ENDOCRINE SYSTEM REVIEW
11) The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways. A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) body D) muscular E) hepatic
A
35) The hypothalamus controls secretion by the adenohypophysis by A) direct neural stimulation. B) indirect osmotic control. C) secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system. D) altering ion concentrations and pH in the anterior pituitary. E) gap synaptic junctions
C
7) A kinase is an enzyme that performs A) phosphorylation. B) as a membrane channel. C) active transport. D) protein synthesis. E) as an antibody.
A
74. Which of the following is not true of the ovaries? A) The ovarian follicle secretes both estrogen and progesterone. B) The corpus luteum secretes both estrogen and progesterone. C) Each ovary contains two types of glandular structures. D) All of the above are true of ovaries.
A
19) When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the A) hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm. B) cell membrane becomes depolarized. C) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. D) cell becomes inactive. E) hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA.
C
2) Endocrine cells A) are a type of nerve cell. B) release their secretions onto an epithelial surface. C) release their secretions directly into body fluids. D) contain few vesicles. E) are modified connective-tissue cells.
C
51) Which of the following statements is not true of the endocrine system? A) The organs of the endocrine system are widely dispersed in the body. B) All organs in the endocrine system are glands. C) Endocrine glands secrete their products into ducts leading to body cavities. D) Endocrine glands produce hormones.
C
57. Acromegaly is caused by A) hypersecretion of ACTH B) hyposecretion of ACTH C) hypersecretion of growth hormone D) hyposecretion of growth hormone
C
61) Thyroxine A) has fewer iodine atoms than triiodothyronine B) stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone C) has more target cells than ADH D) All of the above are true of thyroxine.
C
64) Which of the following is true of parathyroid hormone? A) It is made in the thyroid gland. B) It decreases the amount of calcium in the blood. C) It increases the amount of calcium in the blood. D) It stimulates the formation of bone.
C
67. Which of these is not a symptom of Cushing syndrome? A) moon face B) buffalo hump C) virilization in women D) All of the above are symptoms of Cushing syndrome.
C
13) A simple endocrine reflex involves ________ hormone(s). A) one B) two C) hypothalamic D) gonadotropic E) tropic
A
55) Which of the following is not true of luteinizing hormone? A) It is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. B) Its target organ cells are in the ovaries. C) It stimulates ovulation. D) All of the above are true of luteinizing hormone.
A
56) ACTH A) causes the ovary to begin forming an egg follicle B) stimulates the production of adrenal cortex hormone C) stimulates the release of adrenaline D) has target organ cells in the thyroid gland
A
12) The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ. A) endocrine B) cardiovascular C) renal D) muscular E) hepatic
A
60) The hypothalamus A) is composed of a glandular portion and a nerve portion B) produces ADH C) releases ADH D) is located in the sella turcica
B
40) Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause A) dwarfism. B) rickets. C) gigantism. D) acromegaly. E) diabetes insipidus.
C
6) Peptide hormones are A) composed of amino acids. B) produced by the suprarenal glands. C) derived from the amino acid tyrosine. D) lipids. E) chemically related to cholesterol.
A
5) Hormones known as "catecholamines" are A) lipids. B) peptides. C) steroids. D) derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine. E) derivatives of reproductive glands.
B
50) The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.
B
52) Which of the following is not true of a nonsteroid hormone? A) It is carried through the blood to the target organ cell. B) Its receptor is in the nucleus of the target organ cell. C) It requires a second messenger. D) All of the above are true of nonsteroid hormones.
B
15) All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except that they A) are produced by the suprarenal medulla. B) are derived from cholesterol. C) are produced by reproductive glands. D) bind to receptors within the cell. E) are lipids.
A
28) All target cells A) have hormone receptors. B) respond to electrical signals. C) secrete hormones. D) produce their own hormones. E) are in the blood.
