Engineering Ethics Exam 2, Engineering Ethics Test 2 Review, PHIL 482 Final, ENGR 482 Final, ENGR 482 - Final, PHIL 482 Exam 2 Notes Material, PHIL 482 exam 2, ENGR-482 exam 2
Who were the main player of the Challenger incident
Roger Boisjoly- tried to stop the launch from Martin Thinkol the night before Bob Ebeling also tried to stop the launch NASA- didn't listen and pushed forward with the launch
Often lawyers work on a contingency basis whereby they only receive a fee from their client for their services when their services result in financial award to their client. In regard to this type of practice in engineering, which of the following is true?
TBPE doesn't mention it
TEPA vs NSPE
TEPA: property rights and is requirement
What is meant by Don Ihde's phrase "technological intentionality"?
Technology "shades" how we see the world, emphasizing some things at the expense of others.
In regard to an engineer's responsibility to protect the public welfare, which of the following statements are accurate?
The NSPE code of ethics is more emphatic than the TBPE in
In regard to an engineer's responsibility to protect the public welfare, which of the following statements are accurate?
The NSPE code of ethics is perhaps more emphatic than the TBPE rules in describing this responsibility as "paramount"
Often lawyers work on a "contingency basis", whereby they only receive a fee from their client for their services when their services result in a financial award to their client. In regard to this type of practice in engineering, which of the following is true?
The TBPE rules do not address this specifically, while the NSPE code specifically prohibits it
Which of the following best captures the sense of Bruno Latour's "script" of a thing?
The behaviors that the artifact invites its user to perform
The Texas Engineering Practices Act (TEPA) defines the practice of engineering as...
The performance of or an offer or attempt to perform any public or private service or creative work, the adequate performance of which requires engineering education, training, and experience in applying special knowledge or judgement of the mathematical, physical, or engineering sciences
Which of the following is an example of an embodiment relationship?
The use of a cane by a blind person
Which of the following is an example of a mediating technology?
The use of an x-ray machine to view a broken bone
The TEPA, in a section commonly referred to as the "industry exemption," allows employees of a private company to do certain work without a license if...
The work can include tasks considered to be the practice of engineering so long as engineering services are not offered to the public
What does Martin Heidegger say often happens with tools as they are used?
They become invisible because the user's focus is on the task at hand and they are noticed when they do not function as designed
According to Ellul, "technique" has begun to determine all of man's activities, not just his productive activity. (T/F)
True
Bruno Latour, reflecting the "Strong View" toward technological artifacts, believed artifacts are morally considerable because they work as actants alongside human beings in a responsible network. (T/F)
True
Which of the following were among reactions to the Macondo blowout?
Two new federal regulations required licensed engineers to approve certain aspects of drilling
Which of the following were among the reactions to the Macondo blowout and resulting oil spill?
Two new federal regulations were immediately adopted requiring licensed engineers to approve certain aspects of the drilling and completion process and to certify the blowout preventer
Which of the following is an example of conflict of interest according to the definition in the TBPE rules?
When an engineer accepts an assignment in which the decisions he or she will make for the client may be impacted by his or her financial interests
Which of the following is an example of conflict of interest according to the definition in the TBPE rules?
When an engineer accepts an assignment in which the decisions he or she will make for the client may be impacted by his or her financial interests.
Which state was the first to pass a law to regulate the practice of engineering?
Wyoming
Which State was the first to pass a law to regulate the practice of engineering?
Wyoming (1907, after methane explosion in Union Pacific Coal company mine that killed 169 people 😭)
Proper Management Decision
a decision that should be made by managers because (1) involves factors relating to the well-being of the org (cost, scheduling, marketing) (2) decision does not force engineers to make unacceptable compromises with their own tech expertise
The rules outlined in the TEPA should be considered...
a law binding all engineers licensed by TBPE
Harm Preventing Whistle Blowing
a practice or product does or will cause serious harm to individuals or society at large
Precautionary Principle
better safe that sorry; popular in Europe, human life is invaluable- still won't spent tons of money but believes #'s in risk benefit are unreliable. No single universal formation
What was the problem in the columbia incident
caused by a crack in the leading edge of the wing Normalized Problem "foam shedding'
Organizational factors that contributed to the loss of the columbia included:
constrained financia and personnel resources, schedule pressures, characterization of the shuttle as an operational, rather than developmental, program, organizational barriers preventing communication of safety information
Proper Engineering Decision
decision that should be made by an engineer bc (1) involves technical matter that require engineer expertise (2) falls within the ethical standards embodied in engineering codes (especially those that require them to protect the public)
Which of these is a characteristic of a proper management decision?
does not force engineers to make unacceptable compromises with their own technical or ethical standards
According to Elul, what is the ultimate value for "technique"?
