English 10 exam

Ministries of 1984

*Ministry of Peace- serves as the defence ministry of Oceania's government, and is in charge of the armed forces, mostly the navy and army. *Ministry of Truth- Oceania's propaganda ministry. It is responsible for any necessary falsification of historical events *Ministry of Love- serves as Oceania's interior ministry. It enforces loyalty and love of Big Brother through fear, a repressive apparatus, and brainwashing. *Ministry of Plenty- in control of Oceania's planned economy. It oversees public access to food, supplies, and goods. It is also in charge of rationing these goods

Naturalism

-more concerned with plot than the character -A term often used as a synonym for realism; also a view of experience that is generally characterized as bleak and pessimistic.

elements of Magical Realism

-realistic elements -magical elements -humor and exaggeration -Distortions of Time and Identity -Political and Social Commentary

Titles

...

Geraldo

A Mexican man Marin meets at a dance. Geraldo dies in a car accident the evening she meets him. Nobody, including Marin, knows anything about him, including his last name

Monkey Garden

A family with a pet monkey moves away, and the neighborhood kids take over the garden behind their house. The garden quickly becomes a dump for old cars and other trash, but to the children it is a magical place where anything is possible. They explore it, looking for the old, lost things the garden keeps. One day Esperanza is there with Sally. Esperanza wants to run around with the boys, but Sally stays to the side. She does not like to get her stockings dirty, and she plays a more grown-up game by talking to the boys. Tito, a neighborhood boy, steals Sally's keys, and he and his friends tell her that she has to kiss all of them to get them back. Sally agrees, and they go behind an old car. Esperanza wants to save Sally from being exploited this way, so she runs to tell Tito's mother what the boys are doing. His mother doesn't care, and Esperanza sets out to save Sally herself. Arming herself with a brick, she confronts the boys. Sally and the boys laugh at her and tell her to go away. Esperanza hides beneath a tree and tries to will her heart to stop. When she finally gets up she looks at her feet, which look clunky and unfamiliar. The garden seems unfamiliar too.

O'Brien

A mysterious, powerful, and sophisticated member of the Inner Party whom Winston believes is also a member of the Brotherhood, the legendary group of anti-Party rebels. But actually he is a big follower of Big Brother and tricks Winston.

Rafaela

A neighborhood woman whose husband locks her in their apartment because he is afraid she'll run off. Rafaela sends money down on a clothesline to Esperanza and her friends so they can buy her sweet juices from the convenience store.

Chielo

A priestess in Umuofia who is dedicated to the Oracle of the goddess Agbala. Chielo is a widow with two children. She is good friends with Ekwefi and is fond of Ezinma, whom she calls "my daughter." At one point, she carries Ezinma on her back for miles in order to help purify her and appease the gods.

refrain

A regularly repeated line or group of lines in a poem or song

Lenina Crowne

A vaccination worker at the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre. She is an object of desire for a number of major and minor characters, including Bernard Marx and John. Her behavior is sometimes intriguingly unorthodox, which makes her attractive to the reader. For example, she defies her culture's conventions by dating one man exclusively for several months, she is attracted to Bernard—the misfit—and she develops a violent passion for John the Savage. Ultimately, her values are those of a conventional World State citizen: her primary means of relating to other people is through sex, and she is unable to share Bernard's disaffection or to comprehend John's alternate system of values.

