ENE 489 Exam 1
All chemicals manufactured, imported, sold or used in a manufacturing process in the US must have ______________ available for review by all workers.
(Material) Safety Data Sheets
Dobson Unit
-"One Dobson Unit is the number of molecules of ozone that would be required to create a layer of pure ozone 0.01 millimeters thick at a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 1 atmosphere (the air pressure at the surface of the Earth)." -"Over the Earth's surface, the ozone layer's average thickness is about 300 Dobson Units or a layer that is 3 millimeters thick."
Ancient Rome
-"smell of burning coal was disagreeable and troublesome" (3rd century BC) -"oppressive conditions" (Seneca, 61 AD) -"heavy heavens"
People
-1272: King Edward I of England bans use of "sea coal" -1377 - 1399: Richard II restricts the use of coal -1413 - 1422: Henry V restricts use of coal -1606 Shakespeare writes MacBeth -1661: John Evelyn writes "Fumifugium -1663: Ballad of Gresham College [...] shows that 'tis the sea-coal smoke That always London does environ, Which does our lungs and spirits choke, Our hanging spoil, and rust our iron. Let none at Fumifuge be scoffing Who heard at Church our Sunday's coughing.
London
-1873: coal-smoke saturated fog, thicker and more persistent than natural fog, hovered over the city of days. the fog caused 268 deaths from bronchitis. -1879: Lasted from November to March; "sunshineless gloom" -1902: Bi-weekly fog report
Radon
-55% of our exposure to radiation comes from radon -colorless, tasteless, odorless gas -formed from the decay of uranium -found in nearly all soils -levels vary -Can cause lung cancer -Estimated that 7,000 to 30,000 Americans die each year from radon-induced lung cancer -Only smoking causes more lung cancer deaths -Smokers more at risk than non- smokers
Visibility
-A measure of aesthetic value and the ability to enjoy scenic vistas -An indicator of general air quality -NO2 is the only common pollutant that absorbs light
Effects of gases on the Upper Respiratory System
-Aggravation of the sense of smell -Sneezing, coughing -Inactivation of the sweeping motion of the cilia -Particle deposition in larynx
Effects on the respiratory system
-Airway irritation leading to constriction and edema and possibly secondary infection -Cell damage resulting in necrosis, increased permeability, and edema -Allergies caused by the excitation of nerve endings causing the bronchiole to constrict -Pulmonary fibrosis -Oncogenesis
(Material) Safety Data Sheets
-All chemicals manufactured, imported, sold or used in a manufacturing process -Must be available for review by all workers (Right- to-Know)
Air Pollution Episodes
-Anticyclone, inversion, fog -River valley or plain -Chemical irritation of exposed membrane surfaces -Sulfur oxides with particulates -Deaths began 1-2 days of episode and continued for weeks to months
Personal sources of air pollutants include automobiles, home furnaces and stoves, backyard grills, and open burning of refuse and leaves. For each of these sources, name at least one way that the resultant air pollutants can be reduced.
-Automobiles- Promote electric vehicles, public transportation and carpooling. -Home furnaces- Limit use of heating in buildings by using natural heat sources. -Limit use of stoves by using hot plates or other electric heating materials. -Backyard grills- Reduce preheat times and overall times of use. Use a grill that utilizes natural gas, because it it is a cleaner fossil fuel and will cause less pollution. -Open burning of leaves- You could reuse leaves in your yard, or you could simply mow over them and let them decompose. Another option is to put them in front of your house and let your city/town compost them for you.
Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs)
-Based on TWAs -Published by NIOSH -May differ from those of OSHA -Want to use lowest standard practicable -If OSHA standard is lower than NIOSH, must abide by OSHA standard.
Nasopharyngeal region (upper airways)
-Between nostrils and larynx -Nose and nasal tubinates - covered by mucous membrane -Larynx - constricts air flow, enabling one to utter sounds
Hazard Ratio
-Concentration of the contaminant divided by the exposure limit of the contaminant. -For mixtures of substances the total hazard ratio is the sum of the individual hazard ratios. -Cannot exceed one. -Substances must act on the same organ to use this ratio.
Which of the following is an example (are examples) of emission point within a stationary source?
