Engine company Fireground operations 4th Edition
If the effectiveness of tactical operations does not contain and extinguish the fire the IC must ask ____?
"at what point does the building no longer have value?"
When the crew is ready to make entry the officer should announce on the radio?
"commencing Fire Attack"
For a central core constructed High rise the fire attack strategy may be?
"pincer" or double flanking attack using a second attack team accessing fire floor from the same or a second stairway to confine the fire preventing it from circling around.
what is the trick of the trade mnemonic for combination nozzle?
"right for reach left for life"
Overhaul will require less water, what should be used during overhaul?
"wet water" or universal foam
what is the NFA formula?
(l x w) / 3
Methane (LNG) has a vapor density of ?
0.6 it will rise it is lighter than air.
what size attack line has become the most commonly used in the fire service?
1 3/4"
A drop of 20% in the static pressure to the residual indicates that?
1 more equal part equivalent to the amount being delivered can be supplied by the water main system
What is the collective flammable range of the 5 most commonly found gases of smoke?
1% to 74% !
What are the 3 common types of valves found on the Pump?
1. Ball 2. Gate 3. Butterfly
What gases are the 5 most commonly found gases in smoke?
1. Carbon Monoxide CO 2. Hydrogen Cyanide HCN 3. Benzene C6H6 4. Acrolein C3H4O 5. Hydrogen Sulfide H2S
What are the four steps of Reading smoke?
1. Determine the Key elements 2. Determine what is influencing the key elements 3. determine the rate of change 4. Predict the event.
What are the three most common types of supply loads?
1. Flat load 2. Horseshoe. 3. Accordion
What are the 4 basic hose lays for establishing a water supply?
1. Forward 2. Reverse 3. Split 4. Direct to engine no line laid
What are the four self limiting defensive search tactics?
1. From the door Yell, use your TIC 2. Sweep with tool behind the door, then sweep in front of you DOn't go beyond reach of tool without a hose line! 3. DOnt enter room Beyond point of no return! 4. In extreme heat condition on upper floor search area under the window sill, Use tool for reach stay on the ladder.
For the IC to meet NFPA 1500 requirements for an accountability system it needs to accomplish what 5 objectives:
1. Names of firefighters (ID number or radio ID) 2. Where they are assigned (Company or unit) 3. Where are they located (on the fireground) 4. What are they doing (task assigned) 5. What time did they enter the structure (IDLH air management)
What are the two major design features that revolutionized the Nozzle?
1. Quick ball valve shut off and Bail 2. the pistol grip
what are the two major clues to indicate a growth stage fire from the exterior?
1. Smoke : significant amount of dark gray or brown smoke coming from the building 2. Window to the compartment: flames may be visible through the window. If not look for random cracks or "crazing" along the glass
What are the 4 factors when reading Smoke?
1. Smoke is Fuel 2. Fuels have changed 3. Fuels have trigger points 4. Occupant survivability profile
What are the Four key elements of Smoke?
1. Volume 2. Velocity 3. Density 4. Color
what are the three (3) phases of size up?
1. pre incident size up 2. initial size up 3. ongoing size up
by having the first arriving pump pull past the fire building what two objectives are accomplished?
1. to allow room for the ladder 2. for the officer to see 3 sides of the building.
What are the systematic steps to VEIS?
1. try to determine if there is a known victim in the burning structure. 2. try to confirm the location 3. Select a window that has some visibility. 4.quickly asess room once opening the window fully. 5. enter the room quickly and locate the door. Immediately close the door 6. obtain and remove victims.
Flammable range for gasoline?
1.5 to 7.6%
Propane has a vapor density of ?
1.6 it will sink heavier than air
A good practice for air management is to use _______ for Search, _______to exit and _________ for emergency reserve.
1/3, 1/3, 1/3
wood burns at a rate of ?
1/8" every 5 minutes
if additional PPV fans are needed how many floors apart should they be placed?
10 floors apart or as needed
one thing we cant control is wind. Wind speeds as low as ? can create wind driven fire conditions on the interior
10 mph
residual pressure should never be allowed to drop below_________?
10 psi, except under extreme conditions
Most room and contents fires in the incipient or early growth stage can be extinguished with less than ______?
100 gallons of water.
For class 1 and 3 standpipes the residual pressure of _____________psi is required while flowing 250 gpm?
100 psi
the designated flow from a spray nozzle is usually rated at _______?
100 psi
When supplying a pump from the hydrant, what is the initial operating pump pressure to deliver the water set at?
100 psi then adjust as needed.
What makes a class A pumper:
100% at 150psi rated at 1500gpm. rated at draft.
There should be a hydrant within how many feet of an FDC?
100'
Due to variations in pumping, what is a realistic expectation of GPM from a standpipe?
1000 GPM
when properly supplied by adequate municipal water supply and pumped by engines you can attain how many GPM in a 4" standpipe?
1000 GPM
What is the threshold temperature for flashover to occur?
1000 degrees
Modern fuels produce temperatures in excess of?
1000 degrees F which leads to rapid flashover.
First degree burning on Human skin is at
118 degree
What is the flammable range of CO?
12.5% to 74%
Typical 1 3/4" attack line equipped with a combination nozzle can discharge?
120 to 250 GPM
In non sprinklered buildings the travel distance to standpipes are?
130 feet
Second degree burning on human skin is at?
131 degrees
Combustion occurs in oxygen concentrations between?
14% to 100%
What is the normal atmospheric pressure of air at sea level
14.7 psi and is given the designated number of "1" when measured at 32 degrees F
Pain receptors are numb at?
140 degrees
A disoriented FF in zero or low visibility is often within how many feet of the front door?
15 feet
Natural ventilation is especially effective with steady breeze at ?
15 to 20 mph
When relay pumping all pumpers in line should set to pump at ?
150 psi
what is the recommended pumping pressure for supplying sprinkler systems?
150 psi
Human tissue is destroyed on contact at this temp?
162 degrees
Ladder pipe master streams may reach the ___________ floor to fight against Autoexposure.
16th floor
What must be installed if the static flow rating of a 2 1/2" hose connection exceeds ?
175 psi
what is the expansion ratio of water to steam
1:1700 One part liquid expands to 1700 times its volume of steam.
With 50% involvement of a commercial space use this Handline?
2 1/2"
when Two 1 3/4" attack lines are the initial lines what should be the back up line?
2 1/2" attack line
class 1 standpipes has
2 1/2" discharge for firefighting operations used by FD
In a commercial building a ____________is usually a better choice for fire attack
2 1/2" hand line
What hose is often used as a secondary supply off a hydrant (with LDH as the primary supply Hose)?
2 1/2" hose
Older type III buildings may have a ?
2 1/2" outlet ( dry standpipe connection for a dry system in the basement acts like a deluge system
what is some common equipment that should be placed in a standpipe bag:
2 1/2" pressure gauge 60 degree elbow spanner wrench 18" pipe wrench vice grip wire brush handwheel reducers or increasers webbing
The IDLH for acrolein is
2 PPM
Where is staging set up in a high rise fire event?
2 floors below the fire floor
type 1 floors ceilings and shafts have a fire rating of?
2 hours
According to ECFO (engine company fireground operations) what is the operational time reference for type 1 buildings?
2 hours, due to the lowest rating (floors)
A drop of 10% in the static pressure to the residual indicates that?
2 more equal parts equivalent to the amount being delivered can be supplied by the water main system
The guideline for Type 3 Interior firefighting operations is approximately?
2 to 20 minutes
pumpers carry a minimum of __________ ______ __________ of hard suction.
2, 10 foot sections
lightweight wood I beam floor assemblies can collapse in as little as _________ of direct flame impingement?
2-5 minutes
ventilation in low rise or commercial buildings those less than ______________ floors can still be done successfully with PPV fans and using prevailing winds for cross ventilation
20 floors
Most maydays occur around the ?
20 minute mark
Before 1980, firefighters may have had a relatively safe operational period of _____________ to perform Search and rescue and fire extinguishment.
20 minutes
Pump operators should maintain a residual pressure of?
20 to 25 psi
Regarding shopping malls, each hose line should be between___________ & _____ feet
200 &300 feet
It is recommended that you have _______ feet of preconnected 2 1/2" with an attached nozzle
200'
The most common lengths of 1 3/4" preconnected lays are _____?
200'
What is the minimum length of hose to start a fire attack?
200'
buildings built after 2005 the travel distance required to cover all portions of the building and starting at the hose connection is?
200'
Static electricity can reach temperatures in excess of?
2000 degree's F Lightening = heat energy in excess of 60,000Degrees F!
What is the expansion rate for High expansion foam?
200:1 to 1000:1
what is the expansion rate for low expansion foam>
20:1
What is the expansion rate for medium expansion foam?
20:1 to 200:1
at 50 psi a 1" tip on a 2 1/2" can deliver?
225 gpm
a 2 inch high rise pack hoseline with a 15/16"smooth bore tip @75 psi will flow?
230 GPM
What is the best ladder for a fire in a single family home?
24-26' ground ladder
stowed ladders in ladder truck need at least _________ clearance to be removed.
25 -35 feet
For Class 2 systems, the maximum flow required from a 2 1/2" hose connection is?
250 gpm
when properly supplied by adequate municipal water supply and pumped by engines you can attain how many GPM in a 6" standpipe?
2500 GPM
at 50 psi a 1 1/8" tip on a 2 1/2" can deliver?
265 gpm
At what temperature does the softening of the polycarbonate lens begin?
293 and 302 degrees
No more than ________hose lines should be laid in a stairwell of high/ mid rise buildings in the same general area.
3
According to NFPA 1961 LDH is defined as " a hose with an inside diameter of ?
3 1/2" or larger
extended horizontally a 4" LDH flows __________times the capacity of 2 1/2" hose of equal length.
3 and 1/2 times
How many categories of Structural Firefighting Nozzles are there?
3 categories
A drop of 5% in the static pressure to the residual indicates that?
3 equal parts equivalent to the amount being delivered can be supplied by the water main system
type 1 beams are rated for?
3 hours
In Modern synthetic furnishing test Fires Flashover occurred in the room in?
3 to 4 minutes
What is the minimum storage area for 2 1/2" or larger fire hose?
30 cubic feet and two areas a minimum of 3.5 cubic feet, each to accommodate 1 1/2" or larger preconnected hose line.
What angle on a fog stream will entrain air and push fire gases and smoke out of an exhaust portal?
30 degree angle
As an attack team enters a structure the fog pattern should be no greater than?
30 degrees
A class 2 system should be capable of delivering 100 GPM for?
30 minutes
Hose stream through an outside window can knock down fire in about_______?
30 seconds using a single firefighter outside of the IDLH environment. as compared to about 90 to 120 seconds with interior attack
If the initial 1 3/4" attack lines are not gaining control of a fire within ___________, it is probable that the streams are not reaching the seat of the fire
30 to 60 seconds
The water tank should carry an absolute minimum of _______?
300 gallons of water
any fire requiring a flow of _____________gpm or greater is a 2 1/2" hoseline operation.
300 gpm
at 50 psi a 1 3/16" tip on a 2 1/2" can deliver?
300 gpm
1 3/4" pre connected hose lines should not exceed ______feet in length.
300' Because of Friction Loss
Large area search usually involves a rescue rope of upto ????
300' length, tied to exterior anchor point and used as a main line.
at 50 psi a 1 1/4" tip on a 2 1/2" can deliver?
325 gpm
If no ladder truck is in service, a pump should be equipped with a________?
35' ground ladder.
Decay stage atmosphere the CO concentration can be as high as?
35,000 PPM IDLH for CO is 1200 ppm!
Central core construction allows for?
360 views with unobstructed floor space.
In a residential structure fire a minimum of ______hose lines should be laid?
4
What is the minimum number of personnel that should be assigned to the RIT?
4
For a large mall how many handlines should be brought in for operations?
4 handlines minimum (attack, back up, exposures)
Type 1 columns have a __________fire rating
4 hour
Aerial and ground ladders should be placed on __________sides of the structure for access and egress from the building.
4 sides
Standpipe systems are usually installed in large structures that are?
4 stories or more including residential apartments, high rise, office buildings and warehouses.
What is the most popular size of LDH?
4"
What do the majority of Fire departments use for supply lines?
4" or 5" ldh with storz connections.
What is the sweep range on a blitzfire monitor?
40 degrees 20 left / 20 right
According to NFPA 1901 what is the minimum # of feet required for 1 1/2", 1 3/4" or 2" hose to be carried on apparatus?
400 '
The maximum pressure of a standpipe should not exceed?
400 psi
Melting of the lens occurs between?
419 and 640 degrees.
wood begins to pyrolize at what temperature?
425 degrees
Hydrocarbon vapors can self ignite in temperatures as low as ?
450 degree F
Which engine should be the rapid intervention crew when a full response is present?
4th Engine company
Fast water duration can be a short as ________seconds
5
What is the minimum number of 1 3/4-inch hose lines that will need to be laid at an structure fire?
5 lines
A 1 1/4" inch tip is generally the cut off point for handlines and streams at ______- psi versus 80 psi?
50 psi
If the building is equipped with a fire pump then it is best to let the pump do its job and pump?
50 to 100 psi below the signage pressure
PPE is rated to withstand temps up to?
500 F
A blitzfire monitor can flow upto ?
500 GPM
what is the minimum flow rate for a class 1 Standpipe?
500 GPM
buildings constructed before 1993 have a minimum flow rating of?
500 GPM @ 65 psi
For a class 1 standpipe, the minimum flow rate at the most remote standpipe is?
500 GPM through the TWO most remote hose connections
according to ECFO we need to reduce the internal temperature to ___________ or less prior to entry into a burning structure?
500 degrees F or less.
when a fire is in the incipient or early growth stage it can be put out with?