John the Savage

Although Bernard Marx is the primary character in Brave New World up until his visit with Lenina to the Reservation, after that point he fades into the background and John becomes the central protagonist. John first enters the story as he expresses an interest in participating in the Indian religious ritual from which Bernard and Lenina recoil. John's desire first marks him as an outsider among the Indians, since he is not allowed to participate in their ritual. It also demonstrates the huge cultural divide between him and World State society, since Bernard and Lenina see the tribal ritual as disgusting. John becomes the central character of the novel because, rejected both by the "savage" Indian culture and the "civilized" World State culture, he is the ultimate outsider. As an outsider, John takes his values from a more than 900-year-old author, William Shakespeare. John's extensive knowledge of Shakespeare's works serves him in several important ways: it enables him to verbalize his own complex emotions and reactions, it provides him with a framework from which to criticize World State values, and it provides him with language that allows him to hold his own against the formidable rhetorical skill of Mustapha Mond during their confrontation. (On the other hand, John's insistence on viewing the world through Shakespearean eyes sometimes blinds him to the reality of other characters, notably Lenina, who, in his mind, is alternately a heroine and a "strumpet," neither of which label is quite appropriate to her.) Shakespeare embodies all of the human and humanitarian values that have been abandoned in the World State. John's rejection of the shallow happiness of the World State, his inability to reconcile his love and lust for Lenina, and even his eventual suicide all reflect themes from Shakespeare. He is himself a Shakespearean character in a world where any poetry that does not sell a product is prohibited. John's naïve optimism about the World State, expressed in the words from The Tempest that constitute the novel's title, is crushed when he comes into direct contact with the State. The phrase "brave new world" takes on an increasingly bitter, ironic, and pessimistic tone as he becomes more knowledgeable about the State. John's participation in the final orgy and his suicide at the end of the novel can be seen as the result of an insanity created by the fundamental conflict between his values and the reality of the world around him.

Bernard Marx

An Alpha male who fails to fit in because of his inferior physical stature. He holds unorthodox beliefs about sexual relationships, sports, and community events. His insecurity about his size and status makes him discontented with the World State. Bernard's surname recalls Karl Marx, the nineteenth-century German author best known for writing Capital, a monumental critique of capitalist society. Unlike his famous namesake, Bernard's discontent stems from his frustrated desire to fit into his own society, rather than from a systematic or philosophical criticism of it. When threatened, Bernard can be petty and cruel.

Works Cited

An alphabetical list, in MLA format, that gives the full bibliographic information for all the sources you have cited in your paper. It is there for a reader who wants to go find the articles you read.

Okonkwo

An influential clan leader in Umuofia. Since early childhood, Okonkwo's embarrassment about his lazy, squandering, and effeminate father, Unoka, has driven him to succeed. Okonkwo's hard work and prowess in war have earned him a position of high status in his clan, and he attains wealth sufficient to support three wives and their children. Okonkwo's tragic flaw is that he is terrified of looking weak like his father. As a result, he behaves rashly, bringing a great deal of trouble and sorrow upon himself and his family.

Funeral

At the funeral, Esperanza meets "las comadres" or the three strange and mysterious old sisters who "had the power and could sense what was what." Without any warning, the old ladies inquire her name and examine her hands; they then tell Esperanza to make a wish. They promise that the wish will come true, and then "the one with marble hands" calls her aside and teachers her an important lesson. Esperanza learns that her ties are a circle and that, although she will leave Mango Street, she must return for those who cannot escape as easily. As if in answer to Esperanza's insecurities, the mystical woman tells Esperanza that she cannot forget what she knows, which is Mango Street, nor her identity, which is linked to her name. After she promises to return to her roots, Esperanza joins her playmates and never sees these mysterious women again.

Aldous Huxley

Author of Brave New World

Chinua Achebe

Author of Things Fall Apart

Priestess of the Oracle of the caves and hills

Chielo, carried Enzima through the woods at night, tells prophecies of Agbala

Things Fall Apart

Chinua Achebe's 1958 English-language novel - one of the first African novels written in English to receive global critical acclaim tells the story of Okonkwo and the take over of the Igbo clan by Christian missionaries.

Themes of Brave New World

Dangers of Totalitarianism, Psychological Manipulation, Physical Control, Control of information and history, technology

Four Skinny Trees

Esperanza compares herself to the trees outside her house. She thinks that both she and the trees do not belong in the barrio, but are stuck there anyway. Both she and they have secret strength and anger. The trees teach her not to forget her reason for being. They inspire her because they have grown despite the concrete that tries to keep them in the ground.