-Correct: a leak from a storage tank -Incorrect the tail pipe of an automobile -Incorrect the exhaust from a diesel truck
Effects of gases on the Lower Respiratory System
-Cyanosis - excessive amounts of deoxygenated hemoglobin -Hypercapnia - excessive CO2 in blood -Dyspnea - anxious feeling that one cannot breath deeply -Hypoxia - insufficient O2 to support metabolic activity
Meuse Valley, Belgium
-Dec 1, 1930 -63 people died (mostly elderly) -Sore throats, shortness of breath, cough, phlegm, nausea, vomiting -Cattle, birds and rats died -Received little news coverage -presence of fluoride in air may have worsened problem
Bhopal, India
-Dec 3 1984 -Union Carbide pesticide plant leak kills more than 4,000 with up to 580,000 injured and 100,000 with permanent disabilities -Methyl isocyanate (MIC)—used as an intermediary in manufacture of Sevin (Carbaryl) -CO + Cl = phosgene -Phosgene + methylamine = MIC -MIC—irritant to the lungs---edema, fluid (cause of death, bronchospasms, corneal opacity -Hydrogen cyanide? -In 2010 seven ex-employees were convicted of criminal negligence.
London, UK
-December 1952 -Unusually cold -Increased coal consumption -~4000 deaths in two weeks -Public transportation stopped -Indoor concerts had to be cancelled because no one could see the stage, etc.
Acid Rain: Bodies of water
-Decrease in pH -Increase in Al3+ concentration
Increased greenhouse gases originate from
-Deforestation -Burning fossil fuels -Use of CFCs -Agriculture
Seveso, Italy
-Dioxin -July 10, 1976, north of Milan -A valve malfunctioned at the ICMESA chemical plant -Cloud of 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-para- dioxin (TCDD) traveled southwest through Seveso toward Milan -2,4,5-trichlorophenol was intended as an intermediate for hexachlorophene -TCDD was a contaminant, present at much higher concentrations than usually present. -Contaminated area ~ 6 km long x 1 km wide -Effects: chloracne, fear of genetic impairments, evacuation, animal deaths
Acid rain: Stone surfaces
-Dissolution of minerals -HCl + SO2 -Carbonic acid from CO2
Which of the following meteorological conditions promote the formation of photochemical reactions?
-False: High windspeeds. -True: Low wind speeds. -True: Warm temperatures. -False: Cool temperatures. -False: Significant cloud cover. -True: Intense solar radiation (clear, sunny days)
Which of the following are common causes of indoor air pollution?
-False: Particulate matter from grinding -False: Photochemical smog -True: Fireplaces -True: Cigarette smoking -True: Improperly operating furnaces
Examples of area sources include:
-False: the smokestack from the MSU Power Plant. -True: a community of homes using wood stoves for heating. -False: cars and trucks operating in East Lansing. -False: the Lansing Board of Water and Light power plant in downtown Lansing.
Visibility: Effects of Air Pollution
-Haze obscures the clarity, color, texture, and form of what we see -Humidity magnifies the haze problem
Climate change myths
-Ice cores show CO2 increases lag behind temperature rises, disproving the link to global warming -Ice cores show CO2 levels rising as temperature falls -Humans can't affect the global climate -Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are too small to matter -CO2 isn't the most important GHG -The cooling after 1940 shows that CO2 doesn't cause climate change
Why is the control of secondary pollutants more challenging than the control of primary pollutants?
-Incorrect Primary pollutants are easier to detect and quantify in the environment than are secondary pollutants. -Correct: Mitigation of secondary pollutants requires the identification of the precursor's compounds and their sources, as well as an understanding of the chemical reactions that result in the formation of the secondary pollutants.
One reason that Global warming will lead to a rise in sea level is
-Incorrect Sea water will mix with groundwater -Incorrect All of the answers are true -Correct: Water expands as temperature increases -Incorrect None of the answers are true -Incorrect Glaciers will increase in size and displace sea water
The primary mobile source of air pollution in the US is ______________.
-Incorrect airplanes -Correct: cars -Incorrect lawnmowers -Incorrect construction equipment
Movement of Air Into / Out of Homes
-Infiltration: Temperature induced (stack effect) -Natural ventilation -Forced ventilation -Trade-offs
The politics of greenhouse gases
-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) -UN Framework Convention on Climate Change -The Kyoto Protocol (1997) -Fourth Assessment Report (2007) -IPCC -Copenhagen Accord (2009) -Cancún Agreement (2010) -Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (2011) -Paris Agreement (2016) -Tied to the politics of fossil fuel consumption and economics -Lobbyists from industry -Accusations of environmental colonialism/imperialism/activism -Lack of faith in scientific process and computer models US Congress US EPA -GHGs threaten public health and the environment (Dec. 2009) -Covers emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride -Cap and Trade -More stringent emission standards for light-duty vehicles -Climate change adaptation plan
Greenhouse gases- what can we do personally?