500 gallons or less.
Two 2 1/2" supply lines are capable to flow ?
550 GPM
Newer buildings use what size standpipe?
6" standpipes
On addition to the TIC the officer should carry a ?
6' pike pole
what is the flammable range for Methane (natural gas)
6.5% to 17%
NIST experiments show that compartments of office furnishings had total room involvement of fire within ___________ minutes of ignition>
7 minutes
A stream from a 1 3/4" attack line can easily reach?
70 to 80'
what percentage of smoke is particulate matter?
70%
low rise buildings are those that are:
75 feet in height or less
standpipes are required in buildings that are ?
75 feet or taller
low pressure spray nozzles generally operate at ________?
75 psi
The engine should be equipped with a Pump having a rating of no less than _____?
750 GPM
What is the minimum structural member size for type 4 construction
8 x 8, with floors being up to 2"thick
A pump must not be operated above ____% of its rated peak speed for any length of time.
80%
EMS accounts for about what % of Emergency responses
80%
According to NFPA 1901 what is the minimum required amount of 2 1/2" or larger fire hose?
800'
Approximately what percentage of the fire service workload consists of EMS work?
85%
4" LDH supply line can flow ?
880 GPM
It is unlikely that master streams will be effective in penetrating fires above the ___________ floor?
8th floor
a 100' steel beam can elongate how many inches at 1000 degrees
9 inches
in type 1 buildings fire doors are rated for how many minutes?
90 minutes
Up to what rate can the HEROPipe flow?
900 gpm
often the first point of contact with a person trapped in a high rise is the ?
911 fire dispatcher
According to ECFO, the hydrovent nozzle flows both a suppression and venting nozzle . what are the gpm flow rates?
95 gpm round nozzle with smooth bore holes toward the top of the heated compartment while simultaneously flowing a 95 gpm fog nozzle to hydraulically ventilate
Pump Cavitation
A condition affecting an operating pump whereby the pump space is not fully charged with fluid being pumped. This may result from inadequate or restricted supply or from the introduction of air or gas into the fluid stream.
smoke and fresh air heading into the fire floor from the stairway when the door is opened indicates?
A fire in the growth stage. area is not pressurized yet and the pressure in the stairwell is greater than the fire floor. Follow this path of smoke fire to locate the seat of the fire.
black Fire:
A hot, high-volume, high-velocity, turbulent, ultra-dense black smoke that indicates an impending flashover or autoignition. Think of it as a fire temperature in excess of 1000 degree F
Wet barrel Hydrant
A hydrant used in areas that are not susceptible to freezing. The barrel of the hydrant is normally filled with water. each port has own valve. Always under pressure.
What may be a very difficult decision that an IC may have to make when attempting rescues?
A no go decision because the risk may be too great for safety and survival of firefighters.
Opening a front door has?
A profound impact on the growth of fire.
Endothermic reaction
A reaction that ABSORBS energy in the form of heat
exothermic reaction
A reaction that releases energy forcefully in the form of heat and light
Flash point can trigger ?
A smoke explosion
Hydrant Assist Valve
A specialized type of valve that can be placed on a hydrant and allows another engine to increase the supply pressure without interrupting flow. (4 way valve)
What is a crosslay?
A transverse hose bed usually located behind the crew compartment - preconnects
Dry barrel Hydrant
A type of hydrant used in areas subject to freezing weather. The valve that allows water to flow into the hydrant is located underground, and the barrel of the hydrant is normally dry.
What are the phonetic directional indicators?
A, B,C,D, AB corner, BC corner, CD corner, AD corner
Where are water tanks typically mounted when supplying taller structures?
Above ground
Pay attention for underground garages. What safety concern do you have?
Accessways that go over underground garages may not be able to support the weight of fire apparatus! Often identified in pre-planning.
Effective strategy and tactic should effect ______?
All four elements of smoke.
When command designates the front of the building the "A" side who should be notified?
All personnel must be notified
The initial IC is responsible for?
All the incident activities including the initial size up, risk benefit analysis, development of strategy and tactics ordering assignments. functional accountability.
what is the benefit of the divided hose bed?
Allows for two separate hose lines to be laid simultaneously. It also allows for two different set ups for two different types of hose.
What is a smoke curtain used for?
Alternative method to limit the amount of fresh air entry. Effective in limiting the air intake preventing creation of flow, which would intensify the fire.
If smoke thins briefly, then steady smoke flows out of the entire doorway This is?
An exhaust point of a uni directional flow path. Basically this is a chimney! This indicates a fire below the level of this opening. Basement Fire!
Volume of smoke gives you?
An idea of how much fuel is being heated to the point of releasing vapors and gases.
According to ECFO what are the 6 classes of high rise buildings?
Apartments hotels dormitories offices facilities(institutions) other multi use occupancies
For wide frontage buildings the 2nd and 3rd engines can go where?
Approach from the rear and take up (cover) the C side
What is the operational time period for type 5 wood frame buildings.
Approximately 2 to 20 minutes when structure is involved.
The NFA formula:
Area (square feet)/3=GPM This gives you the GPM required for 100% involvement of the floor example GPM required =400 ((2 floors involved @100% =800 gpm 25%involved of 1 floor then 100GPM))
If the pumper can not be driven to the rear of an attached building, it must be positioned where?
At the front or the end of the Row according to the location of the building on fire.
In basement fires what needs to be checked ASAP?
Attics need to be checked quickly for extension. If the fire originated in the basement and you have smoke from the attic a round nozzle or fog applicator needs to be placed in service to extinguish the extension.
Ignition temperature triggers?
Autoignition for Flashover, backdraft and smoke explosion
What is the most effective way to prevent and control or suppress a major high rise fire?
Automatic sprinkler systems
Which floors need to be fully ventilated during a basement fire?
Basement and first floor Attic too if balloon frame!
What is the safest and coolest position for the fire attack team on a basement fire?
Basement fires should be attacked from the basement windows or exterior basement doors.
__________ __________ ___________ put the fire attack team on the same level as the fire which is a more advantageous position
Basement level entries
Engine Company
Basic unit of a fire department
Why do we need to rely on live fire training, study of building construction, and simulation programs?
Because firefighter LODD are disproportionately high and on average remain unchanged
Why are high rise fires less likely to spread beyond room and floor of origin?
Because of Type I construction and built in fire protection systems
When operating a hydrant where is it best to Stand?
Behind the hydrant keeping the discharge ports in front and away from you
What is the Best advantage for Firefighters making entry into a structure as it relate to WInd?
Best to keep the wind at their Backs
What is a BLEVE
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion. rapid conversion to a gaseous state causing catastrophic failure of the container resulting in explosive fireball.
You can use Universal Extinguishing Foam on what type of Fires?
Both Class A and B but works best for Class A fires.
If one or both sides of an attached building are exposed then...
Both sides should be covered. Often leads to excellent positions to hold the spread of fire and alternatives for advancing hose lines.
What is the tactic to prevent explosive growth stage from overtaking firefighters?
Break out window or door and spray straight stream into the structure from the outside to cool the interior. Safest method outside of IDLH Or Enter structure with wind at your back and use hose line to spray straight stream into the ceiling area to cool as team advances
What compromises the success of an operation
Breakdowns to the engine
According to ECFO, where does the second ladder get positioned?
C side of the building
The primary tactical objectives and areas of emphasis for SER teams are to:
CHECK- firefighting stairwell above fire floor the fire floor the rooms on both sides of fire elevator and lobbies the floor above the fire evacuation stairwell top floors of building wandering occupants to the evacuation stairwell
What are the toxic components of black smoke?
Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Cyanide, Phosgene, Benzene, Formaldehyde, Acrolein
What is another design consideration for Hotels motels and other apartment houses?
Central corridor configuration
what are the 5 basic sources of heat energy?
Chemical electrical solar Mechanical Nuclear
What is the fourth element of the Fire tetrahedron
Chemical chain reaction
What are the various types of foam ?
Class A Class B UEF
What type of foam can prep and protect threatened structures in Wildland Urban Interface fires and within the structural wildland interzone?
Class A foams
What are the classes of fire based on fuel type?
Class A, B,C,D, K
What is a class B Fire?
Class B is fires fueled by flammable and combustible Liquids and gases.
What is a class K Fire?
Class K Fires are primarily commercial kitchen fires fueled by Cooking oils and fats.
incipient stage
Combustible material heats up and liberates gases to burn initial heat source of external origin heat source may be from Radiation, conduction or convection at point where heat being created exceeds heat dissipation combustion starts Stage of fire all the way up to initial growth stage
Fire is also referred to as?
Combustion and the process of rapid oxidation
Overhaul
Complete extinguishment of the fire, starts after the initial knockdown
what are the three modes by which heat transfers its energy?
Conduction Convection Radiation
Hot dry forecast gives smoke?
Cone shaped smoke column
How has nozzle technology Changed?
Considerably lighter and more durable
In a high rise building what is also a strategy when unrealistic fire flows for fire control are required to extinguish a fire?
Controlled burn
For entry / ventilation emphasis should be placed on ?
Controlling the door until hose crew is ready to apply water.
what is the most common method of heat and fire travel within a structure?
Convection
What is the strategy to prevent BLEVE?
Cool top of tank with copious amount of water preferably from an unmanned monitor. if no water source available= evacuate isolate and allow to occur.
In high rise Ladder companies should cover the ?
Corners.
Primary damage
Damage caused by a fire itself and not by actions taken to fight the fire.
secondary damage
Damage caused by or resulting from actions taken to fight a fire and leaving the property unprotected.
What color smoke can be present during the initial growth stage of a fire?
Dark Gray
Density of smoke should immediately ___________.
Decrease
Master stream appliance
Devices used to produce high volume water streams for large fires. Most master stream appliances discharge between 350 gpm (1325 L/min) and 1500 gpm (5678 L/min), though much larger capacities are available. These devices include deck guns and portable ground monitors.
because of friction loss what affects the ability of hose to move water?
Diameter and length of hose
A strategically placed Ventilation Hole placed Close to the seat of the Fire will?
Draw the FLOW PATH right out of the structure.
Without putting water on the fire, ventilation creates a flow path that?
Draws fresh air toward the seat of the fire, increasing the intensity and temperatures and the products of combustion.
What action should the second- or third-in engine perform when sizing-up and reporting conditions on the C side rear of an attached building?
Drive around the block
What are the 3 different types of Hydrants?
Dry Barrel Wet Barrel Dry Hydrant
What has become the Fire departments primary emergency response?
EMS
Rescue of occupants transitions into an ?
EMS incident
every rescue scenario evolves into an?
EMS incident
UEF (Universal Extinguishing Foam)
Efficient foam that works on All classes of Fires and biodegradable surfactants have minimal impact on the environment. Sticks better to Class A fuel surfaces
Apparatus
Emergency vehicles that must be relied on to transport firefighters safely to and from an incident.
Fuels are materials that store what?
Energy
Who provides the primary firefighting agent Water?
Engine Company
Frightened occupants might attempt to reach an exit and collapse enroute, therefore?
Engine company members advancing on a fire must search every area through which they pass.
IN ICS it is understood that the first arriving officer must do what?
Establishes command and becomes the initial Incident Commander (I/C)
Wind can have a effect on Fire Behavior, Initial size must include?
Evaluation of the impact of wind . Direction Speed of wind will impact Strategy and tactic.
PPE and SCBA give Firefighters a ?
False sense of security
Turbulent smoke flow:
Fast agitated and boiling. Generated by high heat temperatures. The faster the smoke the higher the heat temperatures pushing it.
Firefighters must have skill and knowledge in what areas?
Fire Behavior and building construction
What are the two Enemies?
Fire and the building that is on fire.
If changes in smoke conditions are not occurring then ?
Fire attack is Inadequate.
Ventilation must be performed and coordinated with?
Fire attack operation
what is a tool that is often under utilized in extinguishing incipient fires?
Fire extinguishers.
Indications of a hot Fire: darkened windows, little visible smoke from edges of closed doors and closed windows are evident you're encountering a :
Fire in decay stage, due to lack of oxygen Vent limited fire Danger!
When opening a door if smoke exits through top half of the door and a tunnel of clean air enters through the bottom half then:
Fire is probably on same level as Entry point. Bi directional flow path
Laminar smoke means:
Fire is still in the early growth stage. A positive survivability profile still exists in the room during Ignition (incipient) and Early growth stages when floor temp is still below 195 Degrees.
What is FARS?
Firefighter Air replenishing system, akin to a standpipe for fresh supplied air. a game changer for rapid and efficient fire attack in high rise buildings.
The lack of firefighter accountability ranks in the top 5 contributing factors for?
Firefighter LODD or severe injury
If the life hazard has been addressed and building deemed to no longer have value then?
Firefighters should be withdrawn and mode should be set up for defensive operations.
Who often introduces the air needed during a ventilation limited stage of a fire?
Firefighters upon entry, usually a door.
What is a class D Fire?
Fires Fueled by chemical reactions and combustible metals and alloys such as lithium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium
What is a class C Fire?
Fires fueled by Electricity or an Energized Heat source.
what is a class A Fire?
Fires fueled by ordinary combustibles. Wood paper cloth organic materials.
Direct to engine no line laid
First due engine direct to scene with no supply line laid. Works off of the tank water.
If both engines arrive on scene at the same time who gets the supply line and who attacks the fire?
First listed engine (district pump) should be allowed to deploy attack lines. 2nd due engine gets the supply. Based on positioning
Rollover is a sign that _______ is imminent unless actions are taken to change the fire conditions.
Flashover
The point that smoke reaches its ignition temperature what occurs?
Flashover. The survivability profile is zero!
Once you determine the fire floor or floor of alarm what must be done?