First Job

Esperanza gets a job at a photo place. She is afraid at first and then meets a man who she thinks to be kind. He then says it his birthday and asks for a birthday kiss. When she goes to kiss him, he grabbed her face and wouldn't let go

Carnival

Esperanza narrates this section after she has been sexually assaulted by a group of boys, and though she gives her impressions and expresses her confusion, she never specifies exactly what the boys do to her. We know Esperanza goes to a carnival with Sally and that she enjoys watching Sally on the rides. Sally seems careless and free, and at one point she disappears with an older boy. While Esperanza waits for Sally to return, a group of non-Latino boys attacks Esperanza. The event is nothing like sexual encounters Esperanza has seen in the movies or read in magazines, or even like what Sally has told her. She is traumatized and keeps hearing the voice of one of the boys saying mockingly, "I love you, Spanish girl." She blames Sally for abandoning her and not being there to save her, and her anger spreads to all the women who have not told her what sex is really like.

Aunt Lupe

Esperanza's aunt. In her youth, Lupe was a vibrant, beautiful swimmer, but now she is old, blind, and bed-ridden. She listens to Esperanza's poems and encourages her to keep writing, but Esperanza and her friends mock Lupe behind her back.

Cathy

Esperanza's first friend in the neighborhood. Cathy's family moves out the week after Esperanza's family moves in. She discourages Esperanza from becoming friends with Rachel and Lucy. She is one of the few characters who is not from Mexico or Latin America.

Nenny

Esperanza's little sister. Nenny, whose real name is Magdalena, is a pretty, dreamy little girl for whom Esperanza is often responsible. Since Nenny is immature, she is often a source of embarrassment for Esperanza when the two of them play with Rachel and Lucy.

prose poem

Form of free verse that lacks the formal shape or poetry.

Handsomest Drowned Man

Gabriel Garcia Marquez- Columbia -About a town who find a man that is bigger than any other man they have seen. He is dead and washes up on their shore. Women give him an identity, Estaban. Prepare great funeral for him. After they throw him in the ocean, revive town

Agbala

Goddess of the Oracle of the Hills and the Caves, also means woman or man without a title

elements of Realism

Heavy accumulation if detail, every character is representational, language represents everyday vernacular, attention to the environment

Hemholtz Watson

Helmholtz Watson is not as fully developed as some of the other characters, acting instead as a foil for Bernard and John. For Bernard, Helmholtz is everything Bernard wishes he could be: strong, intelligent, and attractive. As such a figure of strength, Helmholtz is very comfortable in his caste. Unlike Bernard, he is well liked and respected. Though he and Bernard share a dislike of the World State, Helmholtz condemns it for radically different reasons. Bernard dislikes the State because he is too weak to fit the social position he has been assigned; Helmholtz because he is too strong. Helmholtz can see and feel how the shallow culture in which he lives is stifling him. Helmholtz is also a foil for John, but in a different way. Helmholtz and John are very similar in spirit; both love poetry, and both are intelligent and critical of the World State. But there is an enormous cultural gap between them. Even when Helmholtz sees the genius in Shakespeare's poetry, he cannot help but laugh at the mention of mothers, fathers, and marriage—concepts that are vulgar and ridiculous in the World State. The conversations between Helmholtz and John illustrate that even the most reflective and intelligent World State member is defined by the culture in which he has been raised.

Music Box

In Esperanza's neighborhood, an old black man runs a junk store, and he doesn't turn on the lights unless he knows his customers have money. Esperanza and Nenny wander around the store in the dark. The store is labyrinthine and full of mysterious items, as well as piles of broken televisions. This is the store where Esperanza's family bought their refrigerator when they moved into the neighborhood. Esperanza is afraid to talk to the owner and only does so when she buys a little Statue of Liberty. Nenny is not intimidated by him, and one day she asks him about a wooden box in the shop. It is a music box, and the man plays it for them. Esperanza finds the music surprising and emotional. Nenny tries to buy the box, but the man tells her it's not for sale.

