Engl 120 Final
"Suppose I told the French king's council that all this warmongering, by which so many different nations were kept in turmoil as a result of one man's connivings, would exhaust his treasure and demoralize his people, and yet in the end come to nothing, through some mishap or another. And therefore he should look after his ancestral kingdom, improve it as much as he could, cultivate it in every conceivable way . . . How do you think, my dear More, the other councillors would take this speech of mine?"
More UTOPIA, Hythloday
Each city is divided into four equal districts, and in the middle of each district is a market for all kinds of commodities. Whatever each household produces is brought here and stored in warehouses, each kind of goods in its own place. Here the head of each household looks for what he or his family needs, and carries off what he wants without any sort of payment or compensation. Why should anything be refused him? There is plenty of everything, and no reason to fear that anyone will claim more than he needs.
More Utopia- Utopian Markets
After they have accumulated enough for themselves—and this they consider to be a full two-years' store, because next year's crop is always uncertain—then they export their surpluses to other countries They never do use money among themselves, but keep it only for a contingency which may or may not actually arise. They have been carrying on trade for a long time now, and have accumulated a greater supply of the precious metals than you would believe possible. As a result, they now care very little whether they sell for cash or on credit, and most payments to them actually take the form of promissory notes.
More utopia trade
Mercantilism (1400-1650)
trade with other nations to generate wealth balance of trade by exporting more than you import economic independance
Thomas More
wrote Utopia 1478-1535 elected to parliament, made lord chancellor, then beheaded for not saying oath of supremacy was a devout catholic believed in moral duty, principled writings -was right hadn man to Henry VIII and executed others if beleifs posed a threat
Age of Exploration
² Christopher Columbus (discovers the Americas, 1492): for Spain. ² Vasco da Gama (discovers sea route to India, 1498): for Portugal. ² Amerigo Vespucci (discovery of Brazil, 1499-1500): for Portugal.
Greek nonsense in utopia
² Hythloday: "Distributer of Nonsense" ² Utopia: "No Place" / "Happy Place" ² The River Anyder: "Waterless" ² Governor Ademos: "Without a People" ² The Polyterites: "The People of Much Nonsense" ² The Achorians: "The People without a Country"
English Reformation
1527- Henry petitions pope for annulemet of marriageto Catherine of Aragon-is refused 1530s- Henry passes Act of Supremacy declaring him the head of the English church late 1530s-henry seizes control of church property in england- Dissolution of Monasteries
Edmund Spenser
1552-1599 complicit in brutal English policy towards the irish
Sir Philip Sidney
1554-1586 prominent family traveled across europe fell in love with Devereux who was married already after he rejected her- wrote sonnets about his pain wounded in action at battle of Zutphen in Holland
Ben Jonson
1572-1637 stepson of London bRICKLAYER wanted to go to cambridge but had an apprenticeship instead worked in the theatre then published his works
John Donne
1573-1631 prominennt london family of recusant-secret- catholics studied at oxford became a lawyer, married anne more- marriage ruined his diplomatic career ordained to church of england in 1615 and became dean of st pauls
English commonwealth
1649- english commonwealth proclaimed- england governed by representatives of the people in parliament 51- Cromwell puts down rebellions in ireland and Scotland 53-protectorate is established, cromwell proclaimed lord protector for life 58- cromwell dies 1660- restoration of Charles II, reinstatement of english monarchy
Volta
point in sonnet where things shift in perspective
Sir Thomas Wyatt
1503-1542 son of nobleman possibly had an affair with anne bolyen translated petrachs sonnets
Henry Howard
1516-1547 first cousin of anne boleyn and catherine howard- 2nd and 5th wives of Henry VII invented shakespearean/english form of sonnet executed for treason by Henry VII
Christopher Marlowe
1564-1593 son of shoemaker worked in London theatre scene died in brawl with government agents
William Shakespeare
1564-1616 born to middle-class family studies at stratford grammar schools wrote most famous works between 1595 and 1605
George Herbert
1593-1633 from prominent welsh family went to cambridge and became a university orator became member of parliament but then pursued a career in the church only collection of poems -The Temple- published posthumously
JohnMilton
1608-1674 knew many languages studies at cambridge secretary of foreign tongues under cromwell composed paradise lost after retiring from politics
Andrew Marvell
1621-1678 son of clergyman studied at cambridge, traveled to europe during 1640s became member of parliament until his death
timeline of english civil war
1630s- resentment builds against charles I because he governs without parliament and because he is hostile to puritans and presbyterians 1641- rebellion breaks out in Ireland 1642-military clashes 1646-charles I is captured 1649-charles is executes 49-51-residualconflict in scotland and ireland
Medici Bank
1397-1494 issued notes of exchange which could be changed to money at a different Medici Bank invested in merchant fleets and commodities like wool
Characteristics of Lyric Poetry
-short length -doesnt tell a story -focuses on harmony, melody and sound -written for someone or an occassion-occasional -uses complex meters and forms
fall of constantinople
1453-led greek scholars to flee Italy bringing greek texts with them
The Conceit
An extended metaphor that serves as the driving idea behind a given poem often don't resolve or make perfect sense for donne the conceit was metaphysical- bt body and soul
Scientific innovations in Early Modern Europe
Andreas Vesalius (1514-64) drew intensive diagrams of the human anatomy Copernicus rejects geocentric view of universe for heliocentric one Bacon and galileo lay groundwork for the scientific method
But at my back I always hear Time's wingèd chariot hurrying near; And yonder all before us lie Deserts of vast eternity. [. . .] Now let us sport us while we may, And now, like amorous birds of prey, Rather at once our time devour Than languish in his slow-chapped° power. Let us roll all our strength and all Our sweetness up into one ball, And tear our pleasures with rough strife Thorough° the iron gates of life: Thus, though we cannot make our sun Stand still, yet we will make him run.