Floor must be physically verified ASAP
Unidirectional flow path
Flow of smoke, flame or air moving in a single direction across the full area of the opening
Regarding hydrants what is important to know?
Flow rates of the water system serving areas and individual hydrants.
What are the two types of pressure reducing devices installed on standpipes?
Flow restricting devices PRV's
what is the most advantageous hose lay?
Forward Lay (charged)
What is meant by a dry Forward lay?
Forward lay from hydrant to scene but supply line is not charged. 2nd due engine to connect to hydrant.
When there is rear access to C side what is the best decision regarding water supply?
Forward lay to the fire building.
mechanical heat sources are caused by?
Friction
To provide proper nozzle pressure Fire pumpers must overcome?
Friction losses
Where is the best location for the I/C to observe smoke patterns and behavior>
From the outside perimeter of the fire building. Compare the smoke coming out from the openings from different parts of the building.
What is the most important coverage for multifamily structures known as "Garden Apartments"
Front and rear coverage
What are the three (3) components every fire needs?
Fuel Heat Oxygen all in proper proportions
A fire follows Either a __________ model or a __________ Model.
Fuel Limited or Ventilation limited
What was the 4 stage fire growth model based on
Fuel controlled fire with sufficient oxygen to burn to carry combustion process through the decay stage. Ignition (incipient) Growth Fully developed Decay
Speed and growth of a fire depend on what factors?
Fuel supply Container size Insulation Oxygen supply.
exterior condition of fully developed stage
Glass in windows failed visible flame and smoke from fire room Air source from window causes growth and increasing temp radiant heat is exposure threat. Large volume of smoke Dense dark and turbulent.
With initial attack smoke color should________
Go to White.
Survivability profile of initial growth stage of Fire?
Good to moderate Oxygen content is quickly dropping to below 20% Flames are beyond the object of origin fire can still be controlled and extinguished with a hand line. Temperatures at floor level are still tennable. Window is quickly closing.
What are the 3 groups of high rise building construction?
HR built before 1945 HR built between 1945 and 1968 HR built after 1968
Nozzle tips upto 1 1/8 (or 1 1/4") are generally considered for use on ?
Handlines
rollover
Happens during the growth stage of the fire on the upside of the time temperature curve. Also known as Flameover
what does the acronym HIGH RISE Mean?
Hazards In Greater Heights Reach is beyond capability of aerials Interior Attack Essential on upper floors Significant Smoke and Stack effect potential Evacuation time required is impractical & unreasonable
What is the most common source of energy on earth?
Heat
Energy is released in the form of?
Heat and light
what is often the cause of fires in machinery?
Heat build up from friction
_________ is the primary factor that makes fighting fires in skyscrapers so challenging.
Height
With laminar smoke flow, the survivability profile is?
High
Risk priorities generally falls into 3 categories, they are:
High (significant) risk Medium (elevated) risk Low (standard) risk
If water sprayed on exterior door turns to steam it indicates?
High Heat
True back drafts are what kind of temperature events?
High temperature (rare)
Why is it important to adjust our strategy and tactics to Modern living advancements?
High temperature ventilation limited fire conditions that are simply waiting for new air introduction can quickly change into an extremely dangerous situation.
Cancers affect FF how?
Higher rates of cancers as compared to the general public. Skin is exposed through cross contamination
For coordinated ventilation what type of ventilation will make it possible?
Horizontal ventilation
What should take place in the high-rise as soon as the fire is out?
Horizontal ventillation
Basement fires should be ventilated ________?
Horizontally.
Split lay
Hose lay deployed by two pumpers, one making a forward lay and one making a reverse lay from the same point.
supply hose
Hose that is designed for the purpose of moving water between a water source and a pump that is supplying attack hose lines. supply hose is LDH of 3 1/2" or larger.
Smoke density suggests?
How much fuel is contained within the smoke.
when determining the rate of change think??
How rapidly are these things changes occurring? what do they suggest about the progression of the fire? Are things getting better or Worse?
What are the 4 possible sources of water at the Fireground?
Hydrant (water main systems) Static water source Apparatus water tanks Mobile water supply apparatus (tanker / tenders)
What should be developed and carried on every piece of apparatus relating to high rise Fires?
IC high rise fire check list
In the decay stage fire we must also consider the __________ atmosphere in evaluating the survivability profile>
IDLH
In a decay stage fire you must consider the __________ in evaluating the survivability profile.
IDLH environment
Frozen moisture in the air and smoke is known as:
Ice fog
Water cools fuels below their what?
Ignition temperature.
Where do drafting operations typically occur?
In rural areas without hydrants.
Volume of smoke should ______as water converts to steam.
Increase
If fresh air rushes in at considerable speed then:
Indicates Vent limited fire! expect rapid fire growth.
Noting the smoke characteristics Determines ?
Initial actions
What is the first Detail the company officer needs to determine?
Initial location of fire or location of fire alarm activated on FACP
Correct identification of laminar flow justifies:
Initiating an interior search for victims.
Risks are activities that can lead to:
Injuries Death Property damage Lawsuits
What is an offensive interior attack in which the firefighters enter a building with an attack line to control and extinguish a fire?
Interior direct attack
Vapor Presure
Is the measurable amount of pressure being exerted by a liquid as it converts to a gas and exerts pressure against the sides of a confined closed container.
why is water application from the outside adventagious?
It cools the atmosphere and "resets" the fire making it safer to commence interior search for victims.
Why must a fire department operate using a structured Incident Management System on the fireground?
It is the Law. US gov't mandated the implementation of NIMS and the ICS to organize and manage emergency incidents.
When smoke is pushed by heat it will:
It rises and then slows down gradually as it cools.
when performing the on scene size up, an inadequate size up is always one of the top five contributing factors in ________?
LODD
Tying the strainer to a _________ secures the hard suction in moving water
Ladder
an engine company should avoid parking directly behind what?
Ladder companies. It could prevent access to long ladders and tools.
One of the most important size up criteria that the first in Company officer needs to identify is if the smoke is?
Laminar or turbulent
Rapid combustion rates of Modern Fuels (synthetics) require ?
Large amount of Oxygen to remain burning and Large amount of Water to extinguish!
What is the major drawback for CAFS (compressed air Foam Systems)
Large capacity air compressors were needed to support structural fire fighting
dry hydrant
Large pipe with one end submerged into a static water source for the intake, other end rises above ground level with a discharge connection to which the hard suction is attached. "a giant straw"
what are the conditions that could delay flashover conditions?
Large room with high ceilings vent limited or oxygen deficient fires
Reading Smoke will enable you to?
Learn what stage of fire is in. type of fuel burning Location size and speed of fire Pathway it is taking and what direction it is heading. Most important: ability to recognize likelihood of explosive and rapid fire event!!
Pressure at the bottom of a fire room is
Less pressure, cooler air drawn in to seat of fire.
When a lightwieght modern construction occupancy furnished with hydrocarbon synthetics is on fire the window of a relatively safe operational period is reduced to?
Less than 5 minutes before flashover and potential structural collapse occurs.
what are the four major Incident Priorities on the fireground?
Life safety Incident stabilization Extinguishment Property conservation
What is the smoke color during incipient stage?
Light gray smoke that can bee seen through the window with water vapor condensation built up on the glass on the inside. very little smoke coming from the outside.
New Homes are constructed with what type of materials?
Lightweight engineered lumbers impregnated with Resin glues and petroleum based coatings! (Modern Fuels)
Every Identifiable risk is an____?
Manageable risk
Modern fuel characteristics:
Modern fuel fires burn hotter and faster. Generate higher heat Release Rates Generate black toxic smoke with Deadly products of combustion
atoms join together to form?
Molecules
Smoke profile in Initial growth stage?
More smoke produced here turns from light gray to Dark gray smoke will rise to ceiling and spread horizontally and then will bank down the walls. Visual density of smoke increase. Layers become defined.
Think
Must think before we act, phase consist of size up problem identification, and risk benefit analysis
Every Firefighter / officer should maintain a geographical awareness. What are the 8 directional indicators?
N, S,E,W, NW, NE, SW,SE
Which formula is better for fireground calculations?
NFA formula
Hot humid day gives smoke?
Narrow defined smoke column
Main pump intake must have male ________ ________ threads if to be used in the US.
National Hose (to accommodate hard suction hose)
In buildings with an FDC, intakes are usually located?
Near the front entrance.
How do you know if there is enough water in the tank to fight a fire?
Need to do 360 size up, risk/benefit assessment and utilize the NFA - royer nelson Fire flow formula to calculate
will combustion occur with oxygen concentrations below 14%
No it will not
Do you "push Fire"
No you don't. entrained air will increase pressure in the compartment moving the POC's to a lower pressure area. (POC= products of combustion)
If you have to lay hoses across railroad tracks what must be done immediately?
Notify dispatch to contact railway dispatcher and stop all train traffic on affected tracks.
The First action for the Driver of an engine company arriving at a fireground is to ?
Obtain water for firefighting and rescue
Size up should include:
Occupancy type and size type of construction occupied or unoccupied people trapped or not survivability profile whether to initiate SAR building contents whats on fire location of fire size of fire current fire conditions where fire is headed what will fire look like in 5 minutes required resources responding?
Fireground incident priorities may be?
Occurring simultaneously to ensure the protection and safety of both occupants and Firefighters.
if a spotter confirms that a window has failed and self vented and the hallway on the fire floor is filled with smoke what should the officer do?
Officer should not make entry into the hallway. Will need to make attack from below or use a fire curtain deployed from above.
When does ventilation tactics occur in a high rise operation?
Often taken place after a fire has been controlled or extinguished
In a Garden apartment with a mansard style roof what is the concern with fire spread?
Once it gets in to the mansard it can spread horizontally 360 degrees around the structure.
divided hose bed
One that is separated into two supply hose compartments running the length of the hose bed.
What is the problem with Central corridors?
Only half the floors can be seen from the "A" side. A and C side coverage must be put into play immediately.
What is the quickest and most efficient way to check for vertical fire spread in a balloon Frame?
Open the siding panels from the exterior outside of the fire area, exposes all vertical stud channels without smoke obscuring
Which is often easier to open when needing to check the vertical void spaces during overhaul operations?
Open up the exterior sidewall
Use class A foam on?
Ordinary fires of Class A materials.
difference between organic and inorganic compound
Organic compounds will burn
Hydrocarbons are also
Organic compounds.
What is the most common oxidizer
Oxygen
Earths atmosphere make up
Oxygen 21% Nitrogen 78% water vapor, neon, carbon dioxide, and other gases 1%
What are the 7 major problems that present at high rise or any fire?
PO VO access exposure Fire Smoke Haz Mat
what is very effective when you can control the exhaust portal and disastrous when you can't?
PPV
What are the 3 components of smoke>
Particulates Vapors Gases
The first arriving pumper should pull where?
Past the fire building.
Regarding sprinkler heads, what are the commonly used inside of buildings?
Pendent upright sidewall
Which is NOT a reason the HydroVent may be able to change the approach in attacking interior fires?
Personnel do not need to go far into the building to apply water
What practice helps develop confidence for elevator use during a fire incident?
Phase 2 operations on medical calls
What is the space between the bottom of the floor above and the dropped ceiling often used in HVAC control?
Plenum
When is a reverse lay using a manifold adventageous?
Portable water source at fire site, manifold can be moved to an area where apparatus can't get to and finally engines are away from the building allowing ariel apparatus to get positioned.
Blackened Windows are a sign for?
Potential Backdraft conditions
Which type of sprinkler system will be found a cold storage area?
Pre action system
When drafting operations is the only way to ensure an adequate water supply, what is a must?
Pre incident planning
What is the secret of success in High Rise fires?
Pre incident planning and consulting with Building Engineers, then following a High rise fire check list.
residual pressure
Pressure remaining in the system after water has begun flowing through the pump. It is a measure of reserve capacity of the hydrant
As for any structure fire size up, ___________ still need to be identified before Strategy and Tactics can be selected to solve them.
Problems
Ventilation limited stage
Progression of combustion is interrupted with plenty of fuel and Heat available Pyrolysis continues producing more smoke and gases. extremely dangerous Only missing element is Air When introduced, rapid growth stage often with explosive force!
What are 2 commonly encountered flammable gases encountered?
Propane LPG Methane LNG
What is the primary responsibility of the Engine company?
Put water on the fire
If there is only one RAK on scene it should go to the ?
RIC team
Fire point triggers :
Rapid fire spread
Fully developed stage
Recognized as the point at which all contents within the perimeter of the fire's boundaries are burning.
NFPA 1901 Defines what requirements?
Requirements for new automotive Fire apparatus
Extinguishment should be considered an effective strategy for ?
Rescue
Regarding life safety, if there are VO's and PO's what should take place immediately?
Rescue efforts
What are the triggers for a hostile Fire event?
Right temperature Right Mixture for gases.
Gases that are less than VD of 1 will?
Rise
what is a component of each size up?
Risk Benefit analysis
What are 3 risk control techniques?
Risk avoidance Risk transfer Control measures
A risk management plan at a minimum should include:
Risk identification Risk evaluation Risk Prioritization Risk Control techniques Risk monitoring.
What is the room temperature in the explosive growth stage of Fire?
Room temperature could be 500 Degree or higher.
Which formula is better suited for pre incident planning?
Royer nelson
what are the priorities for a ladder company?
SAR SER FE
Positions taken u by the engines as they arrive at fire buildings are based upon what?
SOG's, past experiences and anticipating problems that may be encountered fire occurs (pre plan)
regarding evacuation control in high rise operations the primary emphasis should be on?
Search and evacuate occupants on the fire floor and the floor above the fire floor
The second arriving unit can be assigned?
Search and rescue
Why are we seeing more flashover conditions?