efficiency
6 NSPE cannons
engineers, in their performance of their duties, shall: -hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public (rule utilitarism) -perform services only in the areas of their incompetence (rule utilitarism) -issue public statements only in objective and truthful manner (rule utilitarism or duty) -act for each employer as a faithful agent or trustees (duty ethics) -avoid deceptive acts (duty ethics) -conduct themselves honorably, ethically, and lawfully to enhance the honor, rep, and usefulness of the profession (duty ethics)
A situation in which individuals conform to the consensus around them at the expense of critical thinking is called ______.
groupthink
What is a criticism to Risk Benefit
how can we be sure of the probability or value of a human life
Objective Risk
how likely some negative event is actually to occur
Democratic Model
involves public and letting them make decisions even if they are not experts
What is the hallmark of a proper engineering decision?
involves technical matters or affects public health, safety or welfare
Why are Robert Moses' architectural designs indicative of Langdon Winner's view of the moral properties of artifacts (i.e. the "Strong View")?
moral values are built into his designs, which come to embody these values
Epistemic Principle
more desirable to avoid a false negative that a false positive (false positives are better i.e false alarms)
Although foam strikes were below performance specifications for the shuttle, management convinced themselves that past successes were an indication that a known defect would not cause problems, instead of deciding the issue on the basis of testing and sound engineering analysis. This is an example of ______.
normalizing deviance
What was the main cause of the Challenger Incident
o-ring blow by caused heating of the fuel tank resulting in failure proper engr. decision, bad manager decision
Technocratic Model
objective science informs policy making. Only experts in the field make the decisions
The basic values, norms, beliefs and practices shares across institutions within a company is called ______.
organizational culture.
Subjective Risk
perceived, depends on what you believe If subjective > objective, does not mean fear is irrational
What is the expsoure to the chance of injury or loss, equal to Probability x Consequences?
risk
Groupthink
situations in which groups come to agreement at the expense of critical thinking
Criticism to Precautionary Principle
slow progress, overly strict, vague
Thiokol's concern about low temperatures centered on______.
the low temperatures would impair the sealing function of the polymer o-ring seal.
Thoikol's reversal of their initial no-launch recommendation occured after______.
the negative reaction of Marshall
In the TEPA industry exemption section allows employees of a private company to do certain work without a license if...
the work can include tasks considered to be the practice of engineering so long as engineering services are not offered to the public
The purpose behind the NSPE defining an engineer's responsibility to the profession is probably...
to convey that the services provided by engineers require honesty, impartiality, fairness, and equity and must be dedicated to the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare.
The purpose of the foam on the bipod ramp is______.
to provide protecting against the high heating of exposed surfaces during ascent
Risk Benefit
weights the benefit against quantitate cost- most common is US and Engr
Nasa managers who made the final decision to launch the Challenger______.
were unaware of the initial no-launch recommendation by Thoikol.
Wingspread Statement
when an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES should be taken even if some cause and effect relationships are not established Criticism- too vague, sometimes a threat will be no threat at all, unclear in long term, overly rigid
What would Kant say about Risk
when imposing risk on other, we are not permitted to treat them in any way that a rational person could not consent to
Rio Declaration (UN)
where the are threats of serous or irreversible damage, lack of scientific uncertainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing COST-EFFECTIVE measures to prevent environmental degradation
Normalization of Deviance
where the deviations from the proper standards of safety and acceptable risk were allowed to increase
Autonomy Promoting Whistle Blowing
you believe that if you do not publicly reveal what you know, then this will diminish people's autonomy (not give people the information they need to make an informed decision)
Completely-avoiding view Whistle Blowing
you believe that your work for that org. will contribute to the wrong and if you do not publicly reveal what you did. About saving your own name
What are main phrases in the NSPE preamble
"engineers are expected to exhibit the highest standards or honesty and integrity" "the services provided by engineers require honesty, impartiality... must be dedicated to the PUBLIC HEALTH, SAFETY, AND WELFARE." "must perform under a standard of professional behavior requires adherence to the highs principles of ethical conduct"
symptoms of groupthink
-illusion of invulnerability -sheared stereotypes -rationalization -illusion of morality -self-censorship -illusion of unanimity -direct pressure -mindguarding (information filter)
Four limitations of the Probabilistic Model
-is utilitarian Kant-treat people as means to end, Aristotle- risk aversion is a virtue -model is not risk adverse (unfair) -some risks are not probabilistic (prob of 0 is possible) -model cannot explain how risk is perceived by the public
A person is allowed to practice engineering in Texas without a license from the State if...
1001.051 he or she does not practice engineering for the public
An unlicensed engineer who works for a licensed engineer can perform which of the following tasks under the supervision of that licensed engineer?
1001.052 Design of engineering products or projects
Which of the following projects are exempt from the requirement to be sealed by a licensed engineer?
1001.053 Public project <$8000 involving electrical or mechanical engineering, or a public project <$20000
The rules outlined in the TEPA should be considered:
A law binding on all engineers licensed by TBPE
Which of the following projects are exempt from the requirement to be sealed by a licensed engineer?
