Endocrine System

An enzyme that degrades second messengers like cAMP or cGMP is ___?

Phosphodiesterase.

Overeating or, ___, is a sign associated with diabetes mellitus.

Polyphagia.

Overproduction of urine, or ___, is a sign of diabetes mellitus.

Polyuria.

Which hormone stimulates mammary glands to produce milk in nursing mothers?

Prolactin. Prolactin stimulates the mammary glands of the nursing mother to produce milk. After birth, the infant's suckling stimulates release of prolactin-releasing factors in the mother, encouraging continued milk production.

Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon?

Prolonged fasting. Glucagon acts to stimulate release of glucose into the blood to counteract falling levels.

Which of the following is NOT believed to be causally linked to the development of type 2 diabetes (non insulin dependent)

Regular cardiovascular exercise.

All of the following conditions would stimulate the pancreas to release insulin except which one?

Sympathetic activation. Sympathetic activation is designed to increase blood glucose levels, so it inhibits the release of insulin.

Hypocalcemia causes

1.Hypoparathyroidism 2. Radical neck 3. Thyroidectomy (All = Not enough PTH!) Parathyroid hormone (parathormone) is secreted in response to hypocalcemia. It functions to stimulate osteoclast activity, enhances the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys, and increases absorption of calcium ions by the intestinal mucosal cells.

Identify the thyroid gland.

A The thyroid gland is located in the lower anterior throat, superficial to the trachea at the level of the cricoid cartliage.

Which of these would be an effect of an excess of thyroid hormones?

A would release less TRH. Excess thyroid hormone would have an inhibitory effect on A. This is a negative feedback mechanism.

What is the primary function of hormones?

Act as chemical messengers that regulate the metabolic function of cells in the body. The primary function of hormones is to affect cellular metabolism by altering plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential, stimulating synthesis of enzymes, activating or deactivating enzymes, inducing secretory activity, or stimulating mitosis.

Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?

Adeniod Pharyngeal tonsils, when enlarged, are commonly called adenoids. They are lymphoid tissue, not endorine glands.

What hormone, indicated by the letter B, is released by the anterior pituitary to target the adrenal cortex when the body is under stress?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ACTH from the pituitary modulates the release of aldosterone. The term tripic refers to a hormone that acts on another endocrine gland.

Secretion of ___ is increased in repsonse to stress.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone. Stress is the primary trigger for the secretion of CRH from the hypothalamus, which in turn signals the anterior pituitary to secrete more adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which targets the adrenal cortex to promote the release corticosteroid hormones, most importantly glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids elevate blood nutrient levels and blood pressure to ensure adequate nutrient delivery to the body during a prolonged stress response.

Which of the following hormone pairs exhibit an antagonistic relationship?

Angiotensin II and ANP. Angiotensin II (Ang II) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) produce several opposing (antagonistic) effects. For example, Ang II stimulates secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, while ANP inhibits its secretion. Ang II is a vasoconstrictor while ANP is a vasodilator.

Upon the release of renine, ___ is produced and stimulates vasoconstriction and the release of aldosterone.

Angiotesion II

Which of the following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration?

Antidiurehormtic hormone As blood volume and pressure drop, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion increases. ADH signals the kidney tubules to reabsorb and conserve water, resulting in small volumes of highly concentrated urine.

Which of the cell types would secret their product if the blood glucose level was rising, as during digestion of a meal?

Beta cells. Beta cells secrete when the blood sugar rises. Their hormone allows body cells to take up glucose from the blood.

Cushing's syndrome and aldosteronism have the same effects on ___.

Blood pressure. Cushing's syndrome results from excessive exposure to the hormone cortisol. Cortisol increases blood pressure by increasing the sensitivity of the blood vessels to epinephrine and norepinephrine. Aldosteronism occurs due to oversecretionof aldosterone. One function of aldosterone is to indirectly stimulate the reabsorbtion of water from the kidney tubules into the systemnic circulation. This process increases blood volume and thus blood pressure.

Which of these glands is responsible for regulating mineral in the body but is also part of the sypathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

C The adrenal glands have a medulla that contains postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Its cortex helps regulate mineral levels in the body, along with other functions.

Where are the hormones oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stored?

C The axon terminals of neurons of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tracts store and secret ADHand oxytocin in the capillaries of the inferior hypophyseal artery.