Seeing more today than in previous decades because Flash over temperatures have caught up to on scene arrival times of fire departments.
A gated wye can be used as a Siamese but a ____________
Siamese can never be used as a wye
What is best location for hard suction during drafting?
Side intake, closest to the pump.
his sprinkler head comes out from the upper level of a wall, featuring a tilted deflector spray not in a circular fashion
Sidewall head
Gas that are greater than VD of 1 will?
Sink
What may change the appearance of the four factors of smoke?
Size and layout of the building The wind and other building considerations.
Some factors that effect the flow rate of water mains are?
Size of main Capacity and location of elevated reservoirs Capacity of pumps in the system
What is ongoing throughout the fire incident
Size up and the risk benefit analysis.
What is the difference between a smoke explosion and flashover?
Slight difference: flashover occurs on both sides of time / temperature curve. In smoke explosion increased flame intensity quickly follows and consumes pockets of smoke then self extinguishes.
When smoke is pushed by volume it:
Slows down almost immediately once the pressure is equalized.
Why do we cool containers exposed to Heat?
Slows molecular activity, inhibits the ability for molecules to diffuse reducing conversion to gaseous state, reducing Vapor pressure.
What is one of the first signs visible to the first in Unit?
Smoke column
Many would be structure fires remain Content fires Due to?
Smoke detectors Monitored in home alarm systems Increase in residential sprinkler systems
Hot smoke flowing quickly through hallways corridors and stairways rapidly spreads the fire How?
Smoke ignition causes this rapid fire spread.
What is the most powerful and common source of Heat energy?
Solar energy
Most of the fuel load in a structure fire is?
Solid fuels including structure itself.
Control measures
Something that can be done to reduce or prevent a risk while allowing you to carry out the tasks. EG: wearing PPE or SCBA, implementing ICS
When relay pumping Supply lines should be charged from the _________to the fire?
Source
According to UL / NIST the most effective and fastest way to improve interior conditions throughout the structure is to>
Spray water into the fire from the exterior
Survivability profile is based on what?
Stage of the fire, the length of the exposure to heat and smoke. The materials burning, the occupants proximity to the fire and the access to effect rescue
What is created when transferring flammable liquids from one container to another?
Static electricity.
how is the residual pressure determined
Static minus residual = the percentage drop
Once the Pre fire plan is in place for High rise the IC should?
Stick to it!
What are the 3 categories of structural firefighting nozzles?
Straight stream Smooth Bore nozzle Combination Spray Nozzle Specialty Nozzle
organic compounds
Substances that originated from a living organism. Usually contain elements of Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Velocity should ______with the initial attack then_______.
Surge , slow down
What about fuels has changed?
Synthetics and plastics petroleum based give off more toxic gases and burn hotter and at higher temperatures (+HRR) than older materials for construction
What is one of the most important tools used in overhaul?
TIC
Since the advent of the SCBA what electronic device has changed the fire service?
TIC Thermal Imaging Camera
The effects of a transitional attack are Significant but....?
Temporary, hose team must make a swift and aggressive interior attack to complete final extinguishment.
In buildings where a 360 walk around by the initial I/C is not possible what still Needs to be checked?
The "C" side
Act
The action phase is implementing the plan by making tactical decisions that support the strategy.
What stage of fire is where Smoke Explosions typically occur?
The decay stage. The smoke is cooler but it still contains fire gases, like acrolein with lower ignition temperatures.
Survivability profile defined:
The educated art of examining a situation and making an intelligent decision of whether to commit Firefighters to life saving and /or interior operations.
what are the the 3 most common Supply Loads?
The flat load Horseshoe load Accordion load
What ongoing assessment is critical to watch for changes in?
The flow path and level of the neutral plane. THis is key indicator about whether interior conditions are getting better or worse.
In a well insulated home Oxygen to support combustion may be depleted before?
The fuel load is consumed.
What stages does flashover occur?
The fully developed stage is where flashover occurs.
Steam absorbs what leg of the fire tetrahedron?
The heat leg.
Engine companies must work within the strategic plan that is developed by Who?
The incident commander.
Heat flux:
The measure of the rate of transfer of heat from one surface to another.
What type of nozzle has been around a long time and is underutilized?
The piercing and round nozzles
Decay stage of Fire
The point of the fire when most of the fuel and oxygen has been consumed.
Flammable range
The range between the upper flammable limit and lower flammable limit in which a substance can be ignited.
Surface to mass ratio
The ratio of the surface area of the fuel to the mass of the fuel
Explosive growth stage
The second growth stage of a fire that happens after a vent limited stage
Fire dynamics
The study of the characteristics of fire and the burning process. This includes how fires start, develop, and spread.
flame point
The temperature at which enough vapors are given off to support continuous burning. few degrees above flash point.
Flow path
The volume of space in which the movement of cooler air enters through an inlet opening and the space where hot gases and smoke exit through an exhaust outlet
If there is little or no smoke movement but temperatures are HOT!
Then the fire floor is probably below you
Turbulent smoke means:
There is heat behind the smoke and the fire is close to flashover. (High Temperatures)
Structural firefighting gear is designed to protect against sudden _________ _________not to allow us to work in them...
Thermal insult
when do the vast majority of Firefighter deaths occur?
They occur when Firefighters are caught in a hostile fire event.
No smoke movement upon entry??
Think maybe dead end corrider.
What is the "command sequence"
Think plan act, a circular model that revolves around the incident priorities (LIEP)
In the fully developed stage modern furnishings will produce?
Toxic black smoke
When FF spray water from a hoseline from the outside through a window to knock down flames, what type of attack is this?
Transitional defensive to offensive Fire attack
Bi directional flow path
Two way portal high pressure (top) hot exhaust gases POC, lower bottom fresh air inlet goes toward fire.
Why are the effects of modern synthetic fuel on fire behavior better understood
Ul / NIST studies
Firefighters work where?
Uncontrolled atmospheres where they are exposed to high levels of contaminants.
What is the unfortunate event that typically occurs when Firefighters make entry to a dwelling on fire?
Unintentional effect of opening the door is the introduction of Fresh air into the vent limited conditions causing a rapid and sometimes explosive Fire growth in the form of Flashover!
What is the threshold for human skin and Fire?
Unprotected human skin can only be exposed to or withstand temperatures of around 300 degree's for approximately 1 minute
Why should fire attack commence on the outside of Type 2 buildings.
Unprotected steel above 1000 degrees softens and starts to fail depending on the load. because of the high temps, the time frame for interior attack is near zero
This sprinkler head projects up from the sprinkler orifice often used in mechanical rooms or inaccessible areas. It has an umbrella type deflector sprays in circular fashion
Upright sprinkler
fire spread by convection moves predominately where?
Upward direction. (but can go any direction on conditions)
What is a trick of the trade that you can use to break windows in high rise operations?
Use a CO2 extinguisher freezing the glass then strike with a pick head axe to shatter it.
If you don't have a window...Don't hesitate to?
Use power tools to create one. In fact if you make one, make two INLET and EXHAUST
best way to extinguish a basement fire is to
Use the tools that were designed for such purpose: baker cellar pipe bresnan distributor fog applicator piercing nozzle All designed for an indirect attack
What practice practically relieves all the weight of a discharge valve and transfers it to the floor?
Using a pig tail hose line from standpipe to the wye
fuel gases from liquids are generated by a process known as :
VAPORIZATION
VES has been modified to include?
VEIS Includes isolate or CLOSE the DOOR upon entry!
Problems identified in a 360 size up typically fall in to 7 categories:
VO (visible or verifiable occupant) PO (possible occupants) A (access) exp (exposures) S (Smoke) F (Fire) HM (haz Mat)
Firefighters cannot go inside until the fire officer has determined?
VTS (value time and size)
Velocity of smoke gives you?
Velocity is the speed at which the smoke leaves the building. Suggesting how much Pressure is accumulated inside! Only volume and heat can create pressure.
What are the two new stages of fire growth?
Vent limited stage Explosive Growth
Fire departments will often arrive on scene while the Fire is in what stage?
Ventilation Limited Decay stage
Gaining access should now be considered a part of ?
Ventilation, because it creates a direct flow path to the fire.
What is the two strategies / tactic for preventing Backdraft?
Vertically ventilate at the highest point possible to relieve the pressurized smoke. ventilate horizontally with overwhelming water straight stream and monitors.
Survivability profile for incipient stage Fire?
Very good! oxygen levels still around 20% Carbon Monoxide level is still low. Lower room temperatures.
Royer/Nelson formula
Volume (length x width x height) in cubic feet / 100=GPM
What interrupts the chemical chain reaction causing rapid fire extinguishment
Water application, special extinguishing agents Like dry chemical and foam Water is the primary agent used by FD's
What are the 3 factors that influence the movement of water at Fires?
Water source Engine Fire Hose
Diffusion
When a substance moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
fast water
When water from a pump is delivered to the fire immediately.
What natural elements effect smoke?
Wind and Weather
If you have to make a choice between using an exterior door or window in basement fire choose the ?
Window. Try for window closest to seat of the fire. Getting water on the fire fast is easier to force a window than door and is less of a flow path.
What is rollover a warning sign (precursor) for?
With rollover temperatures are quickly rising and flashover is eminent.
Does rollover appear in initial growth stage?
Yes rollover begins to occur
Can some fires burn in a room that is sealed and devoid of oxygen?
Yes, oxidizer fires that produce oxygen such as Chlorine fluorine, bromine and chlorine trifluoride. These are rare and not typically in residential settings.
No smoke movement with minimal Heat?
You are probably below the fire floor.
Survivability profile of Fully developed stage
Zero
A large foot print building with a large fire load the initial attack line should be ?
a 2 1/2" line
what can be used as a sled to carry an unconscious victim or downed firefighter to safety?
a baby ladder or roof ladder
what can also be used for an indirect attack from the window below the fire unit?
a bent high rise nozzle pipe.
design density for automatic sprinkler systems
a calculated flow to reach the design intent for suppression or control
In order to have rapid self sustained combustion and increasing fire development there must be what?
a chemical Chain reaction to perpetuate the flaming mode of combustion
When charged a ___________hose is easy to advance and means less congestion in the stairway of the fire floor.
a coiled hose
Liquid
a collection of molecules that occupy a space in a fluid state and tend not to separate.
A secondary search should be assigned to?
a different crew who did not participate in the primary search
A defensive to offensive transitional attack implies that?
a direct attack into the structure will immediately follow after the fire is knocked down from the outside.
When Fire is in the attic space it will require ?
a direct attack to put it out
AN interior attack can be conducted using>
a direct, indirect, or transitional combination method
When FD shows up and water is flowing from a water gong. assume that?
a fire should be anticipated
doors of every room searched should be closed to prevent ?
a flow path from developing
As the decay stage progresses, a fire that once was air controlled now is?
a fuel dependent Fire.
For Hydraulic ventillation?
a fully opened fog nozzle 2 to 4 feet away from the fully opened window opening with adjusted fog pattern taking up approx. 2/3 of window space will effectively ventilate the compartment.
In combustion Increased energy is released causing heat to be transferred to surrounding solid or liquid fuels to maintain both their vaporization into ?
a gaseous fuel and their fuel temperature, thus ensuring that the chemical chain reaction continues.
regarding pump intakes, a single 2 1/2" intake can use this appliance to utilize two 2 1/2" supply lines?
a gated Siamese or Siamese with a clapper valve
What will bleed the air out of a standpipe faster than 200 feet of hose?
a gated wye
Comparing the speed and type of flow from similar sized openings can give the FO? (FO= fire officer)
a good idea where the fire is located. Similar sized opening with greater velocity is closer to the seat of the fire.
Flashover is :
a high temperature event, the rapid transition from the growth stage to the fully developed stage . Entire contents of the room ignites - occurs in seconds.
A flow path is?
a lower pressure space starting at the structural inlet portal for fresh air, toward the fire where higher pressurized gases rise and seek the path of least resistance toward an exit portal.
crazing
a network of fine cracks on the glass surface
What is F 500
a new chemical multipurpose extinguishing agent that is micelle encapsulating can be used on CLASS A, B and D fires at 1,3,6%
What is a new strategy to consider when fire has gained control of a floor in a commercial high rise with limited FD personnel and resources?
a no attack strategy
Fire load and residential square footage require water flow rates that are similar to ?
a one story apartment or condominium
master stream appliance
a portable or pre-plumbed water cannon mounted on the top of apparatus or portable monitor
Whenever you use LDH to supply master streams or attack lines what should be used?
a pressure relief device with a maximum setting of 200 psi
Soot
a prevalent particulate of smoke, is carbon and can support flaming.
combustion
a rapid spontaneous self sustaining chain reaction
Rapid Ascent Team (rat)
a search team designated to quickly climb the entire firefighting stairway to ensure it is clear of any occupants fleeing from the fire floor landings.
Fires in the incipient or growth stage can easily be extinguished with?
a single 1 3/4" handline
If smoke rises and opening clears out then pulls fresh air through entire doorway this is ?
a unidirectional flow path inlet indicating Fire is probably above the level of the opening. Follow this flow path to the seat of the fire!!
With smoke curtains, how much of a gap is left at the bottom of the door ?
about a 10" gap.
A search of floors ________________ should be started as soon as possible to ensure all occupants are located and removed.
above the fire
When should an accountability system be used?
according to NFPA 1500 on all emergency incidents
what is a common gas in smoke that acts as a ladder fuel during explosive growth Stage?
acrolein with ignition temp of approx 450 Degree can quickly ignite the rest of the smoke. (other text says 428 F)
an occupant or family member coming up to the first arriving officer on scene with reliable information should be?
acted upon
oxidizer
acts as a catalyst to break down what other wise would remain a stable molecule
in oxidation the amount of oxygen present will?
affects the process and the speed of the oxidation reaction and the speed of combustion
Leaving the front door closed will
aid in controlling the fire.