Andrew Marvell, "To His Coy Mistress", convincing girl to have sex with him because life short and death is forever- worms will take her virginity sex won't make the earth stop but it can speed up time
-Now Faustus, what would'st thou have me do? - I charge thee wait upon me whilst I live, To do whatever Faustus shall command, Be it to make the moon drop from her sphere, Or the ocean to overwhelm the world. -I am a servant to great Lucifer, And may not follow thee without his leave; No more than he command must we perform. -Did not he charge thee to appear to me? -No, I came now hither of mine own accord. -Did not my conjuring speeches raise thee? Speak! -That was the cause, but yet per accidens, For when we hear one rack° the name of God, Abjure° the Scriptures, and his savior Christ, We fly in hope to get his glorious soul . . .-
Christopher Marlowe, Doctor Faustus,
Wouldst thou hear what man can say In a little? Reader, stay. Underneath this stone doth lie As much beauty as could die; Which in life did harbour give To more virtue than doth live. If at all she had a fault, Leave it buried in this vault. One name was Elizabeth, Th' other let it sleep with death: Fitter, where it died to tell, Than that it liv'd at all. Farewell.
Ben Jonson, "Epitaph of Elizabeth, L.H."
I now think Love is rather deaf than blind, For else it could not be That she, Whom I adore so much, should so slight me And cast my love behind. I'm sure my language to her was as sweet, And every close did meet In sentence of as subtle feet, As hath the youngest He That sits in shadow of Apollo's tree. . . she hath seen My hundreds of gray hairs, Told seven and forty years, Read so much waist as she cannot embrace My mountain belly and my rocky face; And all these through her eyes have stopped her ears.
Ben Jonson, "My Picture Left in Scotland," outward appearance overpowers words of love
Here lies, to each her parents' ruth,° grief Mary, the daughter of their youth; Yet all heaven's gifts being heaven's due, It makes the father less to rue.°
Ben Jonson, "On My First Daughter"
Farewell, thou child of my right hand, and joy; My sin was too much hope of thee, loved boy. Seven years thou wert lent to me, and I thee pay, Exacted by thy fate, on the just day. O could I lose all father now! For why Will man lament the state he should envy, To have so soon 'scaped world's and flesh's rage, And, if no other misery, yet age? Rest in soft peace, and asked, say, "Here doth lie Ben Jonson his best piece of poetry." For whose sake henceforth all his vows be such As what he loves may never like° too much.
Ben Jonson, "On My First Son"
My Shakespeare, rise; I will not lodge thee by Chaucer or Spenser, or bid Beaumont lie A little further to make thee a room°: Thou art a monument without a tomb, And art alive still while thy book doth live, And we have wits to read and praise to give. [. . .] Triumph, my Britain; thou hast one to show To whom all scenes° of Europe homage owe. He was not of an age, but for all time!
Ben Jonson, "To the Memory of My Beloved, the Author, Mr. William Shakespeare"
Was this the face that launched a thousand ships, And burnt the topless towers of Ilium?° Troy Sweet Helen, make me immortal with a kiss: Her lips sucks forth my soul, see where it flies! Come Helen, come, give me my soul again. Here will I dwell, for heaven be in these lips, And all is dross that is not Helena!