The Meeting

Jorge Luis Borge- Argentina -recalls an incident that occurred in 1910 in Buenos Aires. The narrator of the story was taken by his cousin to a country estate for a fiesta. The rest of the guests were a sophisticated and well versed. After the meal, in the game room, where Duncan and Uriarte are involved in a poker game, angry voices are overheard. Uriarte accuses Duncan of cheating and challenges him to a duel. They both go to a display case and choose their weapons. Uriarte takes a long dagger with a U-shaped crosspiece in the hilt. Duncan takes a shorter wooden handled dagger stamped with a tree on the blade. At first they fight clumsily, but before long they fence like experts. Suddenly Uriarte wounds Duncan fatally in the chest. Many years later the narrator tells this story to a retired police captain. The captain reveals that the daggers could have belonged to Juan Almanza and Juan Almada. Because people were always confusing them, the two searched for each other to have a duel. However, they never found each other. The narrator concludes that perhaps the duel, in 1910, was the end of the quarrel between Almada and Almanza, whose weapons used unsuspecting tools: Duncan and Uriarte.

Fanny Crowne

Lenina Crowne's friend (they have the same last name because only about ten thousand last names are in use in the World State). Fanny's role is mainly to voice the conventional values of her caste and society. Specifically, she warns Lenina that she should have more men in her life because it looks bad to concentrate on one man for too long.

Brave New World

Looks to the year 2540, where society accepts promisc sex and drug (soma) use and science has made humanity carefree, healthy, and technologically advanced. War and poverty no longer exist, and people are always happy. But these achievements have come by eliminating things from which people derive happiness —. Marx and Lenina are both from this artificial world where babies are made in factories, while John the Savage and Linda are from a Savage Reservation that still practice old ways.

Mamacita

Mamacita is an obese Mexican woman who was brought to the neighborhood by her son. She speaks no English and cries constantly about returning home to her country.

Sitting in the Window meaning

Mango Street is full of women who are trapped by their husbands, fathers, children, or their own feelings of inadequacy. Esperanza's long-dead great-grandmother married unwillingly and spent her whole life sitting sadly by her window. Four women in Esperanza's neighborhood are trapped in their apartments—Mamacita, Rafaela, Minerva, and Sally. They sit by their windows all day and look down onto the street. The group makes up a kind of community, but these women cannot communicate, and each keeps to her place without much complaint. Esperanza is determined not to become a woman sitting by a window, and she understands there is something amiss among the women in her world. Eventually, she tries to help by supporting women when she can. For now, however, the women represent a disturbing failure: that of the more liberated women to help their confined and unhappy neighbors.

Obierika

Okonkwo's close friend, whose daughter's wedding provides cause for festivity early in the novel. Obierika looks out for his friend, selling Okonkwo's yams to ensure that Okonkwo won't suffer financial ruin while in exile and comforting Okonkwo when he is depressed. Like Nwoye, Obierika questions some of the tribe's traditional strictures.

Unoka

Okonkwo's lazy, gentle, and idle father, debtor, good flute player, scared of blood, failure

Nwoye

Okonkwo's oldest son, whom Okonkwo believes is weak and lazy. Okonkwo continually beats Nwoye, hoping to correct the faults that he perceives in him. Influenced by Ikemefuna, Nwoye begins to exhibit more masculine behavior, which pleases Okonkwo. However, he maintains doubts about some of the laws and rules of his tribe and eventually converts to Christianity, an act that Okonkwo criticizes as "effeminate." Okonkwo believes that Nwoye is afflicted with the same weaknesses that his father, Unoka, possessed in abundance.

Ekwefi

Okonkwo's second wife, once the village beauty. Ekwefi ran away from her first husband to live with Okonkwo. Ezinma is her only surviving child, her other nine having died in infancy, and Ekwefi constantly fears that she will lose Ezinma as well. Ekwefi is good friends with Chielo, the priestess of the goddess Agbala.

