Endocrine System

The pancreas

has both endocrine and exocrine functions

Melatonin

is released by the pineal gland and helps to regulate sleep and wake rhythms.

Excess growth hormone in childhood leads to _____1_____. Insufficient growth hormone in childhood leads to _____2_____.

1 - Gigantism 2 - Dwarfism

____1_____ soluble hormones bind inside of the cells, typically in the nucleus. _____2_____ soluble hormones bind to receptors on the exterior membrane of the cell.

1 - Lipid 2 - Water

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)/ Vasopressin (AVP) is released from the _____1_____. It helps to regulate fluid volume in the body by decresing urine output. In order to carry out its function it acts upon the _____2_____.

1 - posterior pituitary 2 - kidneys

Arrange the layers (tunics) of the gastrointestinal tract wall in order from the lumen out.

1. Lumen (Not a tunic, but start here.) 2. Mucosa 3. Submucosa 4. Muscularis 5. Adventia or Serosa

Which of the following are true of cortisol? (Select multiple)

ACTH stimulates cortisol release. Cortisol is released from the adrenal glands.

What is the role of the mesentery peritoneal fold?

Attach the small intestines to the posterior abdominal wall.

Lipid soluble hormones do not readily dissolve into the liquid portion of the blood, plasma. How are lipid solube hormones transported?

Bound to a transport protein.

Which are true of the stomach? (Select multiple)

Rugae help the stomach to expand. The esophagus connects to the fundus of the stomach. Protein digestion occurs in the stomach due to pepsin.

Both mechanical and chemical digestion occur in the mouth. What enzyme helps to break down carbohydrates?

Salivary amylase

Match the hormone to its effect.

Growth Hormone (GH) F. Signal for increased growth. Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) A. Stimulates the thyroid to release thyroid hormones (T3 & T4). Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) B. Stimulates the release of glucocorticoids such as cortisol. Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) C. Stimulates sperm production and follicle maturation. Prolactin D. Signals for milk production. Leutenizing Hormone E. Signals for sex hormone production in the gonads.

Which are ways to control hormone synthesis and relase? (Select multiple)

Hormonal Stimulation - A hormone stimulates release of another hormone. Humoral stimulation - Changes in the blood stimulate hormone release.

Where are hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary synthesized?

Hypothalamus

After a large meal blood sugar increases. Which of the following would be released in response to the elevated blood sugar?

Insulin

In response to hyperglycemia what would the pancreas release?

Insulin

Which of the following are roles of the muscularis layer of the gastrointestinal tract?

Mixing Peristalsis

Which hormone is responsible for the milk letdown reflex?

Oxytocin

Select the accessory organs. (Select multiple)

Pancreas Salivary Glands LIver

Which of the following release hormones? (Select multiple)

Pituitary Gland Hypothalamus

What is the function of the lower (gastroesophageal) esophageal sphincter?

Prevent the contents of the stomach from moving back into the esophagus and causing damage.

Which of the following are roles of the endocrine system? (Select multiple)

Regulate ion concentration in the blood (blood osmolarity). Regulate blood sugar. Regulate Blood Volume.

Which are true of the esophagus? (Select multiple)

Superiorly the esophagus is connected to the laryngopharynx. The esophagus is passive and relies on gravity to move the bolus of food to the stomach. The esophagus uses peristalsis to move the bolus of food to the stomach.

Which are true of the Anterior Pituitary? (Select multiple)

The anterior pituitary produces Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The anterior pituitary releases hormones in response to releasing hormones sent from the hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary produces Growth Hormone.

Which of the following are true of the endocrine system? (Select multiple)

The endocrine system using hormones is a broad and diffuse communication method. Endocrine organs release hormones into the blood stream to send a chemical to message to any cell with a matching receptor.

Which are true of the pharynx?

The pharynx connects the oral cavity and the esophagus. The pharynx is a portion of the digestive tract, and is not an accessory organ. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is found in the laryngopharynx. Food and air pass through the oropharynx.

Which of the following are true of thyroid hormones? (Select multiple)

Thyroid hormones increase metabolic rate. Thyroid hormones increase heart rate.

Match the phase of swallowing to the correct description.

Voluntary phase C. Moves the bolus from the mouth to the oropharynx. Pharyngeal Phase A. Involuntarily moves the bolus from the pharynx to the esophagus. Esophageal Phase B. Involuntarily moves the bolus from the esophagus to the stomach.

Select all that are true of water soluble hormones. (Select multiple)

Water soluble hormones travel through the blood attached to transport proteins. Water soluble hormones are unable to pass through the plasma membrane.

Are they kidneys an endocrine organ?

Yes, they release hormones such as erythropoietin and renin.