Christopher Marlowe, Doctor Faustus, Conjures an image of Hele of troy hoping she will give him his soul back- time left is waning- she can't
Faustus- begin thine incantations, And try if devils will obey thy hest,° Seeing thou hast prayed and sacrificed to them. Within this circle is Jehovah's name, Forward and backward anagrammatized; Th'bbreviated names of holy saints, Figures of every adjunct to the heavens, And characters of signs and erring stars, By which the spirits are enforced to rise. Then fear not Faustus, but be resolute, And try the uttermost magic can perform.
Christopher Marlowe, Doctor Faustus
These metaphysics of magicians And necromantic books are heavenly! Lines, circles, schemes, letters, and characters! Ay, these are those that Faustus most desires. O what a world of profit and delight, Of power, of honor, of omnipotence Is promised to the studious artisan! All things that move between the quiet° poles Shall be at my command: emperors and kings Are but obeyed in their several° provinces, Nor can they raise the wind, or rend the clouds; But his dominion that exceeds in this Stretcheth as far as doth the mind of man: A sound magician is a mighty god.
Christopher Marlowe, Doctor Faustus
FAUSTUS My gracious lord, I am ready to accomplish your request, so far forth as by art and power of my spirit I am able to perform. KNIGHT [aside] I'faith, that's just nothing at all. FAUSTUS But, if it like your grace, it is not in my ability to present before your eyes the true substantial bodies of those two deceased princes, which long since are consumed to dust. KNIGHT [aside] Ay, marry, master doctor, now there's a sign of grace in you, when you will confess the truth
Christopher Marlowe, Doctor Faustus Charles V asks to see Alexander the great- faustus conjures an image
I see there's virtue° in my heavenly words! Who would not be proficient in this art? How pliant is this Mephastophilis( a devil) Full of obedience and humility, Such is the force of magic and my spells. Now Faustus, thou art conjurer laureate° That canst command great Mephastophilis.
Christopher Marlowe, Doctor Faustus realizing his power
Love of your selfe," she said, "and deare° constraint dire Lets me not sleepe, but waist the wearie night In secret anguish and unpittied plaint, Whiles you in ceaselesse sleepe are drownèd quight." Her doubtfull words made that redoubted° knight feared Suspect her truth: yet since no'untruth he knew, Her fawning love with foule disdainefull spight He would not shend,° but said, "Deare dame I rew, That for my sake unknowne suche grief unto you grew." Una to redcrosse
Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene!!!!!!!!!!!!!EXPAND!!!!!!!!!
Led with delight, they thus beguile the way, Untill the blustring storme is overblowne; When weening° to returne, whence they did stray, They cannot finde that path, which first was showne, But wander too and fro in ways unknowne, Furthest from end then, when they neerest weene, That makes them doubt, their wits be not their owne: So many pathes, so many turnings seene, That which of them to take, in diverse doubt they been.
Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene,
Therewith she spewd out of her filthy maw° A floud of poyson horrible and blacke, Full of great lumpes of flesh and gobbets° raw, Which stunck so vildly, that it forst him slacke° His grasping hold, and from her turne him backe: Her vomit full of bookes and papers was, With loathly frogs and toades, which eyes did lacke, And creeping sought way in the weedy gras: Her filthy parbreake° all the place defilèd has
Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene,
Much daunted with that dint,° her scence was dazd, Yet kindling rage, her selfe she gathered round, And all attonce her beastly body raized° With doubled forces high above the ground: Tho° wrapping up her wrethèd sterne° arownd, Lept fierce upon his shield, and her huge traine° All suddenly about his body wound, That hand or foot to stirre he strove in vaine: blow lifted up then . . . hindparts tail God helpe the man so wrapt in Errours endlesse traine.
Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, redcrosse gets tangled up by the monster errour- confuses falsehoods for truth
Lo I the man, whose Muse whilome° did maske, As time her taught, in lowly Shephards weeds,° Am now enforst° a far unfitter taske, For trumpets sterne to chaunge mine Oaten reeds,° And sing of Knights and Ladies gentle° deeds; Whose prayses having slept in silence long, Me, all too meane,° the sacred Muse areeds° To blazon° broad emongst her learned throng: Fierce warres and faithfull loves shall moralize my song.
Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, "Proem," Stanza 1 intro to story
"Which, when he knew, and felt our feeble harts Embost° with bale,° and bitter byting griefe, exhausted . . . sorrow Which love had launchèd° with his deadly darts, pierced With wounding words and termes of foule repriefe,° scorn He pluckt from us all hope of due reliefe, That earst° us held in love of lingering life; formerly Then hopelesse hartlesse, gan the cunning thiefe Perswade us die, to stint° all further strife: end To me he lent this rope, to him, a rustie° knife.
Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, 1.9.29 (Trevisan speaking):
Theology of Martin Luther and John Calvin
Sola Fide- by faith alone; SALVATION only comes from a persons faith in god rejection of saints, relics, and transubstantiation: eucharist is a symbol with no power like saints and relics no free will- saved only if God chose you
"This academic philosophy is quite agreeable in the private conversation of close friends, but in the councils of kings, where grave matters are being authoritatively decided, there is no place for it."
more to hythloday
Lord, how can man preach thy eternal word? He is a brittle, crazy° glass, Yet in thy temple thou dost him afford This glorious and transcendent place, To be a window through thy grace. But when thou dost anneal in glass thy story, Making thy life to shine within The holy preachers, then the light and glory More reverend grows, and more doth win, Which else shows wat'rish, bleak, and thin. Doctrine and life, colors and light, in one When they combine and mingle, bring A strong regard and awe; but speech alone Doth vanish like a flaring thing, And in the ear, not conscience, ring
George Herbert, "The Windows"
Sweet day, so cool, so calm, so bright, The bridall of the earth and skie: The dew shall weep thy fall to night; For thou must die. Sweet rose, whose hue angrie and brave Bids the rash gazer wipe his eye: Thy root is ever in its grave And thou must die. Sweet spring, full of sweet dayes and roses, A box where sweets compacted lie; My musick shows ye have your closes,1 And all must die. Onely a sweet and vertuous soul, Like season'd timber, never gives; But though the whole world turn to coal, Then chiefly lives.
George Herbert, "Virtue," ll. 9-16 everything dies but the virtuous soul
The soote season, that bud and bloom forth brings, The green hath clad the hill and eke the vale. The nightingale with feathers new she sings; The turtle to her make hath told her tale. Summer is come, for every spray now springs. The hart hath hung his old head on the pale; The buck in brake his winter coat he flings; The fishes float with new repairèd scale; The adder all her slough away she slings; The swift swallow pursueth the fliès small; The busy bee her honey now she mings. Winter is worn, that was the flowers' bale. And thus I see among these pleasant things, Each care decays, and yet my sorrow springs.
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, "The Soote Season"
Love, that doth reign and live within my thought, A And built his seat within my captive breast, B Clad in the arms wherein with me he fought, A Oft in my face he doth his banner rest. B But she that taught me love and suffer pain, C My doubtful hope and eke my hot desire D With shamefast look to shadow and refrain, C Her smiling grace converteth straight to ire. D And coward Love, then, to the heart apace E Taketh his flight, where he doth lurk and plain, F His purpose lost, and dare not show his face. E For my lord's guilt thus faultless bide I pain, F Yet from my lord shall not my foot remove: G Sweet is the death that taketh end by love.
Henry Howard- Love that Doth Reign
Reign of 16th cc Tudor Monarchs
Henry VII-1484-1509 Henry VIII-1509-1547 Edward VI-1547-1553 Mary I-1553-1558 Elizabeth I- 1558-1603
. . . Here at least We shall be free; th' Almighty hath not built Here for his envy, will not drive us hence: Here we may reign secure, and in my choice, To reign is worth ambition though in Hell: Better to reign in Hell, then serve in Heaven.
John Milton, Paradise Lost, Book 1 satan speaking of his new "freedom" in hell
"I don't have the capacity [for counsel] you ascribe to me, and if I had it in the highest degree, the public would still not be any better off if I exchanged my contemplative leisure for this kind of action."
Hythloday's reasons against serving a king at court
[W]ise men are right in keeping clear of public business. They see the people swarming through the streets and getting soaked with rain, and they cannot persuade them to go indoors and get out of the wet . . . So they stay indoors and are content to keep at least themselves dry, since they cannot remedy the folly of others." (p. 595)
Hythloday's reasons against serving a king at court
Scholasticism
opposite of humanism ussed sophisticated but abstract logical reasoning aristotle
He trusted to have equalled the most High, If he opposed, and with ambitious aim Against the Throne and Monarchy of God Rais'd impious War in Heav'n and Battel proud With vain attempt.