The first thing a victim will need is ?
air
Energy efficient homes are:
air sealed to prevent air exchange (creates Vent limited)
in preparing the exposure floors what should be removed from around the windows and walls?
all combustible material
Modern Fuels generate BTU's that are?
almost double of legacy fuels like wood.
sidewalk skylight
also called vault lights consists of thick glass blocks cemented into a steel grid laid into the sidewalk to bring in natural light into a basement.
convected currents are pressurized and will?
always take path of least resistance. Therefore smoke and fire will take path of least resistance!
what is the key to full exposure protection?
an adequate number of firefighters
Survivability profile:
an assessment that weighs the risks likely to be taken versus the benefit of those risks for the viability and survivability of potential fire victims under the current conditions in the structure.
RAK
an independent reliable source of fresh air that is placed on a downed firefighter.
Ball valve
an inline valve that has an internal plastic or steel component shaped like a ball with a hole running through it when open.
What does NFPA 1410 provide?
an objective method for measuring performance for initial fire suppression and rescue procedures.
If a basement is present the IC should do what?
announce it and check to make sure it is not on fire.
A 2 1/2" hose should be backed up by ?
another 2 1/2" hose
backdraft
another high temperature event caused by the sudden introduction of oxygen into an enclosure.
Ash
another prevalent particulate in smoke, that contains heavy metals and depleted salts that contributes to Heat but does not support flaming. (can ignite other vapors and gases from retained heat!!)
high-rise building
any building where the floor of an occupied story is 75 feet above the lowest level of fire department vehicle access
suction hose
any hose that is connected from the hydrant to the pump, mostly called "supply"
Salvage is:
anything to do with saving protecting, preserving removing or covering property
risk benefit analysis
applied to each of the tactical objectives, the process of weighing the predicted risk to firefighters against the potential benefits for property owners.
What is a trick of the trade to check for high heat behind a door used to make entry is to ?
apply a burst of water on the door, if it turns to steam it is high heat condition behind the door.
How much % can timber trusses burn before they can fail?
approx 10 to 15% of their mass.
What areas are especially vulnerable to low water pressure and supply problems?
areas with dead end and small diameter mains.
when is the direct to engine approach quite efective?
areas with reliable water systems and ample hydrants.
What is the Floor temperature in the fully developed stage?
around 600 degrees
thermal column
as heated air rises due to fire forming a plume or column, cooler air on perimeter of plume mixes and begins to drop back down
Wind can be more severe when?
at elevation where currents are stronger. Think multistory mid to high rise fire.
the 2 1/2" attack line with spray nozzle at 100psi or solid bore 1 1/8" tip at 50 psi will discharge?
at least 250 gpm when operated properly.
Attack hose is designed for use at operating pressures upto _________?
at least 275 psi
At a minimum how many floors of the attack stairwell must be checked for occupants by an engine company before the hallway door is opened to the fire floor?
at least the first five (5) floors
a 24 through 26' ground later reaches ?
at least the second story of a house.
PPV fans should be placed ______________ to augment the pressurization of the stairway shafts
at the base of the stairwell
while flowing the floor where should streams be aimed?
at the corners of the floor and the perimeters where floor meets walls
When conducting VEIS, the second firefighter should stay where?
at the window and with a TIC guide the entry FF on the search
indirect attack
attack where a solid or straight stream or narrow fog is used to direct water at the ceiling to cool superheated gases in the upper levels of the room
risk avoidance
avoiding an act that would create a risk an example: defensive fire attack on vacant building
NFA: Command Sequence Model
based on the study of successful military commanders and soldiers is the best logical decision making models for fireground strategy and tactics.
water shuttle corridor
basically a circular driveway with a goal of allowing tender to dump its water without backing and can quickly return to fill
Fire blowing out of a basement window, a line should?
be aimed from the outside into the burning basement.
the tops of adjoining buildings, Attics, must?
be checked and vented in needed
If initial 2 1/2" attack lines are using combination nozzles then the back up lines should?
be equipped with smooth bore tip nozzles
regarding ventilation of high rise buildings. If the HVAC system is designed to "sandwich the fire" with pressurized stairs and floors the system should?
be left in operations so it functions as designed.
Initial crews during overhaul should?
be rotated out and rehabbed
A negative survivability profile in one part of structure does not mean that the entire structure has the same profile. many survivable spaces must?
be searched
Many interior exposure fires are not obvious; they must?
be sought out and located by the firefighters on scene
If the fire is smoldering, but there's indication of pressurized smoke and high heat the building must?
be vertically ventilated before crews enter it to prevent a back draft.
If a fire is discovered in any upstairs rooms on a SFR, the area _____________________ should be checked for victims.
behind the door
I/c should consider exposure lines to these rooms in addition to adjacent to the fire?
behind, above, below, left and right
Decay stage smoke temp range?
between 200 and 300
autoignition temperature of acrolein is?
between 428 and 532 degree F
An indirect attack on a basement fire using the tools creates essentially a sprinkler that flows?
between 50 and 300 Gallons per minute.
glass cracks at what temperature?
between 500 and 600 degree
For any chance of survival of a flashover event considering reaction time A firefighter would have to be?
between 6 to 10 feet from an exit door
What is the flame temperature during the incipient (Ignition ) stage
between 700 and 1000 Degreed F
when performing a search, where are hose lines placed?
between the fire and the victims.
Below freezing air makes smoke?
black smoke look whitish within a few feet of the outside vent opening. (moisture is condensing)
Change in moisture can change color of smoke?
black smoke to lighter smoke the greater the distance travelled..
Signs of a fire in a concealed space are:
blistering paint hot walls discoloration of paint and other wall coverings.
What is the best tool for a gate secured with a padlock?
bolt cutters.
Class 3 standpipes features?
both the 1 1/2" out and a 2 1/2" outlet for both resident and FF operations
In a high rise fire attack is based upon?
building Design # of occupants # of Stairways Their configuration and proximity to the Seat of the fire
Never silence the __________________Until the activated alarm is verified.
buildings audible alarm horn / siren
What is the threshhold for for the human trachea or airway ?
can only be exposed to or withstand temperatures around 195 degree for approximately 1 minute.
what is the disadvantage of the Indirect attack?
capable of causing steam burns to Firefighters and victims.
Most victims of fire are overcome by___________________ rather than by burns?
carbon monoxide.
ventilation is a calculated balance of?
cause and effect actions
What type of construction is used in the majority of super high rise buildings?
center core construction
When an interior attack using 2 1/2" handlines fails to control the fire and attack using master streams this calls for
changing strategy from offensive to defensive mode of operation
if using PPV you should always have a ?
charged hose line in the area being ventilated.
Ventilation must be coordinated with?
charged hose lines in position for effective suppression efforts.
before entering any room for a search?
check behind the door first.
What tactic of high rise standpipe operations can check functionality of PRV, hose stream, bleed the line and flush hose prior to entry of the fire floor hallway?
check the stream on the floor below the fire
Smoke and heat detectors should automatically _____________ _____ _______ to isolate the fire area..
close the dampers
after you perform a primary search and the room is clear you should?
close the door
in a single family dwelling fire the occupants that are in most danger are those?
closest to the fire on the fire floor and those directly over the fire on the second floor.
primary search should?
coincide with the first hose lines being stretched and positioned.
the floor directly above a basement fire is a ___________ ____________ and should be avoided
collapse hazzard
When using master streams from the start of an operation, what should you establish?
collapse zones
What uses both the direct and indirect methods one after the other?
combination attack
What type of nozzle is reccommended for a 2 1/2" preconnected hose line?
combination spray or solid smooth bore tip. The nozzle should be a leader line type.
pyrolysis often precedes?
combustion
According to ECFO there are 3 type of high rise buildings, they are:
commercial offices hotels residential apartments or condominiums
A 2 1/2" back up line is the best choice for a ?
commercial structure firefighting
If there is ever and doubt about the ability to control a fire then,
complete evacuation plans must be put into effecct.
Corridors, must also be ____________________, both as paths of safety and to keep the fire, smoke, and gases from penetrating into rooms or apartments.
completely controlled.
Schools should be?
completely evacuated.
prior to overhaul, the IC should?
conducted a risk benefit analysis and size up
Most automatic sprinklers are designed to ?
contain the fire few will completely extinguish
Hose lines must match the fire or the fire will
continue to burn
The assignment for the first arriving engine is to?
control the fire
If you arrive to find fire in a store of a mixed use occupancy it is imperative to?.
control the main body of fire as quickly as possible
Carbon monoxide and other heated gases ___________ ___________ and collect at the top of the structure.
convect upward
mushrooming
convecting heat encounters a ceiling or other vertical barrier that prevents it from rising it will spread out horizontally.
flowing water toward the ceiling can ?
cool the smoke preventing from igniting.
generally white smoke is_______ and black smoke is _______.
cooler, hotter
the primary method of extinguishment in the fire service is ?
cooling with water.
before making entry a firefighter on a hoseline should?
crack nozzle to bleed air out, check stream pattern
What leads to chimney fires?
cracking the integrity of the chimney flue (pipe)
Knowing how the heat source is being generated and how it can be eliminated is?
critical in formulating tactics for extinguishment
Smoke exposure is?
cumulative and effects not known for potentially years.
recent studies show that 87% of fire victims died from toxic levels of ?
cyanide. From a time a fire starts, the survivability time for a trapped occupant in a fire is about 10 minutes.
Unusual Yellow or green smoke means?
dealing with an exotic chemical or hazardous material
fast water application immediately reduces interior temperatures, slows down the HRR and ?
decreases the production of toxic smoke and fire gases
When you have a "NO" answer to life value or property value, this warrants a?
defensive strategy
Master streams are typically used for?
defensive strategy fires
What transitional attack is most frequently used?
defensive to offensive
Don't overlook the fact that many fires are?
deliberately set
spongy
describes the conditions of floor that has weakened under fire conditions and is in danger of collapse
Automatic sprinkler systems are designed to?
detect a fire in its earliest stage and apply fast water
Knowing the GPM requirement does what?
determines initial strategy and how many hose lines I will need to achieve the required fire flow. DO I have enough resources on scene ??
What is a critical part of the 360 on residential fires?
determining the presence of a basement and if so is it on fire.
compare the velocity of smoke leaving to what? :
different openings in the building
What are the five basic fire attack strategies?
direct indirect combination transitional defensive
what should be used during the incipient stage and growth stage fire?
direct attack
What is the fire attack strategy for a side core constructed high rise?
direct frontal attack.
what is the most important reason to delay overhaul and take exhaustive measures to preserve evidence at a fire scene/
discovery of a dead body
What is the key to success on an indirect attack to the attack where no visible fire is present yet?
do not open the room will introduce oxygen and complete the fire triangle. has fuel and heat sufficient to ignite, just missing oxygen
What must be practiced to avoid allowing air pressure in the stairway to decrease?
door control
Keeping the ________________ during and after the primary search prevents a flow path from developing before the fire is knocked down or extinguished?
doors closed
Cold humid day causes smoke to?
drop down and hang low to the ground.
Cold dry forecast causes smoke?
drop down to ground but easily dispersed.
Dark Brown stains on glass is?
due to creosote build up from incomplete combustion. Indicates Fire probably is in decay stage
in a stairway, one 50-foot section must be allotted for __________ ?
each floor
White smoke that is lazy indicates>
early heating.
uni-directional flow path
either an exhaust outlet or intake outlet. can change with ventilation profiles.
What effects the physical stamina of firefighters and can create water supply / pressure problems?
elevation
By deploying a defensive to offensive transitional attack, the FF hits the fire from the exterior with a hoseline, This action_______
eliminates the need for a smoke curtain and door control because once the fire is knocked down the open door allows you to start ventilation immediately, crews enter, extinguish, search.
returning to a rekindle is______
embarrassing and unprofessional
What is an important chemical component of Class A foams?
emulsifying agents that encapsulate the hydrocarbon molecules.
the team assigned to back up should not?
enter the building from a different access point.
understanding flow path and how quickly they develop an officer may have to ?
enter the room with the team and close the door behind or remain in the hallway with a closed door to the search room
In smoke or fire visible situations, the engine company should....
establish a supply line either by forward or reverse lay.
According to ECFO, what is the role of the second arriving engine?
establish water supply and back up line.
Temperature and pressure will affect the rate of ?
evaporation
for a company drive by of the fire building this should occur how often?
every 3 to 4 hours
Not every tactical worksheet is an accountability system however,....
every accountability system should mirror or can double as a tactical worksheet.
Matter
every physical object you see and everything that exists in the universe
What in the modern fire service is driven by Risk?
everything
If Fire gases can ignite then they can?
explode!
Pumpers should be hooked into fdc's for ___________ ___________ as well as into the fire building.
exposure buildings
If fire is burning up an interior stairway or other vertical opening into the first floor, what needs to be positioned to protect the integrity of the stairway door?
exposure line
Sprinklers are as effective for __________ ___________ as they are for fire control
exposure protection
movable exposures
exposures that can be protected by physically moving them away from the reach of fire.
It is safer to access a basement from?
exterior entry door until the integrity of the interior stairs has been verified.
The objective of interior exposure coverage is the same as?
exterior exposure coverage
Signs of Backdraft include:
extreme heat (+1200) any confined fire w/ large heat build up in a tightly sealed building no visible flame on exterior of building dull red flame in the thick of the smoke puffing of smoke heavy pushing black smoke smoke stained windows hot to touch bowed windows(pressure) turbulent smoke thick yellow brown smoke no smoke showing large open are structure (box stores)
Dont make entry into an exhaust portal. Why?
extremely dangerous cant outrun air convected currents.