A
3) ________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. A) Hormones B) Neuropeptides C) Neurotransmitters D) Humoral antibodies E) Antigens
A
31) Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result? A) loss of ADH secretion B) loss of GH secretion C) loss of melatonin secretion D) loss of emotional response E) loss of loss of regulatory factor secretion
A
39) The main action of antidiuretic hormone is: A) increased water conservation by kidneys B) stimulate kidney cells to secrete renin C) increase urine output to remove excess fluid D) increased blood pressure by increased Na+ reabsorption E) inhibition of aldosterone
A
53) Which of the following is true of a steroid hormone? A) Its receptor is in the nucleus of the target organ cell. B) It requires a second messenger. C) It converts ATP into cyclic AMP. D) All of the above are true of steroid hormones.
A
59) Which of the following is not true of oxytocin? A) It is produced in the posterior pituitary gland. B) It causes the contractions of the uterus during labor. C) It is one of the few hormones that is regulated by a positive feedback loop. D) It stimulates "milk letdown" in nursing mothers.
A
69. Which of the following is not true of the thymus gland? A) It is located in the neck. B) It is composed of a cortex and a medulla. C) It produces thymosin. D) It is important in the body's immune system.
A
45) Each of the following hormones is produced by the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis, except A) FSH. B) oxytocin. C) TSH. D) corticotropin. E) somatotropin.
B
62) Calcitonin A)is released by the parathyroid gland B) prevents hypercalcemia C) increases the calcium level in the blood D) can cause Graves disease if it is hypersecreted
B
65) Which of the following is not true of glucocorticoids? A) They are produced in the adrenal cortex. B) They help regulate the blood sodium and potassium level. C) They increase the amount of glucose in the blood through gluconeogenesis. D) They have an antiallergy effect.
B
71. Which of the following is not true of the pituitary gland? A) It is composed of two endocrine glands. B) Its posterior portion is called the adenohypophysis. C) It is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. D) All of the above are true of the pituitary gland.
B
49) The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is A) TSH. B) ACTH. C) FSH. D) LH. E) GH.
A
18) Steroid hormones A) are proteins. B) cannot diffuse through cell membranes. C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. D) remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time. E) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.
C
14) Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger? A) insulin B) ACTH C) epinephrine D) cyclic AMP E) TSH
D
16) Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative, except A) epinephrine. B) norepinephrine. C) thyroid hormone. D) thyroid-stimulating hormone. E) melatonin.
D
24) After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex, A) adenyl cyclase is activated. B) cyclic nucleotides are formed. C) G proteins are phosphylated. D) gene transcription is initiated. E) protein kinases are activated.
D
25) The most complex endocrine responses involve the A) thyroid gland. B) pancreas. C) suprarenal glands. D) hypothalamus. E) thymus gland.
D
41) Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates? A) cortisol B) parathyroid hormone C) insulin D) growth hormone E) epinephrine
D
43) The posterior pituitary gland secretes A) FSH. B) TSH. C) ACTH. D) ADH. E) MSH.
D
37) Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release A) FSH. B) TSH. C) ACTH. D) GH. E) All of the answers are correct.
E
38) The hypophyseal portal system A) is a blood connection between the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. B) has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins. C) carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary. D) carries ADH and oxytocin. E) All of the answers are correct.
E
29) If the adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing, which of these hormones could no longer stimulate release of glucose? A) insulin B) glucagon C) cortisol D) thyroxine E) leptin
B
32) The primary function of ADH is to A) increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys. B) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys. C) decrease blood pressure. D) increase digestive absorption. E) delay urination.
B
34) Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of A) ACTH. B) ADH. C) oxytocin. D) TSH. E) LH.
B
4) Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at the same time. A) only one B) a few C) fifty D) an unlimited number of
B
22) The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually A) cAMP. B) cGMP. C) adenyl cyclase. D) a G protein. E) calcium ion levels.
D
30) Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of A) testosterone. B) estrogen. C) thyroid hormone. D) cAMP. E) progesterone.
D
44) The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is A) FSH. B) ADH. C) TSH. D) MSH. E) ACTH.
D
48) Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called A) gonadotrophins. B) prostaglandins. C) hepatic hormones. D) somatomedins. E) glucocorticoids.