Henry Foster

One of Lenina's many lovers, he is a perfectly conventional Alpha male, casually discussing Lenina's body with his coworkers. His success with Lenina, and his casual attitude about it, infuriate the jealous Bernard.

Ode to Watermelon

Pablo Neruda --

Ode to Lizard

Pablo Neruda -explains a lizard in its natural environment, and then Neruda's personal connection between his boyhood and the lizard

Shoes

Shoes in The House on Mango Street frequently evoke images of sex and adult femininity, and for Esperanza they illustrate the conflict she feels between her emerging sexual attractiveness and her desire for independence. Esperanza makes the connection between shoes and sex for the first time when she, Lucy, and Rachel try on high-heeled shoes a neighbor gives them. The shoes transform their scarred, childish feet and legs into long, slim women's legs, and what began as a childhood game of dress-up becomes something more dangerous, as male neighbors ogle them hungrily. That afternoon, they are happy to abandon the shoes, claiming they are bored with them. For the moment, Esperanza can smoothly shed her new sexual attractiveness and become a child again. When shoes appear again, Esperanza can't discard them so easily. When Esperanza attends a dance and wears brown saddle shoes with her pretty new dress, she is almost paralyzed with embarrassment and self-consciousness. Men ask her to dance, and she wants to dance, but she wants more to hide her worn-out little-girl shoes. Though she eventually dances with her uncle and relishes the stares of a boy, she is aware of her clunky shoes the entire time. When Esperanza wants to befriend Sally, who is sexually mature, she describes Sally's black suede shoes and wonders if she can convince her mother to buy her a similar pair. When Sally abandons Esperanza in the monkey garden in order to fool around with boys, Esperanza thinks her own feet look foreign. Finally, in Esperanza's vision of her dream house, her shoes are beside the bed, suggesting that she does have or will have some measure of control over her own sexuality, if only in her imagination.

Parties of 1984

The Inner Party, and The Outer Party. The "Rich" and the "middle-class." There is a third group of people called "The Proles," or "The Proletariat" which are the poor, and considered to be animals by the party.

Mustapha Mond

The Resident World Controller of Western Europe, one of only ten World Controllers. He was once an ambitious, young scientist performing illicit research. When his work was discovered, he was given the choice of going into exile or training to become a World Controller. He chose to give up science, and now he censors scientific discoveries and exiles people for unorthodox beliefs. He also keeps a collection of forbidden literature in his safe, including Shakespeare and religious writings. The name Mond means "world," and Mond is indeed the most powerful character in the world of this novel.

diction

The author's choice of words that creates tone, attitude, and style, as well as meaning

Reverend Smith

The missionary who replaces Mr. Brown. Unlike Mr. Brown, Reverend Smith is uncompromising and strict. He demands that his converts reject all of their indigenous beliefs, and he shows no respect for indigenous customs or culture. He is the stereotypical white colonialist, and his behavior epitomizes the problems of colonialism. He intentionally provokes his congregation, inciting it to anger and even indirectly, through Enoch, encouraging some fairly serious transgressions.

Meaning of Ezperana's name

The name Esperanza means "hope" in Spanish.

Meme Oritz

The new resident of Cathy's house. Meme's real name is Juan, and he has a dog with two names

Winston Smith

The novel's protagonist. Winston is a quiet 39-year-old man living in Oceania in the year 1984. A Party member, Winston works at the Ministry of Truth correcting "errors" in past publications. Winston is also an amateur intellectual who nurses a secret hatred of the Party. To protect himself from discovery, Winston goes through the motions of outward orthodoxy, but relishes his internal world of dreams, memories and speculation about the past. Winston is married but separated, and has no children. Upon meeting Julia, he finds an outlet for his heretical opinions and for the love he yearns to share with another human being. His physical and mental health improves, and Winston starts to believe more powerfully in an established covert movement against the Party. Unfortunately, the affair is short-lived, and the couple is arrested. Winston is taken to the Ministry of Love and subjected to extensive torture and humiliation, which force him into submission. As a result of this experience, Winston loses all rebellious thoughts, gains unadulterated love for Big Brother and the Party, and eradicates his love for Julia. In short, Winston loses his humanity. Upon his release, he is a shell of a man, yet also an ideal, loyal, and devoted Party member.