What are the "first tier problems"?
fast water Identify / control flow path Forcible entry SAR Interior attack lines RIT crew back up lines exposure lines water supply Placing ground ladders Ventilation
vertical fire spread is ____________ than horizontal fir spread
faster
this is the primary reason why high rise fires requires multiple alarms?
fatigue
According to the project mayday what is the number one reason FF called a mayday?
fell into a basement.
before ventilating you should check for?
fire and smoke conditions within the structure should be evaluated prior to any type of ventilation opening is made.
direct attack
fire attack team enters from the unburned side toward the burned side to apply water directly onto the seat of the fire
with transitional ventilation, you start with the ?
fire floor and the first two floors above the fire floor
Factors for exposure that Fire department has control over are?
fire force and equipment responding
Why is Exposure the second strategic objective in Rec-V?
fire gets ahead of resources on scene in concealed spaces
If there is a working fire inside a building, assume that?
fire has entered the concealed spaces
Smoke/ fire showing from roof features such as a vent pipe is an obvious sign that?
fire has spread to the shafts leading to these outlets
resetting the fire is like taking the energy out of the fire and knocking it down to the energy level put out by a ?
fire in the growth stage
When checking activated sprinkler systems the ______________ must be checked
fire pump
All assignment should be given to teams of firefighters with the one exception of?
firefighter assigned to run the elevator
ventilation for ______________ __________ occurs when the vent plan, originally designed for fire control is not working and interior crews are taking a beating
firefighter safety
opposing lines
firefighters need to avoid operating streams from opposite directions, coordinated attack must be ensured
by making entry from the first floor stair into the basement and a window fails in the basement what will occur?
firefighters on the stairs are in a "chimney". A high - low flow path is created and they are in the path of where the fire wants to go
Overhaul begins close to the area where?
firefighting operations ended
The stairway with the most advantages should be designated as the ?
firefighting stairway.
RIC members should closely monitor the assigned_____________ at all times
fireground radio
Use Class B foams on?
fires involving Class B flammable fuels
Vertical openings should be opened at the _________ _______ if there are any signs of fire spread there.
first floor
Initial growth stage of fire
first growth stage of Ventilation limited fire growth model. when in a fire growth room the convected air currents are causing the fire to grow with intensity as the exposed solid materials are beginning to burn.
wherever heated gases and pressurized smoke are:
flames will shortly follow!
Once you start thinking of smoke as fuel you quickly realize that Firefighter who are in zero visibility, surrounded by dense smoke, are working in a pool of?
flammable fuel
Thick black smoke plumes is a classic for?
flammable petroleum liquid is involved.
The thicker the smoke, the more spectacular the _____ or fire spread will be.
flashover
Ventilation always creates a ___________?
flow path
Wind drives the _________________with extreme speeds and at temperatures well over 1,000 degrees
flow path currents
At any point that smoke or flames start to show through the floor you should?
flow water
what nozzle is better suited to protect and support rescue efforts?
fog nozzle
When hose lines are taken up of the face of the building, only 1 section of hose is needed for every _____ or ______ stories
four or five stories
expect a standpipe to be present in any building that is?
four stories or higher from ground level.
In a high rise elevators should not be used for fires below the?
fourth floor
to activate a sprinkler head what occurs?
frangible bulb or fusible link reaches activation temperature and allows water to flow out
Firefighters entering the building without reporting to the group supervisor are___________________?
freelancing
LDH provides the most efficient means of minimizing __________?
friction loss and developing the full potential of water supplies
The lack of these makes ventilation of a high rise during fire attack nearly impossible?
functional windows
Combustion takes place when a substance is in what state?
gaseous
what valves uses control wheels to either open or close them?
gate and butterfly valves
What are the priorities for engine company at high rise fire?
get initial hose line into operations, back up lines and exposure lines
Type 1 high rise office buildings are essentially?
giant incinerators built to outlast the burn time of combustible material
When interior temperatures reach over 600 degree's what will fail?
glass
For a row house what is a quick way to survey the "C" side
go through an exposure building to see what is going on out back
Plastics and painted surfaces emit a _______smoke
gray smoke. this is a combination of black from the hydrocarbons and white from the escaping moisture.
back up lines should have __________and ___________than the initial attack line
greater reach and deliver more water
In the kitchen area, the chance for weakened floor assemblies or localized floor collapse are?
greatest here in the kitchen
If the fire has been knocked down then the risk to firefighters, apart from structural instability has been?
greatly reduced
when a search is being conducted what should be placed to the Second floors and the floors above the fire as a secondary means of egress ?
ground ladders, also hose lines should be placed to protect the stairs and assist search personnel.
one of the fastest and easiest ways to get through a door to a hallway or office is to breach the ?
gypsum board wall reach through and open the door.
class 2 standpipe features
has a 1 1/2" outlet at locations and often has 100 ' of 1 1/2" hose in a wall mounted cabinet
Firefighters greatest adversary in a high rise building fire is?
heat
Friction can cause
heat temperatures sufficient enough to ignite surrounding combustible materials
What are the major issues firefighters face in high rise fires?
heat, elevation, water, breathable air and wind
pressure at the top of the fire room is ?
higher pressure, pressurized smoke will seek to leave
The indirect attack should be concentrated on the wall of the exposure unit that has the ________________?
highest heat readings from the TIC
even in a wind driven fire it is best to...?
hit the fire defensively then enter from the unburned side of the structure to place a hose line between the fire and the occupants.
In an offensive to defensive transitional attack the goal is to not extinguish the fire but to?
hold back encroaching flames while SAR is performed.
Fire resistant structures are built to resist the spread of fire but also tend to?
hold in heat, forces firefighters to contend with excessive concentrations of heat.
A straight stream at mid level between ceiling and floor will most likely blow out any windows, aiding in?
horizontal and hydraulic ventilation
adjoining basements must be checked for?
horizontal fire spread.
All large shopping malls are fully sprinklered and have ?
horizontal stand pipe system
nearly every structure fire we face can be ventilated effectively with ?
horizontal ventilation
In a no attack strategy what needs to be in place to protect fire doors at the entrances of the fire floors?
hose lines
smoke explosions during overhaul can be prevented by?
hose lines wetting down burning material that is still emitting hot smoke and with PPV
A risk management plan serves as documentation that risks have been _____and _____?
identified and considered.
treat every house and piece of property as?
if it were your own
Ventilation controlled fire growth model
ignition (incipient) Initial Growth stage Ventilation Limited Stage Explosive Growth Stage Fully Developed Stage Decay Stage
what is the advantage of a pre-plumbed master stream appliance?
immediate application of heavy stream once positioned.
Ventilation should occur ____________ before the attack team makes entry
immediately
When does search begin?
immediately after water application
Once a fire is confirmed in a high rise the I/C should?
immediately call for a second or third alarm
regarding a single family residential fire the main body of fire should be attacked?
immediately with a proper sized attack line. at the same time FF sent to the second floor to begin ventilation and SAR
What has contributed to declining fire rates?
improvements and expansion of fire and building codes. requirements of automatic Sprinkler system Automatic Fire alarm systems Fire prevention inspections smoke detector programs public education
when can master streams be used as a back up lines?
in commercial building fires where significant savable property or in open space high rise buildings.
Many vertical voids within a building originate and terminate ?
in the basement. provides numerous channels for fire gases to spread throughout the building.
Fire or combustion has its origin where?
in the bonds formed between atoms and molecules. Endothermic reaction
where are the vertical risers of standpipes usually found?
in the interior stairways older buildings can have class 1 standpipe on the outside.
Where is the initial command post usually located?
in the lobby near or at the FACP or in the buildings fire control center
The 4 major incident priorities are listed?
in the order they should be carried out
Because of the interior design (layout) of the garden apartments A fire officer may not notice a fire where?
in the rear of the structure if passage from front to rear is not allowed.
What is the exception to back up firefighters not fighting a fire with the initial attack team?
in type II non combustible buildings with open web bar joist roof construction,. deploy the 2 1/2" hand line and cool the roof system to prevent collapse while the attack team fights the fire.
If you see brown smoke from the gable ends of a house in an attic fire, but NO flames it indicates?
incomplete combustion due to lack of oxygen
What is the main advantage of LDH?
increase in water flow with corresponding reduction to friction loss.
White smoke under pressure
indicates smoke from a hot fire already pressurized in the building. A classic sign of decay stage fire ready for smoke explosion!
What is the safest method of attack at a wind driven high rise residential fire?
indirect from the adjoining residential units.
the outcome at the fireground depends, to a great extent, on the effectiveness of the?
initial attack
back up firefighters should not fight the fire along with the?
initial attack team
ventilation is not necessarily an isolated tactic, it is a part of the ?
initial fire attack
What stage does pyrolisis begin?
initial growth stage causing more smoke to be produced.
Back up lines should at least be the same size as the?
initial line if not bigger
an indrect attack into the attic can be accomplished by?
inserting a piercing nozzle into the attack space from room below, or by accessing from the soffits from the outside or gabled ends
if fire has been involved around areas that are insulated what needs to happen?
insulation must be removed
regarding ventilation, the movement of air currents always ________________?
intensifies a fire
In type III older buildings where is a common location for the Gas meter?
interior in the basement
Ventilation that is NOT preceded by, concurrent with or immediately followed by Effective water application and suppression efforts will?
introduce sufficient oxygen to bring the fire area rapidly to flashover conditions.
Laminar smoke flow :
is a smooth lazy streamlined flow produced by pyrolysis indicating the box is still absorbing heat and that temp and pressure in the box are relatively low, survivability profile is High
temperature
is an indicator and measurement of heat
Upon entry to a bedroom for VEIS, the firefighter should immediately?
isolate the door to stop the flow path.
Because acrolein has Auto ignition temp of 428, once it ignites then,
it acts as a ladder fuel ignition makes the other autoignition temps of gases irrelevant causing them to ignite causing smoke explosion or a flashover.
what is another reason why a straight stream is to be used on a transitional attack?
it allows for natural ventilation process to occur through the same opening.
When you see turbulent smoke realize that:
it is heat pushed and pressurized and that flashover is imminent.
liquids can not burn unless:
it is in a suspension, also referred to as atomization.
For wide frontage buildings try for the entrance that is closest to the fire because?
it will require the shortest hose lay.
Gas state
its natural physical state that permits for chemical reaction to occur, making gaseous fuels the most dangerous of all fuel states
the majority of vertical shafts and poke throughs are in the ?
kitchen area
For fire attack in rescue, the goal is to get water on the fire by any means possible to?
knock down and reset the fire.
buildings with built in fire protection systems Firefighters must?
know the type of system installed and how it functions
vertical ventilation is more ____________________and ____________________than horizontal ventilation
labor intensive , time consuming.
what company is best to use for initial recon assignment?
ladder company
Horizontal ventilation needs to be coordinated by the ?
ladder company or an outside team
Fuels with lower flammable ranges act as ?
ladder fuels for other flammable gases~!
Many offensive actions can take place from the outside they include?
laddering a window for rescue, deploying hose lines from the outside into a window, getting hoses into position and charging them.
One of the most important size up criteria that the first in Company officer needs to identify is whether the smoke is ?
laminar or turbulent
With fires in concealed spaces, openings made must be?
large enough to inspect, extinguish and manipulate hose lines
a second purpose of overhaul is to?
leave the structure in a safe condition as possible.
in natural ventilation what side is opened first?
leeward side
Lightweight construction has:
less mass, more fuel, Many VOID spaces
How long should it take to get an attack line in to position and have it charged in operation?
less than 1 minute.
A full out fire attack can actually use?
less water, puts fire out faster.
water applied via the interior basement stair has a
limiting effect on cooling the basement or extinguishing the fire.
polar solvents
liquids that readily mix with water. Alcohols and polar solvents readily dissolve in water.
In multistory buildings the front entrance is usually the best access for?
locating the fire alarm panel, elevators, interior halls and stairways Also if equipped the FDC
Choosing the size of the hose will depend on:
location of the fire how it will be fought and number of personnel on scene to manage hose lines
In a large, occupied residential building the _______ and ____ indicate the greatest danger areas for occupants
location of the fire and direction of the smoke
In any type of structure, the main thrust of operations is determined by the location and severity of the fire and the?
location of the occupants most endangered by it.
Why are solid stream smooth bore nozzles often considered for high rise fire attack?
low operating pressures
regarding VEIS, the breaking of a bedroom window, the firefighter will create a ?
low pressure exhaust vent for the fire to move toward.
Center core construction:
made of reinforced concrete, it is a giant vertical shaft that runs the entire height of the skyscraper. contains the elevators, enclosed stairways, standpipes, and systems.
Large evacuations crowd the stairwells and does what to firefighters ascending in those stairwells?
makes it difficult to ascend
According to ECFO, in residential basement fire what practice should be discontinued, except as a last resort?
making entry through the first floor down the stairs into the basement.
All hotel / motel rooms are locked. Getting a _________________ will save time and prevents unnecessary property damage.
master key
The defensive to offensive transitional attack can also be accomplished using?
master streams, used when the fire occurs on upper floors of a tenement building.
inorganic compounds
matter in the universe that was never alive or part of a living organism.
In the explosive growth stage the building is:
may not be significantly pressurized Fuel ignition temperatures are warm temp is higher than initial event and growth stage compartment is pressurized Explosion is Rapid but not instantaneous Low pressure flow path has to develop to carry fresh air to the affected area.
Who are good candidates for overhaul assignments?
members who arrive on scene or off duty personnel
The flow rate for a class 3 standpipe is?
minimum of 500 and maximum of 1000 GPM in sprinklered buildings and 1250 Maximum for non sprinklered buildings
Fast moving high rise fire can double in size every?
minute
disposable buildings
modern lightweight construction that is cheaper to knock down and rebuild than to repair it after it has been damaged by fire.