D
58) Dwarfism can be caused by A) hypersecretion of ACTH B) hyposecretion of ACTH C) hypersecretion of growth hormone D) hyposecretion of growth hormone
D
1) All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't A) respond rapidly to stimuli. B) respond specifically to stimuli. C) communicate by the release of neurotransmitters. D) respond with motor output. E) function independently of the endocrine system.
E
10) Hormones can operate on the ________ level of organization. A) cellular B) tissue C) organ D) organismic E) All of the answers are correct.
E
17) Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones? A) catecholamines B) peptide hormones C) eicosanoids D) thyroid E) catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids
E
20) Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include A) peptides. B) steroids. C) eicosanoids. D) amino acid derivatives. E) All of the answers are correct.
E
21) Hormonal actions on cells include those that affect A) quantities of enzymes. B) activities of enzymes. C) synthesis of enzymes. D) gating of ion channels. E) All of the answers are correct.
E
23) When adenyl cyclase is activated, A) ATP is consumed. B) cAMP is formed. C) cAMP is broken down. D) ATP is produced. E) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.
E
26) Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors? A) blood level of an ion-like potassium B) blood level of glucose C) blood level of a hormone D) nervous stimuli E) All of the answers are correct.
E
27) Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors? A) insulin B) epinephrine C) cortisol D) calcitriol E) insulin and epinephrine
E
33) If the median eminence of the hypothalamus is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones? A) TSH B) ACTH C) PRL D) ADH and OXT E) TSH, ACTH, PRL
E
42) Which of the following organs contain target cells for oxytocin? A) prostate B) ductus deferens C) mammary glands D) uterus E) All of the answers are correct.
E
46) The hormone oxytocin A) promotes uterine contractions. B) is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. C) triggers prostate gland contraction. D) is produced in the hypothalamus. E) All of the answers are correct.
E
8) An activated G protein can trigger A) the production of diacylglycerol. B) the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane. C) the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. D) a fall in cAMP levels. E) All of the answers are correct.
E
36) Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture A) CRF and GnRH. B) TSH and FSH. C) ADH and oxytocin. D) FSH and PRL. E) GHIH and GHRH.
C
47) Growth hormone does all of the following, except that it A) promotes bone growth. B) promotes muscle growth. C) causes fat accumulation within adipocytes. D) is glucose sparing. E) promotes amino acid uptake by cells.
C
54) Which of the following statements is not true of prostaglandins? A) They can also be called tissue hormones. B) They function like nonsteroid hormones because they cause the production of cyclic AMP. C) They function like steroid hormones because they stimulate protein synthesis. D) They travel a much shorter distance than most hormones.
C
72. Which of the following is not considered a tropic hormone? A) thyroid-stimulating hormone B) adrenocorticotropic hormone C) antidiuretic hormone D) follicle-stimulating hormone
C
73. Which of the following is not true of the adrenal medulla? A) It is the inner portion of the adrenal gland. B) It secretes epinephrine. C) It is the target organ for ACTH. D) All of the above are true of the adrenal medulla.
C
9) Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein A) calcitonin. B) calcitriol. C) calmodulin. D) calcium-binding globulin. E) calcitropin.
C
63) An inadequate intake of iodine in the diet can A) lead to hyperthyroidism B) cause Graves disease C) cause exophthalmos D) cause a goiter
D
66) Which of the following is not true of the adrenal medulla? A) It responds to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system. B) It helps produce the "fight-or-flight" response. C) It releases epinephrine. D) All of the above are true of the adrenal medulla.
D
68. Which of the following statements is true? A) The alpha cells of the pancreas secrete insulin. B) Hypersecretion of insulin causes diabetes mellitus. C) Insulin causes an increase in the blood sugar level. D) Glucagon and insulin are antagonists of each other.
D
70. Which of the following is not true of the pineal gland? A) It is located in the brain. B) It produces melatonin. C) It helps regulate the body's "biological clock". D) All of the above are true of the pineal gland.
D