John Milton, Paradise Lost, Book 1, describing satan
As virtuous men pass mildly away, And whisper to their souls to go, Whilst some of their sad friends do say The breath goes now, and some say, No; So let us melt, and make no noise, No tear-floods, nor sigh-tempests move; 'Twere profanation° of our joys To tell the laity our love. Moving of th' earth brings harms and fears, Men reckon what it did and meant; But trepidation of the spheres, Though greater far, is innocent.Dull sublunary lovers' love (Whose soul is sense) cannot admit Absence, because it doth remove Those things which elemented° it. But we, by a love so much refined That ourselves know not what it is, Inter-assurèd of the mind, Care less, eyes, lips, and hands to miss. Our two souls therefore, which are one, Though I must go, endure not yet A breach, but an expansion, Like gold to airy thinness beat. If they be two, they are two so As stiff twin compasses are two; Thy soul, the fixed foot, makes no show To move, but doth, if th' other do. And though it in the center sit, Yet when the other far doth roam, It leans and hearkens after it, And grows erect, as that comes home. Such wilt thou be to me, who must, Like th' other foot, obliquely run; Thy firmness makes my circle just, And makes me end where I begin.
John Donne, "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning"
Mark but this flea, and mark in this, How little that which thou deniest me is; Me it sucked first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled be; Thou know'st that this cannot be said A sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead,° Yet this enjoys before it woo, And pampered° swells with one blood made of two, And this, alas, is more than we would do. Oh stay, three lives in one flea spare, Where we almost, nay more than married are. This flea is you and I, and this Our marriage bed and marriage temple is; Though parents grudge, and you, we are met,
John Donne, "The Flea"
When my grave is broke up again Some second guest to entertain (For graves have learned that woman-head° To be more than one a bed), And he that digs it spies A bracelet of bright hair about the bone, Will he not let us alone, And think that there a loving couple lies, Who thought that this device might be some way To make their souls, at the last busy day,° Meet at this grave, and make a little stay?
John Donne, "The Relic" he has not been intimate with beloved, took hair and wrapped it around his wrist. people who find his body will find more meaning in the hair than there actually is
. . . what in me is dark Illumine, what is low raise and support, That to the height of this great argument I may assert eternal providence, And justify the ways of God to men.
John Milton, Paradise Lost intro- showing the purpose of this writing
. . . round he throws his baleful eyes That witness'd huge affliction and dismay Mixt with obdurate pride and steadfast hate: At once as far as Angels ken° he views The dismal situation waste and wilde, A dungeon horrible, on all sides round As one great furnace flam'd, yet from those flames No light, but rather darkness visible Serv'd only to discover sights of woe.
John Milton, Paradise Lost, Book 1 describing hell, makes us feel sorry for satan and the awful conditions he must endure
Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste Brought death into the world, and all our woe, With loss of Eden, till one greater man Restore us, and regain the blissful seat, Sing Heav'nly Muse. . . . . . say first what cause Mov'd our Grand Parents in that happy State, Favour'd of Heav'n so highly, to fall off From their Creator, and transgress his Will For one restraint, Lords of the World besides? Who first seduc'd them to that fowl revolt? Th' infernal Serpent; he it was . . .
John Milton, Paradise Lost, Book 1 intro- what occurred
What though the field be lost? All is not lost; the unconquerable Will, And study of revenge, immortal hate, And courage never to submit or yield: And what is else not to be overcome? That Glory never shall his wrath or might Extort from me.
John Milton, Paradise Lost, Book 1 satan speaking
I have a feeling they picked up Greek more easily because it was somewhat related to their own tongue. Though their language resembles Persian in most respects, I suspect their race descends from the Greeks, because their language retains some vestiges of Greek in the names of cities and in official titles.
More -utopian language
dark lady vs fair youth
petrarchan ideals- beloved is blonde, fair skinned and innocent differences of person- dark lady is darker skinned and a brunette- fair youth is light and blonde diff values- dark lady is devious, manipulative, and imperfect where the fair youth is innocent, guileless and perfect
despairs literal arguments
sin-is permanent- sinner forever free will- none god plans everything salvation- you are saved or damned by the grace of god alone the law-god is absolutely just
Because they allot only six hours to work, you might think the necessities of life would be in scant supply. This is far from the case. Their working hours are ample to provide not only enough but more than enough of the necessities of life. You will easily appreciate this if you consider how much of the population in other countries exists without doing any work at all. In the first place, hardly any of the women, who are a full half of the population, work; or, if they do, then as a great rule their husbands lie snoring in bed. Then there is a great lazy gang of priests and so-called religious. Add to them all the rich, especially the landlords, who are commonly called gentlemen and nobles. Include with them their retainers, that mob of swaggering bullies. . . . . . . Finally, reckon in with these the sturdy and lusty beggars who go about feigning some disease as an excuse for their idleness. You will certainly find that the things which satisfy our needs are produced by far fewer hands than you had supposed. And now consider how few of those who do work are doing really essential things. For where money is the standard of everything, superfluous trades are bound to be carried on simply to satisfy luxury and licentiousness.