Chemical compounds are made up of?
molecules that are joined or separated by bonding actions that use electricity as energy.
Rollover
momentary ignition of flammable gases that spreads chemical chain reaction to other adjacent flammables.
The normal path of egress is where?
most people try to escape frire from.
If the wind is less than 25 mph what can be used to keep the wind at the back of the fire crew while overhauling?
multiple PPV fans set up in the hallway or at the entry of the fire unit
if it is apparent or suspected that fire has spread into a vertical shaft or channel , that space>>>
must be opened and checked
what factors make a basement fire dangerous:
narrow stairs poor maintained stair maze or labrynth floor plan limited/ no windows small narrow windows low ceiling rapid heat and smoke trapped heat and smoke high concentration of CO
When do you need to use "double male or Double female couplings?
needed when a pumper is set up for a reverse lay and uses forward lay and Vice versa.
Are there any viable lives in a pre backdraft compartment?
no
Ignition is the point where there is ?
no longer a need for a separate external heat source..
the traditional tactic of pushing down the interior basement stairs to the seat of the fire should______?
no longer be considered a safe option.
secondary search
not a rapid search, a slower search with an emphasis on thoroughness
immediate rescue by first in engine company without trying First to knockdown the fire, should?
not be attempted except in Extreme Cases (extreme risk)
thermal layering
occurs when gases produced by the fire stratify into layers based on their temperatures. hotter gases rise cooler settle lower
a direct attack is the preferred method in most?
offensive fire attack situations
Of the five property classifications of high rise buildings which ones are the least Sprinklered?
older residential high rises
Pain registers at what temp?
on human skin at 111 degree
Where are the first attack line on the standpipe Connected?
one floor below the fire
according to nfpa 1901 what nozzles are required to be carried on a pump?
one handline combination spray nozzle (200 gpm) two handline combination spray nozzles (95 gpm) One playpipe with shutoff and 1, 1 1/8, and 1 1/4" tips One smooth bore or combo w/ shutoff that flows (250 gpm)
basement fire are challenging and dangerous because there may only be ?
one or two entry points into the basement area
It is dangerous to assign only ________ to an attack line for interior firefighting and should not be allowed
one person
Side core design places the giant vertical shaft to?
one side of the building.
the tactical objectives on the fire floor of a high rise building remain the same as in a ?
one story building
the tactical objectives on the fire floor of a multistory building remain the same as in a ______ __________ ____________.
one story building
What is a trick of the trade for salve and property conservation?
open drawers and put valuables inside the drawer place on bed and cover with a salvage tarp
to aid in primary search and the evacuation of victims,
open stairways must be protected.
The FF that is hooking up the standpipe hose outlet should?
open the valve prior to connecting the hose to flush out and bleed air from standpipe.
In high rise other responding engine companies can be positioned to cover
other standpipes connections.
in basements built like concrete vaults the safest and most efficient attack is through ?
outside doorway bulkhead or window opening smooth bore 2 1/2"
A house with Working Smoke detector, Heat detector and a residential sprinkler system increase chance of survival of fire by?
over 80%
interior exposures
parts of the fire building not yet involved
fire can easily spread from basement to basement through these?
party walls, where the beams rest on the walls.
What sprinkler head hangs down from the ceiling and has a flat deflector plate?
pendent
Levels of gases are described interms of ?
percentages
If a structure is set back off the street with a long driveway and no hydrant within 100' of the entrance then the first due engine should?
perform a split lay
Todays household furnishings are made of?
petroleum based plastics and synthetics known as modern fuels.
modern fuels
petroleum based products like plastics foams and synthetics.
The I/C can initiate what elevator operations to transfer firefighters bottles equipment to the staging floor?
phase II operations
Risk transfer
physically transferring the risk to someone else.
standpipe system
piping arrangement that carries water vertically from floor to floor and sometimes horizontally for two or more hose connections in a building for firefighting operations
Point of no return
point estimated to be bout 5 to 6 feet to the door, basically your body falling forward.
neutral plane
point where the interior pressure is equal to the pressure outside the structure.
what should be brought in to light up the interior scene?
portable lighting
what is the ideal position of exposure lines?
position that maximizes reach and effectiveness of the stream and at the same time provides firefighters protections from radiant heat outside of the collapse zones
In High rise structure the first arriving company should?
positioned to have ready access to the FDC and front entrances.
You should pump FDC to the ?
posted signage if present
Wherever possible 1 3/4" hose lines should be ?
preconnected to pump outlets
in Modern construction often basement ceilings / floor assembly are left open and unfinished exposing framing this causes?
premature failure and collapse potential for the dwelling. May not support weight of FF and hose lines.
What is the Royer Nelson formula based on?
premise that the best flow rate of water application results in controlling the fire within 30 seconds
Fire spread is Largely a?
pressure driven phenomenom
If there is no fire tower, the evacuation stairway should be?
pressurized by the buildings HVAC system and free of smoke
As soon as the fire floor and the floor above the fire are tenable the ?
primary search begins
Upon arriving at a single family detached dwelling the first due engine should?
proceed just past the building. (observe the side front and side)
regarding dangers in the firefighting stairway, What is a common occurrence especially in the summer months?
propping the doors open for convenience or air circulation
according to ECFO, whether or not it is necessary to evacuate a hospital, nursing home, or other such building depends on the type of construction, size of building, and location of fire doors ; the capacity to isolate and compartmentalize, the preferred method is ?
protect in place
For an engine, the water delivery capacity is limited by the capacity of it's _____?
pump and the # of suction intakes and discharge with which it is equipped.
In a vacuum heat is transferred only by?
radiation
What is often the cause of most exposure fires?
radiation
what is the major contributor to Flashover?
radiation in combination with convection. Heat builds up at upper levels of a compartment and simultaneously radiates back down and across the room.
What can be prevented by cooling the super heated ceiling environment, cooling the solid fuels, and controlling the amount of oxygen entering a structure?
rapid fire growth
An offensive to defensive transitional attack is?
rarely used
every effort should be made to use any exterior opening to the basement for fire attack. A __________________ is preferred to entering from the floor above?
rear door entrance.
factors that affect the severity of exposure problems include:
recent weather present weather (wind) delay in reporting traffic conditions proximity of fire to exposure building construction location and size of fire available water, equipment apparatus personel
What do surfactants do?
reduce surface tension
Size
refers to the size and amount of water needed to put out the fire.
Premature shutdown can allow a fire to?
regain intensity
during Rehab the primary goal is to?
rehydrate and replace lost fluids on firefighters
Wind can carry lighter debris and embers and they can?
reignite and start a new fire down wind.
What is the room temperature during Incipient stage?
relatively unchanged may be just above ambient temp.
Interior fire attack must be sustained with?
reliable water supply.
What is the only way to ensure that the HVAC system is shut down or operating as designed under fire conditions is to?
rely on the expertise of the building engineer, and recommended procedures in the pre fire plan
regarding fire in hospitals, schools or institutions, according to ECFO, first arriving companies should resist the temptation to assist and direct people from the building, rather?
remain focused on performing necessary fire attack duties.
If search of a hotel hallway is taking place with units on both sides of the hall, the officer should?
remain in the hallway with the tic while each firefighter searches a room; one on left, one on right. officer monitors conditions in the hall with the TIC.
salvage operations can unintentionally?
remove evidence and destroy evidence about the cause of fires
In type 1 office buildings, efforts should be concentrated on?
removing occupants and stopping fire extension
An evacuation is not a?
rescue, it is a fast fluid event that moves the largest number of able bodied people in an organized manor to an initial place of refuge.
An NFPA report suggests that of the three which is sprinkled the least often?
residential high rises
what is the newest type of sprinkler system?
residential sprinkler systems
` What are the ways an electric heat source can occur?
resistance, overcurrent or overload, arcing, sparking static charge and lightening
after a sprinkler is shut down the system should be ?
restored to operational level if possible by the FD
The decision to use a defensive to offensive transitional attack begins with?
risk benefit analysis and determining if there is life and property value still worth saving (VTS strategy)
Which is the most common and most visible method of risk control used by risk managers?
risk reduction (such as ICS)
When is the direct to engine approach riskier?
riskier in areas without hydrants, run the risk of running out of water.
where is flash point commonly seen?
rollover
Rollover is a sign that:
room temperature is rising.
A company officer must be able to choose the correct hose line and nozzle for the intended application this is done by calculating flow rate using what two formulas?
royer / nelson NFA formula
What are the two formulas used to calculate fire flow (GPM)
royer nelson (Iowa state) NFA
Who should be assigned during overhaul phase?
safety officers
Second tier problems include:
salvage overhaul rehab securing utilities crowd control traffic control
what should be practiced during overhaul operations?
salvage and property conservation
Back up hose lines should at least be the?
same size as the initial attack line or bigger.
What are the primary goals of a ahigh rise fire?
save lives and put out the fire
Actions that present a significant risk to the safety of firefighters shall be limited to situations where there is a potential to:
save lives that are in immediate danger
Firefighters on hose lines, by getting low to the floor, can probably see some clear area above the floor as they ?
search for victims near the fire
oriented search
search using methods and tools to keep the team oriented to their location within the building and to each other.
pressurized fire gases always want to ?
seek equilibrium
What is the surest way to cut power to a structure?
service drop disconnected by the utility provider
The strategy for life safety in residential apartment, condominiums, and hotels is to ?
shelter in place
When the movement of air is intensifying the fire what is the correct action to take?
shut down the HVAC system.
what is a common mistake made when using automatic sprinkler systems?
shutting down prematurely
What are the two categories of TIC's:
situational TIC (mask integtated or smaller lower quality tic) Decision making TIC (higher quality Hand held)
six sided size up
size up also includes what is above and below the fire.
Atom
smallest unit of matter made up of protons, neutrons, electrons
what is the most visible byproduct of combustion?
smoke
Another indication that a window has failed on the fire floor is?
smoke pulsating from around the edge of a door
for the safest and most effective operations for interior firefighting where civilians or firefighters will be in the area , what nozzles should be used?
smooth bore producing solid stream or combination adjusted to straight stream pattern
With higher elevation and winds above 30 mph, you need to use a _________ for penetration?
smooth bore tip
3 states of matter
solid liquid gas
during a fire, there can only be one source of water, either the buildings fire pump or the fire department engine, which ever has the highest pressure is the ?
source
___________ and ___________ are extremely important for controlling fires on upper floors
speed and maneuverability
Fire resistant buildings tend to have:
sprinkler systems fire doors / smoke doors enclosed stairways
Plan
stage that consists of determining the strategy and tactics and developing the QIAP
What are the major channels for vertical spread of a basement fire?
stairways and other openings
What is common with 4" standpipes?
standpipe friction loss
what is the temperature in the decay stage of fire?
starts to drop back to the 500 to 600 degree range.
Class A foam is lighter in weight and can resist gravity allowing it to _______?
stick to 3 dimensional surface.
If the first in Ladder comes from the opposite direction then the first due engine should do what?
stop short allowing the front of the building for ladder company.
indirect attack using specialty nozzles is best suited for Unoccupied areas such as :
storage areas, basements, attics, cocklofts, wall spaces and other concealed or sealed up compartments.
Low rise buildings require the same __________________ that would be utilized on high rise buildings.
strategies and Tactics
explosive nature of backdraft can cause
structural damage to building
exterior exposures
structures near a fire building
For a mixed occupancy building, initial attack operations if a sprinkler system exists, the driver should?
supply the sprinkler system to support fire attack
The I/C should assign apparatus to positions that will?
support the attack
Life value is where this comes in to play?
survivability profile
Regarding ventilation, according to ECFO, it takes more time to pressurize an entire house than it does to?
systematically vent smaller compartments in sequence with a single PPV
The officer use the TIC to ____________________and ________________________in the immediate area of the search team?
take temperature readings and check any fire conditions
If a structure is set back off the street with a long driveway, First due engine should do what?
take the hydrant and perform forward lay.
Smoke from burning wood changes color as it is dried out. It goes from?
tan to brown
Why is the residual pressure important to the pump operator?
tells you an accurate indication of available water supply from the hydrant
Sprinklers come rated for activation depending upon?
temperature
ignition temperature
temperature at which the fuels spontaneously ignite.
non polar solvents
tend to not mix with water and often will float on top of water.
Tender
term for mobile water supply apparatus generally carries between 1000 - 3,500 gallons water with no pump
Fastest smoke from the most restrictive openings in a building tell you?
that's where the fire is!
What is the advantage of a leader line type nozzle
the 1 1/2" connection is ahead of the shutoff. The 2 1/2" line can remain charged while a smaller handline is extended
What hose has been called the "workhorse" of the fire department?
the 2 1/2" hose
Ventilation needs to be considered a critical part of?
the Fire suppression attack.
A controlled burn relies upon?
the Type 1 construction until the fuel load is consumed.
The last thing the officer is responsible on the search team is ?
the air management of the team
First area to be searched after the fire room is?
the area directly above the fire.
Bond
the atomic glue that hold molecules together
Volume of smoke is relative to?
the box size
The position the first in engine company takes may depend upon?
the building type
overhaul
the careful and systematic examination of the areas that were on fire to determine whether there is any remaining sparks or embers that can rekindle
What is the most common heat source encountered is?
the chemical chain reaction of the Fire tetrahedron
oxidation
the chemical reaction that occurs during combustion
In combustion Heat energy is released and reabsorbed and accumulates within the process allowing?
the chemical reaction to continue.
Radiation
the combined process of emission transmission, and absorption of energy traveling by electromagnetic wave progression between a region of higher temperature and a region of lower temperature.
Staying low to the floor provides?
the coolest temperatures and best visibility.
Wind is a powerful force that will influence ?
the direction of a flow path.
