Increased risk for ulcers 2 Decreased bone density 3 Increased potassium levels 4 Decreased risk for infections 5 Increased level of blood pressure
2 Decreased bone density 5 Increased level of blood pressure Decreased bone density due to the prolonged use of corticosteroids may lead to bone weakness; therefore, the patient is advised to take calcium supplements. Corticosteroids may increase the blood pressure by causing a decrease in the level of potassium and promoting retention of sodium. The drug may increase the risk of ulcers but only if taken on an empty stomach. Corticosteroids tend to suppress the immune system, thereby increasing the risk of infections.
The nurse is caring for patients with thyroid cancer. The nurse recognizes that the one with the poorest prognosis is the patient with which type of cancer? 1 Papillary thyroid cancer 2 Follicular thyroid cancer 3 Anaplastic thyroid cancer 4 Medullary thyroid cancer
3 Anaplastic thyroid cancer The patient with anaplastic thyroid cancer has a poor prognosis because the cancer is aggressive and resistant to therapy. Papillary, follicular, and medullary thyroid cancers are treated successfully when compared to anaplastic thyroid cancer.
Which nursing interventions are appropriate when providing care to a patient that is recovering from a thyroidectomy? Select all that apply. 1 Assessing for tetany 2 Monitoring vital signs 3 Monitoring potassium levels 4 Assessing the patient every two hours on the first postoperative day 5 Placing the patient in a high Fowler's position
1 Assessing for tetany 2 Monitoring vital signs 4 Assessing the patient every two hours on the first postoperative day Postoperative nursing interventions that are appropriate for a patient after a thyroidectomy include assessing for tetany, monitoring vital signs, and assessing the patient every two hours on the first postoperative day for hemorrhage and tracheal compression. The nurse should monitor calcium levels, not potassium levels. The nurse should place the patient in a semi-Fowler's position to reduce swelling and edema in the neck area. Sandbags or pillows may be used to support the head or neck.
The patient is brought to the emergency department following a car accident and is wearing medical identification that says the patient has Addison's disease. What should the nurse expect to be included in the collaborative care of this patient? 1 Low-sodium diet 2 Increased glucocorticoid replacement 3 Suppression of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) synthesis 4 Elimination of mineralocorticoid replacement
2 Increased glucocorticoid replacement The patient with Addison's disease needs lifelong glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement and has an increased need with illness, injury, or stress, as this patient is experiencing. The patient with Addison's also may need a high-sodium diet. Suppression of pituitary ACTH synthesis is done for Cushing's syndrome. Elimination of mineralocorticoid replacement cannot be done for Addison's disease.
The nurse is caring for a patient after thyroidectomy. What are the nursing interventions for this patient? Select all that apply. 1 Place the patient in Fowler's position. 2 Monitor vital signs and calcium levels. 3 Check for muscular twitching or tingling in the toes. 4 Assess the patient for hemorrhage every six hours. 5 Assess the patient for irregular breathing or neck swelling.
2 Monitor vital signs and calcium levels. 3 Check for muscular twitching or tingling in the toes. 5 Assess the patient for irregular breathing or neck swelling. The nurse should monitor the patient's vital signs and calcium levels. The patient should be assessed for muscular twitching or tingling in the toes, which are signs of tetany secondary to hypoparathyroidism. The nurse should assess the patient every 2 hours for 24 hours for signs of hemorrhage or tracheal compression such as irregular breathing, neck swelling, frequent swallowing, sensations of fullness at the incision site, choking, and blood on the anterior or posterior dressings. The patient should be placed in semi-Fowler's position and the head should be supported with pillows.
A patient scheduled for a thyroidectomy is placed on potassium iodine. When the patient's family asks the nurse why this medication is needed, what is the nurse's best response? 1 "This medication will promote thyroid hormone synthesis." 2 "This medication will enhance healing following surgery." 3 "This medication will decrease the vascularity of the thyroid gland." 4 "This medication will inhibit the production of parathyroid hormone."
3 "This medication will decrease the vascularity of the thyroid gland." When a patient is to undergo a thyroidectomy, before surgery antithyroid drugs, iodine, and adrenergic blockers may be administered to achieve a euthyroid state. Iodine reduces vascularization of the thyroid gland, reducing the risk of hemorrhage. Potassium iodide does not promote thyroid hormone synthesis, inhibit the production of parathyroid hormone, or enhance healing and electrolyte balance postoperatively.
The nurse is teaching the patient with adrenocortical insufficiency and the caregiver about management of corticosteroid therapy. What should the nurse tell the patient and the caregiver? 1 Assess for cataracts every two years. 2 Decrease the dose of corticosteroids when stressed. 3 Recognize edema and ways to restrict sodium intake. 4 Plan a diet high in concentrated simple carbohydrates.
3 Recognize edema and ways to restrict sodium intake. The nurse should teach the patient to recognize edema and ways to restrict sodium intake to less than 2000 mg/day if edema occurs. The nurse should ask the patient to see an eye specialist yearly to assess for cataracts. The patient should recognize the need for an increased dose of corticosteroids when stressed. The nurse should teach the patient and caregiver to plan a diet high in protein, calcium, and potassium but low in fat and concentrated simple carbohydrates such as sugar, honey, syrups, and candy.
A patient with adrenocortical insufficiency develops Addisonian crisis. What should be the immediate nursing action? 1 Administer fludrocortisone daily. 2 Advise an increased intake of salt. 3 Decrease the glucocorticoid dosage. 4 Administer large volumes of saline and dextrose.
4 Administer large volumes of saline and dextrose. Addisonian crisis is a life-threatening emergency in which the patient has low levels of adrenal hormones, leading to a loss of water and sodium. The first course of action is to reverse hypotension by administering large volumes of saline and dextrose. Administration of fludrocortisone can be administered once hypotension is corrected. Increasing the salt in the diet would not have an immediate effect during the Addisonian crisis. Glucocorticoids are given as a long-term therapy.
A nurse creating a plan of care for a patient with Addison's disease expects that primary treatment will include: 1 Blood transfusions 2 Ablation of the thyroid 3 Oral calcium supplementation 4 Adrenocorticosteroid replacement therapy
4 Adrenocorticosteroid replacement therapy Because Addison's disease results from a deficiency of adrenocorticosteroid hormones, steroid therapy is the primary treatment. Blood transfusions, thyroid ablation, and oral calcium supplements are not primary treatments for Addison's disease.
A patient is scheduled for a total thyroidectomy. What information does the nurse include when teaching this patient about recovery after the procedure? 1 Exercise will be restricted for up to six months. 2 A low- or no-sodium diet will be prescribed. 3 Physical therapy will need to be continued. 4 Life-long hormone replacement will be needed.
4 Life-long hormone replacement will be needed. This patient will need life-long thyroid hormone replacement with levothyroxine because the entire thyroid gland will be missing after surgery. Exercise will not be restricted for six months. Lengthy exercise restriction or physical therapy generally is not indicated following a thyroidectomy. A sodium-restricted diet would not ordinarily be necessary.