-Learn more about global warming! -Sell the SUV and choose more efficient vehicles -Use efficient appliances, replace incandescent light bulbs with fluorescent ones, turn off lights, insulate -Buy renewable energy, like wind and solar -Encourage efficient transportation in & between communities
Types of stationary sources
-Major sources emit >=10 tons per year of any HAP or 25 tons per year of a mixture of HAPs -Area sources emit < these amounts
Donora, Pennsylvania
-Monongahela River Valley -Industrial town— steel mill, sulfuric acid plant, freight yard, etc. -Population:14,000 -Steep hills surrounding the valley -20 miles south of Pittsburgh, PA -October 1948 -Thick, yellow, acrid smog envelopes the town for five days -Thermal inversion -Almost half of the town is sickened -Up to 2 dozen deaths -presence of fluoride in air may have worsened problem
Engineering solutions to greenhouse gases
-More energy efficient appliances -Switch from coal to natural gas -Renewable energy, e.g., wind, solar, water -More efficient transportation systems -More efficient buildings (LEED) -Carbon sequestration technologies
Deposition of particles
-Nasopharyngeal region: Impaction for large particles; Dissolution for very small; Enter digestive tract -Tracheobronchial region: Sedimentation; From trachea: digestive tract -Pulmonary: Submicron: metabolized by microphage; Micron: diffuse to other parts of the body
Acid Rain
-Natural pH of rainfall pH of rainfall -Vegetation -Bodies of Water -Surfaces
Acid rain: vegetation
-Necrosis -Chlorosis -Growth abnormalities Needle dieback
Which of the following statements is(are) true?
-Ozone is highly reactive. -Ozone is a major constituent of photochemical smog. -Ozone has three oxygen atoms.
Plume opacity
-Percent of light that is attenuated by the plume -Can be continuously monitored -Michigan: <20% opacity, except for one 6-minute period per hour of not more than 27% opacity Water vapor: -is exempt -scatters light -Clearly visible boundaries, plumes end abruptly
Fate of inhaled/respired particles
-Phagocytized and passed up the tracheobronchial tree -Phagocytized and transferred to lymph system -Dissolved and transferred to blood or lymph systems -Permanently retained in the alveoli
Greenhouse gases- what can we do?
-Plant trees, expand open spaces, reduce sprawl and the paving of the landscape -Build for efficiency and solar power -Support sustainable farming and forestry -Reduce global deforestation -Support the development of an efficient energy policy, moving away from fossil fuels -Export new energy technology that uses renewable energy sources
Recipe for Ozone Loss
-Polar winter and vortex -Formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds -Inactive chlorine and bromine are converted to active forms -Darkness
Alveolar clearance
-Process by which particles are removed in the gas exchange region of the lung -Adsorption through respiratory epithelium
Alveoli
-Pulmonary region (respiratory airspace) -~300 microns in diameter -Walls lined with capillaries -300-500 million alveoli in adult human
Acid rain: Metal surfaces
-SO2 + H2O + solid -Corrosion of iron and steel
Reducing Risk of Radon
-Sealing cracks in floors and walls -Simple systems using pipes and fans
Ceiling Threshold Limit (TLV-C)
-Should not be exceeded at any time during the day. -If instantaneous sampling is infeasible, sampling period for the TLV-C must be as short as possible and cannot exceed 15 min. in duration, unless otherwise specified.
Poza Rica, Mexico (1950)
-Single source- high sulfur crude oil -Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) inadvertently released when a flare went out -Inversion in valley, foggy, light wind -22 sudden deaths, 320 hospitalized -All ages
TLV-TWAs
-Threshold limit value-time weighted average. -Definition from the ACGIH -The concentration to which nearly all workers can be repeatedly exposed over a normal 8-hour work day and 40-hour work week, without adverse effects. -For inhalation route of exposure.
The efficiency (and therefore the types and concentrations of chemical pollutants) of combustion depends on the three "T's". Name the three Ts and explain how they impact combustion.