More- Utopian Labor
They are very fond of Plutarch's writings, and delighted with the witty persiflage of Lucian. Among the poets they have Aristophanes, Homer, and Euripides, together with Sophocles in the small typeface of the Aldine edition. Of the historians they possess Thucydides and Herodotus, as well as Herodian.
More- Utopian tastes in literature
"I think they [my friends and relatives] should be content . . . and not expect that for their sake I should enslave myself to any king whatever." (p. 578)
More-Utopia- Hythlodays reason against serving king at court
Stella oft sees the very face of woe Painted in my beclouded stormy face, But cannot skill to° pity my disgrace,° Not though thereof the cause herself she know.° Yet hearing late a fable which did show, Of lovers never known, a grievous case, Pity thereof gate° in her breast such place That, from that sea derived, tears' springs did flow. find skill / misfortune despite that begot imagination Alas, if fancy,° drawn by imaged things, Though false, yet with free scope more grace doth breed Than servant's wrack, where new doubts honor brings, Then think, my dear, that you in me do read Of lover's ruin some sad tragedy: I am not I; pity the tale of me.
Philip Sidney, Astrophel and Stella, stella is aware of the pain she causes the man who lusts after her but doesn't care/ have the ability to her response to fictitious characters is stronger that anything she'll feel to humanoid she wilder meet these characters
Loving in truth, and fain° in verse my love to show, desirous That the dear She might take some pleasure of my pain, Pleasure might cause her read, reading might make her know, Knowledge might pity win, and pity grace obtain, I sought fit words to paint the blackest face of woe, Studying inventions fine, her wits to entertain, Oft turning others' leaves, to see if thence would flow Some fresh and fruitful showers upon my sunburned brain. But words came halting forth, wanting Invention's stay; Invention, Nature's child, fled step-dame Study's blows, And others' feet still° seemed but strangers in my way. continually Thus great with child to speak, and helpless in my throes, Biting my truant pen, beating myself for spite, "Fool," said my Muse to me, "look in thy heart and write."
Philip Sidney, Astrophel and Stella, No. 1 wants to woo a woman by imitating other writers but his muse tells him to be true to himself
I on my horse, and Love on me doth try Our horsemanships, while by strange work I prove A horseman to my horse, a horse to Love; And now man's wrongs in me, poor beast, descry.° The reins wherewith my rider doth me tie Are humbled thoughts, which bit of reverence move Curbed in with fear, but with gilt boss° above. Of hope, which makes it seem fair to the eye. The wand° is will; thou, Fancy, saddle art, Girt fast by Memory; and while I spur My horse, he spurs with sharp desire my heart; He sits me fast,° however I do stir, And now hath made me to his hand so right That in the manage myself° takes delight
Philip Sidney, Astrophel and Stella, No. 49: His heart rides him like he rides his horse trying to impress a lady by riding past her but she doesn't care, feels a fool
Queen Virtue's court, which some call Stella's face, Prepared° by Nature's chiefest furniture, Hath his front° built of alablaster pure; Gold is the covering of that stately place. The door, by which sometimes comes forth her grace, Red porphir° is, which lock of pearl makes sure; Whose porches rich (which name of cheeks endure), Marble mixed red and white do interlace. The windows now through which this heavenly guest Looks o'er the world, and can find nothing such Which dare claim from those lights the name of best, Of touch° they are that without touch doth touch, Which Cupid's self from Beauty's mine did draw; Of touch they are, and poor I am their straw.
Philip Sidney, Astrophel and Stella, No. 49: describing beauty
Divers doth use, as I have heard and know, Many are accustomed When that to change their ladies do begin, To mourn and wail, and never for to lin, let up Hoping thereby to pease their painful woe. amend And some there be, that when it chanceth so That women change and hate where love hath been, They call them false and think with words to win The hearts of them which otherwhere doth grow. But as for me, though that by chance indeed Change hath outworn the favor that I had, I will not wail, lament, nor yet be sad, Nor call her false that falsely did me feed, But let it pass, and think it is of kind That often change doth please a woman's mind.