Ezinma

The only child of Okonkwo's second wife, Ekwefi. As the only one of Ekwefi's ten children to survive past infancy, Ezinma is the center of her mother's world. Their relationship is atypical—Ezinma calls Ekwefi by her name and is treated by her as an equal. Ezinma is also Okonkwo's favorite child, for she understands him better than any of his other children and reminds him of Ekwefi when Ekwefi was the village beauty. Okonkwo rarely demonstrates his affection, however, because he fears that doing so would make him look weak. Furthermore, he wishes that Ezinma were a boy because she would have been the perfect son. Ekwefi's daughter, an ogbanje, or a child who repeatedly dies and reenters the womb to be reborn

Umofia

The village that Okonkwo lives in. It is feared by all of the other neighboring villages because it was powerful in magic, war and priests.

Uchendu

The younger brother of Okonkwo's mother. He receives Okonkwo and his family warmly when they travel to Mbanta and he advises Okonkwo to be grateful for the comfort that his motherland offers him lest he anger the dead—especially his mother, who is buried there. all but one of his six wives are dead and he has buried twenty-two children. He is a peaceful, compromising man and functions as a foil to Okonkwo, who acts impetuously and without thinking

Motto of 1984

War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, and Ignorance is Strength

Julia

Winston's lover, a beautiful dark-haired girl working in the Fiction Department at the Ministry of Truth. She enjoys sex, and claims to have had affairs with many Party members. She is pragmatic and optimistic. Her rebellion against the Party is small and personal, for her own enjoyment, in contrast to Winston's ideological motivation.

figurative language

Writing or speech that is used to create vivid impressions by setting up comparisons between dissimilar things, [examples are metaphor, simile, and personification.

metaphor

a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity

Working Bibliography

a list of works to be consulted during the construction of the paper; usually each work is cited on an individual index card

Egwugwu

a masquerader who impersonates one of the ancestral spirits of the village

narrative poem

a poem that tells a story

incremental refrain

a refrain whose words change slightly with each recurrence

Yams

a type of sweet potato; source of farming and wealth in Umofia

dystopia

a work of fiction describing an imaginary place where life is extremely bad because of deprivation or oppression or terror

Realism

accurate or realistic portrayal of life and literature in the arts -describe the works that deal with daily struggles and disappointments of ordinary people

utopia

an imaginary place considered to be perfect or ideal

archetype

an original model on which something is patterned

Romanticism

artistic and intellectual movement that began in Europe in the late 19th century that celebrated nature rather than civilization

rhyme

be similar in sound, especially with respect to the last syllable

Cowries

brightly colored, glossy mollusk shells used as money in parts of Africa and Asia

Magical Realism

category of fiction in which fantastic, unbelievable events to take place in a realistic setting

MLA Citations

citations used when referencing a text in your work/writing so readers can easily reference/look up the source in your works cited/bibliography (usually denoted as (author'slastname page#) when doing it for a book <-- no comma in between)

Motto of BNW

community, stability, identity- Their identity is sacrificed to insure the stability of the community. There is no longer an individual identity, you are a gamma, a delta, an alpha... you are not Mary or John or so forth. Only by this sacrifice can the community be sustained. There is no want, no striving to achieve, no thought of what is best for one's self, there is just acceptance of one's situation and the conditioning that makes one happy with it. Absolute contentment, no thought of something more or less, conditioning and soma for any high or low equals stability. The community becomes the force to which all others serve. Children are created to serve a function in the community, then they are conditioned to serve another function in the community, then they are cremated to serve another function in the community. Every desire is programmed in order to further the stability of the community. They are conditioned to want to travel to boost that industry, but conditioned to not enjoy the outdoors because that does not contribute to the economy. They invent sport based upon the amount of equipment needed so that the sport will boost the economy.