-Time- the chemical needs to stay in the combustion chamber for a specific amount of time. -Turbulence- in order for chemicals to combust properly, they need to be mixed in order to obtain a balanced chemical equation at the end of combustion. -Temperature-some chemicals require more or less heat in order to combust.
True or False?
-True: Secondary sources of particulate matter include the conversion of H2S, SO2, NOx, NH3, and hydrocarbons. -True: Natural sources of particulate matter include sea salt, soil dust, volcanic emissions, and smoke from forest fires.
Which of the following statements are true?
-True: The reaction of O and N2 is not energetically favorable. -False: Atomic oxygen formed in Reaction 1 (for the formation of ozone) is most likely to react with another atomic oxygen to form diatomic oxygen (O2). -False: The reaction rate for the reaction of NO and ozone (R3) is slow. -True: The steady-state concentration of ozone is dependent on the relative rates of the pertinent reactions (R1, R2, and R3). -True: NO2 is a highly reactive gas. -True: Atomic oxygen formed in Reaction 1 (for the formation of ozone) is most likely to react with another diatomic oxygen to form ozone (O3).
True or false?
-True: The relationship [O3] = (k1·[NO2])/(k3·[NO]) is known as the photostationary state relationship. -False: Combustion sources, such as cars and coal-fired power plants, emit mainly NO2. -True: Combustion sources, such as cars and coal-fired power plants, emit mainly NO. -False: The higher the ratio of [NO2]/[NO] - the lower the concentration of O3. -False: The relationship [O3] = (k1·[NO])/(k3·[NO2]) is known as the photostationary state relationship. -True: The higher the ratio of [NO2]/[NO] - the higher the concentration of O3.
Which of the example sources are biogenic in nature? (True = yes, biogenic)
-True: Trees and other vegetation -False: Cars, trucks, and other vehicles -False: Backyard burning of garbage -True: Volcanoes and forest fires -False: Smelters -False: Hospitals and schools
Short-term exposure limits (STELs)
-Typically a 15 minute TWA exposure limit -Should not be exceeded any time during day even if TLV-TWA (for 8 hour exposure) is not exceeded. -Exposures > the TLV-TWA up to the TLV-STEL should be <15 min, should occur not > four times per day, and there should be at least 60 min between successive exposures in this range
Use of Emission Factors
-Used for estimating source-specific emissions for area-wide inventories - Ambient dispersion modeling and analysis - Control strategy development - Screening sources for compliance investigations - Some permitting applications (not recommended) • Material Balance approach - In some cases, provides a reliable estimate of emissions • Useful where a high % of material is lost to the atmosphere (e.g. S in fuel, solvent losses)
Equivalent Exposure
-Used for mixtures of substances -Over eight hour exposure
Particulate Matter Sources
-ash/burning -dust; wind on loose soil -erosion -pollen -mining -mechanical abrasion/grinding -construction -volcanoes -sneezing -sea spray
Personal Sources of air pollution
-cars -home furnaces -grill -open burning
Mobile Sources of Air Pollution
-cars/trucks -construction equipment -gas powered lawn mowers and tools
Layers of the atmosphere
-density and pressure -thermal characteristics -chemical characteristics -movement
Stationary sources of air pollution
-industry: emit a relatively constant rate of pollution -utilities: combustion, waste disposal, WWTP, biolandfill
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
-inert, non-water soluble -first introduced in the 1920's -used as: coolants for refrigerators and air conditioners; propellants for aerosol sprays; agents for producing plastic foam; cleaners for electrical parts -does not degrade in troposphere, rise to stratosphere
Particulate Matter Sinks
-sedimentation -in water washout (rain) -taken up by organisms -impaction/absorption (sticking onto bldgs) -agglomentation
Natural Sources of Air Pollution
-volcanoes -forest fires -livestock (animals) -dust storms -trees -hot springs
The current 8-hour (average) limit for ozone (atmospheric) is
0.070 ppm
Curie vs Becquerel
1 Bq = 2.7 x 10-11 Ci
The initial VOC concentation is 600 ppbC and the NOx con- centration is 80 ppb. What is the estimated ozone concen- tration in ppb?
142 ppb
Average temperature of Earths surface
15 degrees celsius
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)
187 air toxins regulated under CAA Amendments of 1990
Historical temperature records are determined by measuring the ratio of _______________ in ice cores.