What is the target of thyroid hormones?

Cells of the body. Thyroid hormones secreted by the hyroid gland target cells of the body to modulate metabolism.

Adult-onset diabetes, diabetes type 2, can best be described how?

Constantly high blood suage leads to high insulin release. High amounts of insulin lead to down-regulation of insulin receptors. High levels of insulin cause the down-regulation of insulin receptors. Type 2 diabetes is sometimes called insulin insensitivity because the lack if insulin receptors.

The various hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary that regulate the secretion of hormones from other endocrine organs called ___?

Tropins. Four of the six anterior pituitary hormones—thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin), adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin), follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (gonadotropins)—are tropins (tropic hormones) that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands.

FSH and LH are examples of ___ hormones, which target the ovaries or testes.

Gonadotropic.

Low blood glucose concentration and high blood potassium concentration are examples of ____ stimuli for and endocrine gland.

Humoral Some endocrine glands secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certian critical ions (such as K+) and nutrients (such as glucose). These stimuli are called humoral stimuli (from the latin term humore, which refers to bolidy fluids.

What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release?

Humoral. The parathyroid is stimulated by the actual level of calcuim in the blood rather than by neural or hormonal stimulus.

Acromegaly may be caused by all EXCEPT which of the following?

Hyposecretion of GH in adulthood. Acromegaly is a disorder resulting from excessive GH secretion after epiphyseal plates have closed. There are usually no adverse effects of GH hyposecretion in adults. However, GH hyposecretion in children slows the growth of long bones and, unless treated, results in pituitary dwarfism. Growth hormone secretion is stimulated by GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone).

Which area of the brain is designated by the letter A?

Hypothalamus The hypothalmus contains nuclei that produce hormones that travel down neurons and are then secreted into the blood in the pituitary gland.

What material is stored in the lumen of the thyroid follicle?

Iodinated thyroglobulin, from which thyroid hormone can be produced. Follicular cells prepare thyroglbulin, which is released and bound with iodine in the follice. This material is stored in the follicle until the thyroid hormone is needed by the body.

Glands that secrete their products into surrounding tissue fluids are classified as ____ glands, whereas glands that secrete onto a membrane suface as classified as ____ glands.

endocrine:exocrine

Which of the following adernal gland honeostatic imbalances is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema?

Cushing's syndrome Cushing's syndrome is a pathology of glucocrticoid excess.

Identify the pancreas.

D The pancreas occupies a retroperitoneal position partially behind the stomach.

The hypothalamus is known to control the activity of the thyroid, which has traditionally been called the master endocrine gland.

Flase The anterior pituitary has traditionally been called the "master endocrine gland" because many of the numerous hormones it produces regulate the activity of other endocrine glands. However in recent years, it has been dethroned by the hypothalamus, which is now known to control the activity of the anterior pituitary.

Steroid hormones are synthesized from amino acids.

Flase. Steroid hormones are lipid-based hormones synthensized from cholesterol.

Which of the following hormones has significantly different effects when it is released in males instead of females?

Follicle-stimulating hormone. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates follicle development and estrogen production in the ovaries and sperm production in the testes.

If a person's parathyroids are responding properly to a drop in blood calcium, which of the following should result?

Less calcuim will be excreted in the urine by the kidneys. The kidneys would be encouraged by PTH to retain more calcium, which would result in less calcium in the urine.

-Tropic

Means attracted specifically to a specified organ or tissue.

Angio-

Means blood or lymph vessles.

-Phag-

Means feeding or eating.

Phospho-

Means phosphate or phoshorus.

-Uria

Means urine.

What determines whether a particluar cell is able to respond to a hormone?

The presence of a specific hormine receptor. Any cell that has a specific receptor for a specific hormone is a target cell of that hormone. Binding of the hormone to the receptor triggers a response from the target cell.

Which of the following is NOT representative of endocrine glands?

They use ducts to secret their products into the surrounding tissue fluid. Endocrine glands are ductless glands. They secrete their products into the surrounding tissue fluid via exocytosis or simple diffusion. From there, the products (hormones) are picked up by surrounding blood vessels or lymphatic vessels. All lymphatic vessels eventually drain into blood vessels, so either way, the hormones will make their way into the bloodstream. Hormones use circulation of blood to reach their target cells throughout the body.