Thomas Wyatt, "Divers Doth Use" men are sad when they find out their wives cheat but are quick to cheat themselves
My galley charged with forgetfulness loaded up Thorough sharp seas, in winter nights doth pass though 'Tween rock and rock; and eke mine enemy, alas, That is my lord, steereth with cruelness; And every oar a thought in readiness, As though that death were light in such a case. were of little matter An endless wind doth tear the sail apace swiftly tear Of forced sighs and trusty fearfulness. A rain of tears, a cloud of dark disdain, Hath done the wearied cords great hinderance; Wreathed with error and eke with ignoraunce. twisted The stars be hid that led me to this pain. Drowned is reason that should me consort, help me And I remain despairing of the port.
Thomas Wyatt, "My Galley Charged with Forgetfulness" extended metaphor of a difficult relationship
The longe love that in my thought doth harbor, And in mine heart doth keep his residence, Into my face presseth with bold pretense And therein campeth, spreading his banner. She that me learneth to love and suffer And will that my trust and lust's negligence Be reined by reason, shame, and reverence With his hardiness taketh displeasure. Wherewithal unto the heart's forest he fleeth, Leaving his enterprise with pain and cry, And there him hideth, and not appeareth. What may I do, when my master feareth, But in the field with him to live and die? For good is the life ending faithfully
Thomas Wyatt, "The Long Love"
What vaileth truth? or by it to take pain, what avails To strive by steadfastness for to attain. To be just and true and flee from doubleness; Sithens all alike, where ruleth craftiness, since everyone Rewarded is both false and plain? Soonest he speedeth that most can feign; succeeds True-meaning heart is had in disdain. Against deceit and doubleness, What vaileth truth? Deceived is he by crafty train treachery That meaneth no guile and doth remain Within the trap without redress. remedy But for to love, lo, such a mistress, except Whose cruelty nothing can refrain, restrain What vaileth truth
Thomas Wyatt, "What Vaileth Truth" IN COURTLNESS those who are successful lie
But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st°; Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st;° So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee
William Shakespeare, Sonnet No. 18,
While previously they had written only on vellum, bark, and papyrus, they now undertook to make paper and to print with type . . . They became so proficient that, if they had texts of the Greek authors, they would soon have no lack of volumes; but as they have no more than those I mentioned, they have contented themselves with reprinting each in thousands of copies.
Utopian printing
[Utopus] decreed that everyone could cultivate the religion of his choice, and strenuously proselytize for it too, provided he did so quietly, modestly, rationally, and without bitterness toward others. If persuasion failed, no one was allowed to resort to abuse or violence. Anyone who fights wantonly about religion is punished by exile or enslavement . . . So he left the whole matter open, allowing each individual to choose what he would believe. The only exception he made was a solemn and strict law against any person who should sink so far below the dignity of human nature as to think that the soul perishes with the body, or that the universe is ruled by mere chance rather than divine providence.
Utopian religion
My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than her lips' red; If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. I have seen roses damasked,° red and white, But no such roses see I in her cheeks; And in some perfumes is there more delight Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks.° I love to hear her speak, yet well I know That music hath a far more pleasing sound; I grant I never saw a goddess go°; My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground. And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare° As any she belied° with false compare.
William Shakespeare, Sonnet No. 130 beauty in imperfection
When my love swears that she is made of truth,° "troth" I do believe her, though I know she lies, That she might think me some untutored youth, Unlearnèd in the world's false subtleties. Thus vainly thinking that she thinks me young, Although she knows my days are past the best, Simply° I credit her false-speaking tongue: like a simpleton On both sides thus is simple truth suppressed. But wherefore says she not she is unjust?° And wherefore say not I that I am old? Oh, love's best habit° is in seeming trust, And age in love loves not to have years told.° Therefore I lie with her and she with me, And in our faults by lies we flattered be.
William Shakespeare, Sonnet No. 135 lies are a part of affairs
Two loves I have of comfort and despair, Which like two spirits do suggest me still:° The better angel is a man right fair, The worser spirit a woman colored ill.° To win me soon to hell, my female evil Tempteth my better angel from my side, And would corrupt my saint to be a devil, Wooing his purity with her foul pride.° And whether that my angel be turned fiend Suspect I may, yet not directly tell; But being both from° me, both to each° friend I guess one angel in another's hell. Yet this shall I ne'er know, but live in doubt, Till my bad angel fire my good one out.
William Shakespeare, Sonnet No. 144 shakespeare describes his two lovers- referring the fair youth over the dark lady
. . . the conceit° of this inconstant stay Sets you most rich in youth before my sight, Where wasteful Time debateth with Decay To change your day of youth to sullied° night, And all in war with Time for love of you, As he takes from you, I ingraft you new.