18O/16O
Order the following steps for phagocytosis.
1: Macrophage membrane attaches itself to the surface of the particle. 2: Receptors on the surface of the macrophage bond with the particle. 3: Membrane spreads outward and engulfs the particle 4: Membrane contacts and pulls particle into its interior. 5: Lysosomes attach to the particle. 6: The lysosomes secrete digestive particles. 7: The particle is digested and will ultimately be excreted as waste material.
In Michigan, except for one 6-minute period per hour, the plume opacity cannot exceed
20%
Carbon dioxide equivalent is a measure used to compare the emissions from various greenhouse gases based upon their global warming potential. One kg of N2O is approximately equivalent to approximately _______ kg or of CO2.
300
The natural pH of rain water is ____________.
5.6
Particulate Matter Size
<2.5 um: can be deposited into lungs <10 um
Bhopal, India (1984)
A Union Carbide plant accidentally released methyl isocyanate gas into the atmosphere that killed 2,800 people and injured over 200,000.
Climate change models do not include the "earth's wobbling", due to the tilt, eccentricity, and axial precession. The reason these phenomena are not included is:
A. The resulting Milankovitch cycles occur on a much longer timescale (21,000, 41,000, and 100,000) years and climate scientists are looking at changes over decades.
Respirable particles
ACGIH: aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm
LRT
Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs
One molecule of ______ will trap more heat than any other molecules listed, making it the most effective greenhouse gas on a per molecule basis.
CFC
Nutrient assimilation in the root system suffers when the _________ ratio decreases or when the Ca2+ concentration decreases.
Ca2+/Al3+
Rising Sea Level
Cape Hatteras Lighthouse -1,500 ft. from shoreline in 1870. -Within 120 ft by the late 1980s Japanese fortifications -Built during World War II. -Today they are awash at high tide. Saltwater infiltration Displaced persons/societies/ instability
The two most abundant greenhouse gasses in the troposphere are
Carbon dioxide and water vapor
1881
Cincinnati and Chicago enact air pollution legislation
The Donora, PA (1948) and London, England (1952) air pollution incidents were the result of what climatic conditions and/or pollutants?
False: Lead True: Thermal Inversion False: CO2 False: High winds False: N2O
What gases are Greenhouse gases?
Gas: Global Warming Potential CO2: 1 CH4 (methane): 25 N2O (nitrous oxide): 298 HFCs: 124-14,800 CxFy: 73,90-12,200 SF6: 22,800 NF3: 17,200
Identify the long-lived inorganic reservoir(s) of chlorine that contribute to the depletion of ozone in the stratosphere?
HCl (ClONO2)
Which of the following is NOT a primary pollutant? A. Sulfur dioxide B. Carbon monoxide C. Hydroxyl radicals D. Mercury
Hydroxyl radicals
IDLH atmospheres
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health, defined as a concentration or condition that poses an immediate threat to life or health.
Recent developments in regulation of ODSs
In developed countries -CFC phase out mandated for 1 January 1996 at the Copenhagen meeting (held in 1992). -Halons had been required to be totally phased out by 1 January 1994 -Carbon tetrachloride and methyl chloroform by 1 January 1996 -Phaseout schedule for HCFCs in developed countries is as follows: 35% reduction in 2004, 65% reduction in 2010, 90% reduction in 2015, 99.5% reduction in 2020, and 100% phaseout in 2030
URT
Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea
OSHA
Occupational safety and health administration
PEL
Permissible exposure limits
Problem with Chapman Theory
The loss of ozone given by reaction (4) was too slow. It could not remove enough ozone to give the values seen in the real atmosphere. There had to be other reactions, faster reactions that were controlling the ozone concentrations in the stratosphere.
London, England (1952)
The most acute air pollution episode in recorded history in which over 4,000 people died of bronchitis.
There is a community in Michigan called Delray. It has been referred to as "Michigan's most polluted ZIP code". Which of the following reasons best explain the reason for this "title"?
The presence of numerous industries, including a petroleum refinery, a sludge incinerator, asphalt pro- cessing plants. The community is also divided by I-75.
The blue haze that is characteristic of the Great Smoky Mountains and the inspiration of many poets and artists
The reflection of light off volatile organic chemicals given off by the native trees.
