energy and diet module 1 and 2 hw

Mitochondria are organelles that complete the breakdown of carbohydrates to produce energy that is used to build ____ molecules.

ATP

Which of the following statements best describes ATP?

ATP is compromised of a sugar, base, and three phosphate groups

The ATP cycle

ATP; energy for cellular work; ADP+P; energy released during cellular respiration

Which of the following is an organic molecule?

C6H12O6

which of the following is a function of the digestive system

absorb nutrients

Enzymes contain a(n) ___________________ that is formed to fit a specific type of _____________(s).

active site; substrate

Enzymes are regulated by conditions that change the shape of their ____________________, meaning that they function best at a specific temperature and pH.

active sites

Proteins are composed of amino acids that contain a nitrogen-containing __________ group, a(n) carboxyl group, and a variable R group.

amino; carboxyl

These groups are arranged around a central ______________ atom.

carbon

biomolecules

carbs- provide the body with an immediate source of energy

Phospholipids

compromised of 2 fatty acid tails and a glycerol phosphate head; have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophilic tail and make up the plasma membrane

cholesterol

contain no fatty acid; composed of a carbon skeleton of four fused rings; provide flexibility to the plasma membrane

Notice that the by-products of one process are used as the reactants for the other process. This is referred to as the __________ of molecules.

cycling

It is actually the __________ of molecules between chloroplasts and mitochondria that allows a _________ of energy from the sun through all living things.

cycling; flow

When enzymes link monomers together, the reaction is called a _______________________________ reaction and water is made as a byproduct.

dehydration synthesis

A ______________ reaction joins the amino acids together, forming a(n) covalent bond called a ___________ bond.

dehydration; peptide

Groups of two monomers are called __________________ and include ______________

disaccharides; maltose

Chemical energy

energy from the bonds in carbs, fats, and proteins

Solar energy

energy from the sun, the source for nearly all life

which of the following is a main function of many proteins?

enzymatic activity

Once synthesized, proteins can be used for a variety of functions within the cell, including as ____________ for digestion or as signalling molecules within the nervous system.

enzymes

Passageway where peristalsis pushes food to the stomach

esophagus

The ___________________________ states that energy cannot be created or destroyed and but can be converted between forms.

first law of thermodynamics

Triglycerides

function as long-term energy storage; compromised of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Stores bile from liver

gallbladder

When enzymes break polymers, the reaction is called a ___________ reaction and water is broken and used in the reaction.

hydrolysis

These types of molecules are typically used for ______________________ or, in the case of RNA and DNA, for storage of genetic information.

immediate energy

As cells go through transformations, they ____________ the total entropy of the universe, resulting in a _________ in available energy.

increase; decrease

molecules that do not contain carbon and hydrogen; water and table salt

inorganic molecules

Absorbs water and salt to form feces

large intestine

The _________________________ explain energy flow and energy conservation and can be applied to biological systems.

laws of thermodynamics

These organic nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, and __________-.

lipids

Processes and stores nutrients

liver

These types of molecules are typically used for ____________________ and for structural support.

long-term storage

Enzymes function by ___________ the activation energy required for the reaction to take place.

lowering

Most organic molecules are composed of smaller subunits called ____________.

monomers

These ______________ join together to form long _______________.

monomers; polymers

Single monomers are called _______________ and include _____________.

monosaccharides; glucose

Breaks up food by mechanical digestion and starts chemical digestion

mouth

starch digestion begins in the ________________; protein digestion begins in the ____________

mouth; stomach

which of the following is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?

nucleotides forming DNA

molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen; carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid; make up all living organisms; over 5000 examples exist in a single bacteria cell

organic molecules

This process requires ________ and carbohydrates, and produces _____________ and water.

oxygen; carbon dioxide

Contains digestive enzymes; produces insulin

pancreas

By changing the pH between the stomach and small intestine, it is possible to turn __________ off and turn ____________ on.

pepsin; trypsin

For example, within the digestive system, _________ is an enzyme that functions in the stomach, which has a pH of 2.0. In contrast ____________ is an enzyme that functions in the small intestine, which has a pH of 7.35.

pepsin; trypsin

Carbohydrates exist as either individual units called monomers or ___________________, long chains of monomers bonded together.

polymers

The organic nutrients are composed of __________ that are composed of _____________ that are bonded together.

polymers; monomers

Groups of three or more monomers are called ___________________ and include starch.

polysaccharides; starch

The bonds within their structure contain______________ energy.

potential

While many molecules within the body contain this __________ energy, only the organic nutrients have bonds that are accessible by the cellular machinery in the body.

potential

A sequence of amino acids strung together in a strand forms a _______________ structure.

primary

When two or more polypeptides bond together into a working protein, it represents a ________________ structure.

quaternary

The ___________________________ states that energy is lost when it is converted from one form to another, often in the form of _____.

second law of thermodynamics; heat

Once amino acids begin to form bonds with one another to create helical or sheet like formations, a __________________ structure is formed.

secondary

Major organ of digestion and absorption

small intestine

Chloroplasts are organelles that capture ____________ and use it to convert water and carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.

solar energy

Mixes chyme with digestive enzymes for final breakdown; absorbs nutrients

stomach

Once the_____________ binds to the enzyme, a reaction takes place and ____________ are formed.

substrate; products

When amino acids bond further, creating a globular shape, it's referred to as its __________________ structure.

tertiary

Mechanical energy

the energy of position or the position of an object before it moves. includes KE and PE.