In a high rise fire, pay attention to the smoke velocity and density. Fast smoke reveals?
the direction of the flow path and which way the fire wants to go.
rooms that the fire has entered should also be searched, then ?
the door should be shut to isolate the fire.
Heavy smoke and fire in the hallway usually means what has happened?
the door to the fire unit is left open.
survivability profile has been described as:
the educated art of examining a situation and making an intelligent decision about committing firefighters to lifesaving and/or interior operations.
an area with cobwebs probably has not seen what?
the effects of heat and smoke
regarding VEIS, what portion of the window should be broken out?
the entire window
What portion of the window should be broken out to accommodate a firefighter and all of their gear?
the entire window.
For wide frontage buildings the first arriving company can at least observe the approach side of the building and the front. Position the apparatus so that ?
the entrances to the building can be used in attacking the fire.
If there is any chance that a building is occupied and an interior attack is possible, then ?
the fire should be knocked from the outside, then fought from within. (transitional attack)
Ventilation without water application makes?
the fire worse
Primary search is :
the first search, a quick systematic search of an area to determine whether victims are still in the building
Flashover can occur in the fire room during explosive Growth phase but modern smoke is fuel and once ignited will do what?
the flames will follow the convected currents beyond the room of origin. This is called flameover.
rated capactiy
the flow rate at which the pump manufacturer certifies when new
In general, the company that is expected to arrive first on the fireground is expected to be assigned to?
the front of the building (A side)
In a fuel limited fire, decay stage can begin when ?
the fuel is depleted or it can begin when the oxygen is depleted.
attic and cockloft fires are common because all the smoke and heated gases rise to?
the highest point of the structure
What should be left at the hydrant on a dry forward lay?
the hydrant bag and tools.
What does the initial back up line serve as?
the initial RIT line until a dedicated RIT line is in place.
Firefighters on the exposure line on the floor above a basement fire must ensure that ?
the interior door on the top of the basement stairs remains closed.
Who is typically assigned reconnaissance, lobby control, elevators, forcible entry and Search Evacuate Rescue, ventilation and other support activities?
the ladder companies
What is often considered the weakest component of firefighter protective gear ensemble?
the lens and face piece of the SCBA
higher the surface to mass ratio ?
the less heat energy it takes to light the fuel
Color of smoke can also help determine ?
the location of the fire. pressure pushes the smoke away from the fire passing through the building materials filtering the smoke.
LEL
the lower end of the flammable range explosive range
Ventilation is?
the mechanism that moves and exchanges the atmosphere to deliver and reintroduce fresh oxygen to a smoldering Fire.
flash point
the minimum temperature at which a liquid fuel produces enough vapor to "flash" upon the introduction of a flame or spark.
When occupants are trying to escape from a fire they usually take?
the most common path of egress
what is the boundary between hot and cool gas layers?
the neutral plane
Size up
the observation and systematic evaluation of the existing conditions in order to identify the problems, determine what happened, what is going to happen and develop strategy and tactics to mitigate.
Who is the anchor point of the oriented search, and he/she sometimes will stay in one place?
the officer
On the exposure floors the ceiling should be pulled to expose?
the plenum and return air channels
equillibrium
the point where there are as many molecules being liberated from the liquid as being reabsorbed by the liquid. (balance)
risk
the possibility of suffering harm or a loss from the dangers and hazards of fire and other (non) emergency operations.
what practice should be discontinued after searching a room?
the practice of putting a small pieced of furniture in the doorway. (emphasis on door control)
static pressure
the pressure existing without any flow motion. (Hydrant into Pump)
pyrolysis
the process in which material is decomposed or broken down into smaller molecular compounds by the effects of heat alone
Conduction
the process of transferring heat by direct contact through one solid object to another.
There are two master pump gauges on the apparatus pump panel they are?
the pump intake (compound gauge) Pump discharge gauge
If an increase in engine speed is Not accompanied by an increase in discharge pressure then....
the pump is moving as much water as it can.
In older homes opening the fron t door can sometimes block and hide access to?
the second floor stairwell.
What is going to be hidden creating a problem in continuing complex of attached structures?
the sides of all but the end buildings are hidden.
If there is a confirmed fire, a pumper should be hooked up to ?
the sprinkler system FDC
evaporation
the state of conversion from a liquid to a gas under normal atmospheric conditions.
The choice of initial attack lines depends on?
the strategy of attack and the rate of flow required to extinguish the size of the fire
Growth phase will continue to accelerate and intensify until?
the supply of fuel or oxygen is exhausted.
The number of attack lines that can be put into service in mobile water supply operations is determined by?
the supply of water that can be maintained.
In flashover the temp at the ceiling may be as high as
the temperature at the floor.
The rate at which heat is transferred is related to?
the temperature differential of objects. The greater the temp differential the greater the Heat transfer rate.
Convection
the transfer of heat by the circulatory movement by air or water.
UEL
the upper end of the flammable or explosive range
Who should be turning utilities back on?
the utility company
What is the difference between Class A and Class B foams?
the way it extinguishes fire. Class B water is needed to mix the foam, Class A water is the main ingredient.
Vapor density
the weight of a gas as compared to normal air.
Density
the weight of a material and depends on the number of molecules and atoms that occupy a given volume.
What are the two factors that make fighting a residential high rise fire difficult?
the wind and the elevation
High heat and thick smoke under pressure are the first signs that?
the window in the fire room has self vented
If water is cascading down the stairway, after the standpipe is charged, it is an indication that?
there are open discharge valves somewhere in the stairway.
Air movement can also occur in any direction when?
there is a high to low pressure differential. High always moves to low pressure.
No risk to firefighters is acceptable when ?
there is no chance of saving lives or property.
If there is no occupant life hazard at risk and if no property value exists there is nothing left to save then?
there is no justified reason to attack offensively and the strategy should be : defensive
What is a common feature of Garden apartments?
they share a common attic or cockloft space with little to stop the spread of fire once it gets into the void spaces.
it is important that search personnel leave an office or work area through the same doorway used to enter it. If conditions force search teams to leave by a different door then?
they should notify command immediately.
exposure lines must be placed where?
they will cover the most amount of the exposed area
Quick Incident action plan
this is for the first arriving officer who takes command of the fire.
approach assessment
this is made when driving into the scene, to view the exterior conditions and ass many sides of the building as possible
What is a long lay distance?
those exceeding 1000' upto 2000'
Carrying capacity of 4" LDH delivers a volume of water equivalent to _________2 1/2" hose lines
three
regarding exposures what may not be known is?
time of the alarm, size and intensity of the fire and it's location
the Operational objective of NFPA 1901 is?
to arrive on scene with the necessary equipment for immediate life safety operations and emergency control
What is the basic purpose of overhaul?
to ensure that the fire is completely extinguished
What is the basic concept of the oriented search?
to have the officer remain at the door of the room being searched with the TIC while the firefighters search the room.
what is the objective of an indirect attack?
to prevent flashover by removing heat from the upper atmosphere (ceiling level)
Why is it beneficial for a RIC team to have there own hose line?
to protect downed FF also this hose is top of the pile will not be weighted down by the other hose lines.
What is the main purpose of VEIS?
to remove a victim through the window.
Once firefighters enter a room, the first action is ?
to search behind the door.
What is the purpose of a nozzle
to shape the stream and convert pressure energy to velocity energy
Venting a Vent Limited Fire draws the flames ______?
to the low pressure ventilation hole that was just created. This makes a bi directional Flow Path!
What is the key to keeping accurate accountability?
to work with status boards as the assignments are being made.
When the fire has self vented through a window or door what type of attack should precede the interior attack?
transitional (indirect) attack
to incorporate the UL NIST findings for initial fire attack what 3 strategies and tactics need to be modified or implemented?
transitional attack (def. to off.) our approach to basement fires coordinated ventilation
When you need to get a hoseline between occupants and a fire use:
transitional attack knocking down, cools interior makes tenable, then go interior. unburned toward seat...
What is the greatest Physical stressor the firefighters face in high rise firefighting as a result of the lack of ventilation?
trapped Heat
If PPV is creating undesirable conditions, simply have a firefighter ?
turn the fan 90 degrees away from the door or shut the fan off.
For High rise buildings, How many remotely located FDC's are required for each zone within the pumping range of Fire apparatus?
two
There should be one crew on standby for every _______ crews assigned to a high rise task
two
Members must be rehabbed after working through how many SCBA bottles?
two bottles
Value
two categories: Life value Property value
How many types of transitional attack are there?
two types
bi-directional flow path
two way or high / low current of fresh air and smoke competing for the same opening. lower (ground level)intake fresh air. high point or exhaust outlet smoke and super heated gases escape.
defensive search
type of search conducted in the immediate vicinity of the door; used when heat conditions in a room indicate an imminent flashover and a hose line is not in place to cool the atmosphere
What type of construction are older Garden style aprtments?
typically type III Newer are type V
Every effort should be made to advance hose lines to the ____________ and to ventilate the building
upper areas
How can you tell if your indirect attack is working in a High rise residential fire?
use spotters or observers from adjacent buildings.
defensive attack
used when the building has no longer any value or when GPM requirement to extinguish is more than hand lines can supply.
When encountering a victim or downed firefighter and the fire can not be extinguished what technique can be used to create space between fire and victim?
using a fog pattern to push back flames and and smoke can be used in a "protect in place" strategy.
What is the fastest method to attack and ventilate a room fire according to ECFO?
using a hydrovent nozzle
according to Engine company fireground operations (ECFO) How does a firefighter accomplish the task of transitional attack?
using a straight stream nozzle spray water into the opening for 15 to 20 seconds
the closer the smooth bore nozzle gets to the diameter of the fire hose, it has less ____________?
velocity it has
Windows of rooms that are not involved with fire and hallway windows should be opened or removed in order to ?
vent as much of an upper story as possible.
If an area is untennable due to intense heat, __________________should be conducted from the outside.
ventilation
Lobby control consists of the following?
verify alarm location location of sprinkler activity est.. contact with building engineering acquires emergency documents selecting FF and evac stairs manage evac of occupants gain control of building systems directing incoming units to appropriate stair or elevator
auto exposure
vertical fire exposure when fire jumps from floor to floor through the failure of an exterior window.
what are the two strategies to prevent backdraft from developing?
vertical vent at highest point horizontal vent and overwhelm with master streams
what type of ventilation should only be considered when the area or fire room is directly below the roof , a cockloft, or attic; the building is over pressurizedwith smoke from a lower unit ; or the fire unit entrance is from a common area with an open staircase all the way up to the top floor
vertical ventilation
Fire may move horizontally from one building or occupancy to an adjoining one through?
walls ducts, and ceiling spaces
heat always moves from?
warmer object to a cooler object
When you first make entry into a structure ______?
watch to see what the smoke does.
water on the fireground flows at tremendous pressure and velocity all valves must be opened and closed slowly and smoothly to prevent?
water hammer
standpipes provide?
water source in upper elevations without long hose lays and without the associated friction losses.
What SOG's should be established for fireground operations?
water supply hose lays initial fire attack back up lines relay pumping tanker shuttle ops using private fire protection systems property conservation overhaul
Tanker
water supply vehicle that carries 1000 gallons of more with a pump
what is the Ceiling temperatures in fully developed stage?
well over 1400 degrees
flowing the floor
wetting down the entire floor to provide a water barrier to prevent extension
The color of smoke is indicative of what
what stage the fire is in and what materials are burning.
When is a good time for the IC to give crew's a rest before extensive overhaul?
when IC does the post fire size up / pre overhaul safety inspection
when is the only time that horizontal ventilation should not be used?
when a building is over pressurized with high heat and smoke presenting classic conditions for a backdraft
boiling point
when a liquid is heated and the ability to dissipate the heat is overcome by the application of heat, rise in temperature occurs .
What are the indications of use for offensive to defensive transitional attack?
when all indications point to a defensive strategy Except there is a a known life hazard, or area of building can be searched before it is time to abandon the building.
hose layering
when hoses are weighed over each other there is significant weight and friction to deal with
Hose layering
when multiple hose lines are laid in the same hall, corridor, stairway. The weight of the charged hoses and friction created by them make it extremely difficult for the hoses to move. except for the one on top.
When is the transitional attack; defensive to offensive used?
when the fire has self vented through a door or window and should precede the interior attack
Chimney effect is:
when the smoke / fire push from the basement up the interior stair case going high to low in bidrectional flow. until a window fails and all POC's go out and up the stair case. putting ff between flow path and outlet. NOT GOOD.
When operating with tank water only, the apparatus operator should announce what?
when the tank water level is at 3/4, 1/2, 1/4 before depleted so operating crews on interior can withdraw.
Lean
when there is not enough combustible gases present to ignite
Rich
when there is too much combustible gases present.
back up lines should be stretched when?
whenever it is obvious that the fire will not be extinguished quickly with initial attack lines.
Once the fire is located it can be determined?
where it is headed.
what do firefighters need to figure out?
where the fire is and get inside to attack the seat and place a hose line between victims and the fire.
Most solid materials such as wood initially emit a ?
white smoke primarily result of pyrolysis and moisture vapors releasing.
for exposure the worst combination of factors are?
wind and dry weather
what can be deadly in a residential high rise?
wind driven fire
How long should it take a single firefighter operating outside of the IDLH environment deploying a hydrovent nozzle to significantly improve (or eliminate) a hostile thermal environment?
within 30 seconds of opening the nozzle
Does fuels orientation affect the way it burns?
yes., solid fuel in vertical position fire spread is more rapid than if it were in a horizontal
upon entry, if smoke thins briefly, but then steady smoke flows OUT of the the door then ?
you are in an exhaust outlet of uni directional flow path. The fire is below the level of the opening. This is a chimney! indicates basement fire!