William Shakespeare, Sonnet No. 15
In loving thee thou know'st I am forsworn,° But thou art twice forsworn to me love swearing: In act thy bed-vow broke, and new faith torn In vowing new hate after new love bearing.° But why of two oaths' breach do I accuse thee When I break twenty? I am perjured most, For all my vows are oaths but to misuse° thee, And all my honest faith in thee is lost. For I have sworn deep oaths of thy deep kindness, Oaths of thy love, thy truth, thy constancy, And to enlighten thee gave eyes to blindness, Or made them swear against the thing they see. For I have sworn thee fair—more perjured eye To swear against the truth so foul a lie.
William Shakespeare, Sonnet No. 152 has forsaken partner by idealizing and thus misrepresenting him- fair youth bc shakespeare was not shy about dark lady's faults
From fairest creatures we desire increase, That thereby beauty's rose might never die, But as the riper should by time decrease, His tender heir might bear his memory; But thou, contracted° to thine own bright eyes, Feed'st thy light's flame with self-substantial fuel, Making a famine where abundance lies, Thyself thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel. Thou that art now the world's fresh ornament And only° herald to the gaudy spring, Within thine own bud buriest thy content° And, tender churl, mak'st waste in niggarding.° Pity the world, or else this glutton be, To eat the world's due, by the grave and thee. But if thou live rememb'red not to be, Die single, and thine image dies with thee. And nothing 'gainst Time's scythe can make defense, Save breed,° to brave° him when he takes thee hence.
William Shakespeare, Sonnet No. 1: fair youth should reproduce to keep his beauty alive, but is too self absorbed todo this. This makes him his own worst enemy-is beauty will face and will not live on
Not marble nor the gilded monuments Of princes shall outlive this powerful rhyme; But you shall shine more bright in these contents Than unswept stone, besmeared with sluttish time. When wasteful war shall statues overturn And broils° root out the work of masonry, Nor Mars his sword nor war's quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory. 'Gainst death and all-oblivious enmity,° Shall you pace forth; your praise shall still find room Even in the eyes of all posterity That wear this world out to the ending doom,° So, till the judgment that° yourself arise, You live in this, and dwell in lovers' eyes.
William Shakespeare, Sonnet No. 55
That time of year thou may'st in me behold When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang Upon those boughs which shake against the cold, Bare-ruined choirs, where late° the sweet birds sang. In me thou seest the twilight of such day As after sunset fadeth in the west; Which by and by black night doth take away, Death's second self that seals up all in rest. In me thou seest the glowing of such fire That on the ashes of his youth doth lie, As the deathbed whereon it must expire, Consumed with that which it was nourished by. This thou perceiv'st, which makes thy love more strong, To love that well, which thou must leave ere long.
William Shakespeare, Sonnet No. 73
philology
love of letters philologists recovered ancient texts (petrach, salutati)
39 articles of anglican church
man has no power to do good works without the grace of god justified by faith only
Galen's Four Humors
blood- warm wet- sanguine personality carefree courageous and hopeful yellow bile- warm and dry- choleric personality: ambitious hot headed and leader like black bile- cold and dry- melancholic personality of quiet pensive and depressed phlegm- cold and wet- phlegmatic- calm patient and sluggish
. . . he above the rest In shape and gesture proudly eminent Stood like a tower; his form had yet not lost All her original brightness, nor appear'd Less then archangel ruined, and th' excess Of glory obscur'd: As when the sun new ris'n Looks through the horizontal misty air Shorn of his beams, or from behind the moon In dim eclipse disastrous twilight sheds On half the nations, and with fear of change Perplexes monarchs.
describing the devil- humanizes him. shows his beauty shining through darkness
Humansim
empirical evidence and experience in addition to logic- focus on the human as the standard of knowledge platonic thought
genres of the faerie queen
epic-use of epic smilies, lists, and invocations romance-genre of chivalric romance- story dedicated to Queen Elizabeth allegory- spencer use of personification and the abstractions of his style
Social virtues
friendship justice courtesy
THEOLOGICAL USE OF ALlEGORY
harmony-allowed theologians to claim the new and old testament were in harmony even though they had different literal senses teaching-allegory presented complex ideas in simpler terms aesthetics- many allegorical interpretations were poetic and moving to their readers
private virtues
holiness temperance chastity
structures of the faerie queene
holiness-redcrosse temperence-guyon chastity- britomart friendship justice-artegall courtesy
Tudor iconoclasm
idolatry- the worship of an idol or "false god" iconoclasm- destruction of religious images or representations 1538-Henry VII orders the destruction of images in churches 1549- Edward VI orders statues in churches be defaced or destroyed 1559- Elizabeth I commands all pictures, paintings and monuments be removed and destroyed