DHC

director of hatcheries and condtions for central London

hyperbole

extreme exaggeration

Esperanza

he novel's heroine and narrator, an approximately twelve-year-old Chicana (Mexican-American girl). Esperanza is a budding writer who wishes for a home of her own. The House on Mango Street chronicles a year in her life as she matures emotionally and sexually.

Goldstein

igure who exerts an influence on the novel without ever appearing in it. According to the Party, Goldstein is the legendary leader of the Brotherhood. He seems to have been a Party leader who fell out of favor with the regime. In any case, the Party describes him as the most dangerous and treacherous man in Oceania.

irony

incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs

Ikenmefuna

kemefuna is a fifteen-year-old boy from a neighboring clan, Mbaino, who is given up to Umuofia as a sacrifice for killing one of the women of Umuofia. He lives with Okonkwo's family for three years before the elders order him to be killed. In those three years, he grows very close to Okonkwo's family, especially Nwoye. Okonkwo even prefers him to his true son Nwoye, considering Ikemefuna to be a promising, hard-working young man. His murder, in which Okonkwo takes a part, haunts Okonkwo throughout the book.

imagery

language that appeals to the senses

elements of Naturalism

man manipulated by forces beyond his control, harsh reality of war, betrayal, guilt, and response of man under extreme pressure

Nun

nun from Esperanza's school saw her playing in front of their flat. The nun asked Esperanza where she lived, and when Esperanza pointed to the third floor of the building behind her, the nun made Esperanza feel ashamed that she lived "there." Esperanza vowed then that someday she would live in a house that she "could point to." Her parents say that the house on Mango Street is temporary, but Esperanza knows "how those things go."

connotation

refers to the implied or suggested meanings associated with a word beyond its dictionary definition

Wives

sign of power, Okonkwo had 3, and he beat them

elements of Romanticism

spirit, natural, emotion/passion, gothic, medieval, sublime, hero, imagery

What was Huxley warning about in Brave New World

that in the future society the individual could be sacrificed for the state

personification

the act of attributing human characteristics to abstract ideas etc.

rhythm

the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry

Kola Nuts

the seed of a cola tree which contains caffeine and can be made into a drink

The Second coming

tone: dark, doomed, terror fear about: the coming of white men to Africa; cultures and lives being destroyed; anarchy loosed upon the world "Things fall apart; the center cannot hold; mere anarchy is loosed upon the world," "Surely some revelation is at hand; surely the Second Coming is at hand." author: William Butler Yeats -Inspiration for title

Themes of Brave New World

use of technology to control society, the consumer society, the incompatibility of happiness and truth, the Danger of an all powerful state

alliteration

use of the same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of verse

onomatopoeia

using words that imitate the sound they denote

Orwell's warning in 1984

warning against the rise to power of people, parties and ideals that Orwell considered a dark path for humanity

Persuasive Writing

writing in which the author wants to convince readers to agree with the author's opinions. To accomplish this, the writer must first make the issues clear to the reader and then provide incidents and facts to support his or her opinion. Examples: campaign speeches, debates, etc.

George Orwell

wrote 1984, Animal Farm; dark satire on Stalinist totalitarianism

Sally

young girl Esperanza befriends the same year she moves to Mango Street. Sally is the same age as Esperanza but is sexually bold and seems quite glamorous to Esperanza. She is not a good friend to Esperanza, abandoning her time and again to go off with boys. She has a physically abusive father and runs off before eighth grade to marry a man who won't let her see her friends or leave the house. Esperanza feels protective of Sally

Marin

young woman from Puerto Rico who lives with her cousin's family. Marin spends most of her time baby-sitting and so cannot leave the house. She sells makeup for Avon and teaches Esperanza and her friends about the world of boys. Although she has a fiancé back in Puerto Rico, she also dreams about American men taking her away from Mango Street to the suburbs. At the end of the year, her cousins send her back to Puerto Rico.