The Kyoto Protocol had its origins in the ______________________.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Composition of ambient air
Unpolluted air -Nitrogen (~75.6 - 78%) -Oxygen (~20.3-20.9%) -Water vapor (0-4%) -Ar -CO2 -Ne -He -CH4 -Kr -N2O -H2
All of the following greenhouse gases have increased in recent decades EXCEPT
Water vapor
mist
a cloud of tiny water droplets suspended in the atmosphere at or near the earth's surface limiting visibility, but to a lesser extent than fog; strictly, with visibility remaining above 1.5 miles (1 km).
haze
a slight obscuration of the lower atmosphere, typically caused by fine suspended particles; a tenuous cloud of something such as vapor or smoke in the air.
fog
a thick cloud of tiny water droplets suspended in the atmosphere at or near the earth's surface that obscures or restricts visibility (to a greater extent than mist; strictly, reducing visibility to below 1 km).
CH3Br
about half released from ocean, other half from anthropogenic sources -used extensively in agriculture to sterilize soil and fumigate crops after they are harvested -biomass burning -automobile exhaust when leaded fuels are used -flame retardant in fire extinguishers
Fine particles
aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm
Coarse particles
aerodynamic diameter > 2.5 μm
The fractional amount of radiation reflected from the earth's surface (as compared to the incident radiation upon it) is known as the _____________________.
albedo
Since temperature does not change much, on average:
amount of energy lost to space = amount of energy gained from sun
The daily maximum ozone concentration is most likely to occur
around noon, although the exact timing will depend on transport of chemicals and meteorological conditions
An object or system which absorbs all radiation incident upon it is known as a ________________.
blackbody
The most important greenhouse gas produced by human activities is
carbon dioxide
During combusion, ____________ tends to decrease continually with increasing temperature.
carbon monoxide
Which of the following gases is likely to penetrate the pulmonary region and diffuse through the alveolar membrane into the blood stream?
carbon monoxide
The layers of the atmosphere are identified by their __________________________________.
chemical composition air currents thermal characteristics density
The corrosion of iron and steel is caused primarily by oxygen and moisture and is accelerated by the presence of such contaminants as
chlorides or sulfates or SO2 or HCl
In the bronchiole there are ______________ which help to keep the lungs free of infection by moving particulates towards the throat where they can be swallowed or coughed up.
cilia
ASTM method D1704-16, which is used in air pollution regulations to quantify the opacity of particles in air, is called the _______________.
coefficient of haze
Polar Vortex
cold air is isolated over the polar region
John Evelyn was a 17th century writer, gardener and diarist. Evelyn was enraged by the heavy smog that often fouled the air in his home city of London. In Fumifugium he wrote to King Charles II aiming to document the impacts of air pollution on both health and the environment. What was source of air pollution that he addressed in this document?
combustion of sea coal
For all IDLH atmospheres, the employer shall ensure that .....
communication is maintained between the employee(s) inside the IDLH and those located outside the IDLH atmosphere.
Some gases, such as CO, can be absorbed into the blood stream, through the alveoli walls. The resulting bluish dis- coloration of the skin caused by excessive amounts of deoxy- genation hemoglobin is called
cyanosis
Surface Temperature of Planets
determined by balance between: -heating by absorption of sunlight -cooling by radiation of infrared light
Asbestosis is a type of
fibrosis
dust
fine, dry powder consisting of tiny particles of earth or waste matter lying on the ground or on surfaces or carried in the air.
smog
fog or haze combined with smoke and other atmospheric pollutants.
Which of the following conditions did NOT contribute to the air pollution incidents at Donora, PA; London, UK; and Meuse Valley, Belgium
high wind speeds
It was clear that NO2, NO, and sunlight played significant roles in the formation of tropospheric ozone. But there were missing reactions. Scientists discovered that the "missing reactants" were OH radicals and
hydrocarbons
In 1950, in Poza Rica, Mexico, twenty-two people died sud- denly when a flare at a crude oil processing site was inad- vertently extinguished. What chemical was the cause of the deaths?
hydrogen sulfide
Natural air exchange that occurs between a building and its environment when the doors and windows are closed is called ____________.
infiltration
Name the air pollutant that can enters the circulatory system through the lungs, where it is distributed to various organs and body tissues. It ultimately is deposited in the bone.
lead
The inner surface of each alveolus contains _________________ which metabolize inhaled particulate matter, spores, bacteria, and other foreign substances.