A public project costing less than $8000 involving electrical or mechanical engineering, or a public project that does not cost more than $20,000
What is meant by Don Ihde's term "instability"?
An artifact can be used in different ways bases on each user's intentions
What prompted the Texas state legislature to pass the TEPA?
An explosion at a school caused by a gas leak that killed 300
What prompted the Texas State legislature to pass the Texas Engineering Practices Act?
An explosion at the New London School that was caused by a gas leak killing nearly 300
Which of the following is true accordding to the "Moderate View" toward technological artifacts?
Artifacts can give us reasons to do things we couldn't do before. Artifacts affect what choice of actions are available to us.
(Based on the terms we learned) what were the issues in Columbia and Challenger
Challenger= acceptance of authority, self-deceptions, ignorance Columbia-= groupthink, self-deception
One factor of the foam shedding was the result of______.
Defects resulting from a non-optimal design, because the bipod structure and foam application processes were designed separately
An unlicensed engineer who works for a licensed engineer can perform which of the following tasks under the supervision of that licensed engineer?
Design of engineered products or projects
The purpose being the NSPE defining an engineer's responsibility to the profession is probably... A) To ensure that engineers continue to be well compensated B) To ensure that the public impression of the engineering profession remains positive C) To strengthen the networking of engineers in professional societies D) TO help unlicensed persons practice engineering E) None of the above
E duh
Which of the following are among the TEPA rules on professional conduct and ethics? A) Engineers shall be objective and truthful B) Engineers shall not perform any engineering function that is likely to endanger the public C) Engineers shall practice only in areas of their competence D) A and B E) A, B, and C
E obviously
Which of the following are among the TEPA rules on professional conduct and ethics?
Engineers shall be objective and truthful, shall not perform any function that will endanger the public, practice only in their area of competence
What were the problems between the engineers and management (Columbia )
Engineers wanted pictures of the issues, but were told they weren't necessary
According to the "Common Sense view" technological artifacts take on moral properties when used for good or evil by human beings. (T/F)
False
After the Macondo blowout, subsequent investigations revaled that only a couple critical engineering decision were made that tended to favor economy rather than safety. (T/F)
False
After the Macondo blowout, subsequent investigations revealed that only one or two critical engineering decisions were made that tended to favor economy rather than safety
False
The NSPE does not conduct reviews of actual cases in order to determine whether certain behavior is consistent with their code of ethics
False
The NSPE does not conduct reviews of actual cases in order to determine whether certain behavior is consistent with their code of ethics. (T/F)
False
The difference between the "Common Sense" and "Strong" views toward the morality of technological artifacts is a matter of the degree to which people blame artifacts for immoral actions. (T/F)
False
Using the terminology in the Verbeeek article, the "script" of a starbucks cup is a combination of the text and large image printed on the cup and any notes that the barista makes on the cup. (T/F)
False
According to Ellul, there are no indisputable values in the technological society. (T/F)
False. Efficiency is considered the indisputable value.
Along with other renowned contemporaries, Jacques Ellul believed that the danger of technology lies in to what purposed it is used. (T/F)
False. Ellul does not consider technology to be value-neutral.
Internal or External Whistle Blowing
Going outside of normal channels usually to address an immoral, illegal or dangerous situation (staying in the company vs going outside the company)
Which of these embody the "Strong View"?
Guns are just as responsible as the people who use them to commit immoral acts. Dismantling a factory run on exploited labor is equally as obligatory as arresting the people in charge of it.
Which of these embody the "Common Sense View"?
Guns don't kill people. The only thing to blame for global warming are the people who have allowed it to happen.
Which of these embody the "Moderate View"?
Guns should not be manufactured because they give people the ability to commit immoral acts. Building more greenhouse emitting power plants is immoral because it will enable us to contribute even more to global warming.
A person is allowed to practice engineering in Texas without a license from the State if...
He or she does not offer to perform engineering services for the public
The immediate cause of Columbia's breakup during reentry was determined to be______.
Hot gases entering a breach in the wing leading edge and destroying the structural integrity of the wing ??
Which of the following statements best represents the "Strong View" toward the morality of technological artifacts?
Humans and technological artifacts form an inseparable unit that is itself morally responsible in action.
What were changes made after the loss of the Challenger?
Management of the space shuttle program was moved from Johnson Space Center to NASA HQ in Washington, DC. Establishment of an Office of Safety, Reliability, and Quality Assurance at NASA HQ
______ was an attitude at NASA indentified as a factor in the loss of Columbia.
NASA felt that it is alone in its ability to execute a program of human space flight, and didnt readily accept constructive criticism such as the Rogers Commission report.
By agreeing to testify about the questionable process that led up to the decision to launch challenger, Roger Boisjoly was exercising which type of ethics?
Preventive
Engineering Def of Risk
Risk= sum(prob*consequences) Manage in design (size components and systems) and operation (to not impose unacceptable risk on the public) Acceptable risk generally falls to codes and the government