macrophages
Chronic exposure to lead may result in
mental incompetence
Conventional units for the concentration of pollution in air are,
mg/m3 or ppm
The organ in the upper respiratory system that is primarily responsible for the absorption of soluble contaminants is the
nasal tubinate
Which of the following organs can be considered to be the "wet scrubber" of the human body?
nasal tubinates
NIOSH
national institute of occupational safety and health
Air exchange that occurs when windows or doors are opened to increase air circulation is known as ____________________.
natural ventilation
At the left is a photo showing, _________________________________, which is caused when acid forms a low-pH liquid film on the leaf or needle that erodes the cuticular wax and leads to dessication and injury.
needle dieback
The organ that is primarily responsible for the absorption of soluble contaminants is the
nose
Visibility is often characterized by its
opacity
What gas is responsible for temperature increasing with increasing altitude in the stratosphere?
ozone
Particle deposition often occurs in this organ of the respiratory system, resulting in malignant tumors.
pharynx
_______________ pollutants are emitted from identifiable sources.
primary
Particles that are approximately 0.01 to 0.1 microns in diameter are most likely to be deposited in the:
pulmonary region
One Becquerel
quantity of unstable atoms whose frequency of decay is 1 disintegration per sec
One Curie
quantity of unstable atoms whose frequency of decay is 3.7 x 1010 disintegrations per sec
occupational exposure
regulated under occupational safety and health act of 1986
Any activity that causes pollutants to be released to the air is known as a ____________________.
source
In what two ways are anthropogenic sources classified?
stationary and mobile
The ozone layer is found in the __________________________________.
stratosphere
The Dobson unit (DU) is widely used as a measure of:
stratospheric ozone
Hazard ratios can be used to determine if a mixture of chemicals in industrial air is safe if the ___________ for these chemicals is the same.
target organ
As the combustion temperature increases....
the nitrogen oxide emissions are expected to increase.
Stoichiometry
the part of chemistry concerned with measuring the proportions of elements or compounds involved in a reaction
The typle of light scattering discussed in class is known as Rayleigh scattering. It is dependent on
the wavelength of the light
The rate of formation of NO (R1) is a function of
time of year
TWA
time weighted averages
In the upper atmsosphere, ozone absorbs potentially harmful _____________ radiation from the sun.
ultraviolet
In perfect combustion, the nitrogen in the air is
unchanged (unaffected)
Radon is a natural degradation product of geological materi- als containing
uranium
The fact that the earth cools much more rapidly on clear nights than on cloudy nights is evidence that _______________ is a greenhouse gas.
water vapor
The primary heat trapping gas in the troposphere is
water vapor
What greenhouse gas is in the highest concentration in the atmosphere
water vapor
Emission Factor Ratings
• General indication of the reliability or robustness of the factor • Based on reliability of tests used to develop the factor and amount and characteristics of the data • Overall assessment of how good a factor is • Range from A: Excellent to E: Poor • The Factor Information Retrieval (FIRE) Data System is a database management system containing EPA's recommended emission estimation factors for criteria and hazardous air pollutants.
Impacts of Increased Exposure to UV
Action spectra -Increasing damage to plants, DNA and erythema as UV radiation increases -Damage to marine ecosystems -Erythema and DNA: damage occurs well into UV-A (320- 400 nm) -Sunscreens do not block UV-A (no sunburn, still damage) What are we seeing? -Incidence rate of melanoma among fair- skinned individuals in the US is increasing at 2-3% annually (faster than rate of any other cancer) -May also be increase in ocular damage (cataracts and retinal degeneration) and immune system suppression
____ irritate the gills of fish, causing the gills to produce a protective mucus and impeding the absorption of salts. As a result the fish suffocates.
Al3+
Seveso, Italy (1976)
An industrial accident that occurred in a small chemical manufacturing plant in Italy. It resulted in the highest known exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in residential populations.
Air pollutant
Any substance in the air that, in high enough concentrations, produces a detrimental environmental effect. -Particulate matter (fibers) -gases -liquid particles -aerosols: a suspension of solid or liquid particles and all vapor or gas phase components of air.
Acid rain: soils
As soil acidity increases, metals are solubilized
Which of the following are necessary for sulfuric acid to form in the troposphere from sulfur dioxide?
Correct: Metal catalysts Incorrect NO Incorrect UV radiation Incorrect Gamma radiation
Which of the gases below absorbs nearly all green-blue light and produces the orange-brown haze associated with smog?
Correct: NO2 Incorrect Ozone (O3) Incorrect SO2 Incorrect Ammonia
Which of the gases listed below is (are) greenhouse gases?
Correct: carbon dioxide Incorrect sulfur dioxide Incorrect benzene Correct: water vapor Incorrect ozone
Which of the gases listed below is a primary component(s) of air in the troposphere?
Correct: nitrogen Incorrect lead Incorrect hydrogen Incorrect argon
The thickness of the ozone layer is measured in units of
Dobson
Which of the following catastrophic air pollution events was not an air pollution episode that resulted from a severe temperature inversion? .
Incorrect New York City, 1963 and 1966 Correct: Seveso, Italy Incorrect Poza Rica, Mexico Incorrect Donora, PA
All of the following are greenhouse gases EXCEPT
Incorrect Water vapor Incorrect Carbon dioxide Correct: Sulfur dioxide Incorrect Methane Incorrect Nitrous oxide
Which of the following is a secondary pollutant?
Incorrect nitrogen oxide (NO) Incorrect mercury Incorrect carbon monoxide Correct: nitric acid Correct: sulfuric acid
Who was the first historic figure to regulate the use of coal burning?
King Edward I (1306)
Political Response to Ozone Depletion
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987) -called for a 50% reduction in use of CFCs by 1999 London Amendment (1990) -93 nations convened and created new timetable for complete phase-out of CFCs -developing countries could use these chemicals longer -fund created to help with technology transfer The developing countries -CFCs and carbon tetrachloride for use until 2010 and methyl chloroform until 2015. -Freeze HCFC consumption at 2015 levels (maximum) in 2016, and phase out completely by 2040. Special rules for chemicals necessary for health and safety reasons and there are no alternatives. -Reviewed annually
Which of the following chemical constituents must be present in order for ozone to be produced and photochemical smog to form?
NOx
Mucociliary clearance
Process by which conducting airways remove particles and carry them to the larynx
Clearance
Process by which particles are removed from the lungs
The naturally occuring chemical that can be released from geological materials, can cause lung cancer and is especially prevalent in southern Michigan is,
Radon
The Emergency Planning and Community _______________ Act of 1986 mandates that MSDS's must be available for all chemicals a worker may come in contact with.
Right to Know
1901
Robert Thurston compared wind, tidal and solar power as replacements for coal. Since wind was intermittent and tidal power remote, solar attracted the most interest, he said.
Meuse River Valley, Belgium (1930)
Sixty-three people died due to high concentrations of SO2 in the atmosphere during a severe temperature inversion.
The term greenhouse effect describes
Solar energy converted to longer-wave infrared radiation when it is absorbed by the earth surface. The long wavelengths are then trapped by greenhouse gases in the troposphere.
Ozone depletion above Antarctica begins in
Spring (in the southern hemisphere)
Increasing rates of skin cancer are the result of:
Stratospheric ozone depletion
Acid rain: human health
Sulfate and nitrate aerosols: -Increased morbidity and mortality from lung disorders -Increased incidence of asthma and bronchitis According to USEPA Report (2011): -the public health benefits of the Acid Rain Program are estimated to be valued at ~$50-65 billion annually, due to decreased mortality, hospital admissions, and emergency room visits. -Margin of 40:1 (benefits: costs)
If Earth were a blackbody
T(surface)= -19 degrees celsius
The concentration to which nearly all workers can be re- peatedly exposed over a normal 8-hour work day and 40- hour work week, without adverse effects is known as the ____________.
TLV-TWA
Early 1900s
The City of Chicago, Illinois passes an ordinance to reduce the "smoke" emitted by local factories.
Tracheobronchial region
Trachea Primary and secondary bronchi Terminal bronchiole
Which of the following phenomena are necessary for ozone depletion to occur?
True: The formation of the polar vortex. False: Presence of sunlight during the formation of polar stratospheric clouds. True: The formation of polar stratospheric clouds. True: Complete darkness for the polar winter.
Donora, Pennsylvania (1948)
Twenty people died and almost 7,000 became sick due to a four-day fog of SO2 that surrounded a small mill town.
New York City, NY (1953)
Two hundred people died due to pneumonia, influenza, and cardiac arrest. Excess deaths continued several weeks after the episode caused by an epidemic of influenza.
Inhalable particles
USEPA: aerodynamic diameter < 10 μm