English civil war, History Exam

Grand remonstrance

List of Grievances that led to Charles fleeing and making an army to combat Oliver Cromwell.

The philosophy of _____ favored a simpler religion based on reason.

deism

Fifth monarchy men

promoted an apocalyptic vision of the future, "end was near

Queen elizabeth

-daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boley

Describe the Glorius Revolution

Both parties united against James II and invited William and Mary of Orange to rule England according to laws of Parliament

Lord Protector

Cromwell disbanded parliament and took this title when parliament moved to quit funding the New Model Army

separatists

English Protestants wh owould not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers

Charles I

(1625-1649) Stuart king who brought conflict with Parliament to a head and was subsequently executed.

English civil war

(1642-1651) Armed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians, resulting in a victory of Pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I.

Charles II

(1660-1685) Stuart king during the Restoration, following Cromwell's Interregnum

Oliver Cromwell

..., English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

cavaliers

..., In the English Civil War (1642-1647), these were the troops loyal to Charles II. Their opponents were the Roundheads, loyal to Parliament and Oliver Cromwell.

Petition of Right

1628. Signed by Charles I. No imprisonment without due cause; no taxes levied without Parliament's consent; soldiers not housed in private homes; no martial law during peace time.

English Revolution

A civil war that broke out between those who supported Parliament and thse that supported the King. Parliament won and set up a commonwealth.

roundheads

A group consisting of puritans, country land owners, and town based manufacturers, led by Oliver Cromwell; fought against the Cavaliers during the English civil war Supporters of parliament

Death Warrant

A piece of paper ordering someones execution.

Royalists

A pro-monarchy group that formed in parliment

Puritan revolution

A reference to the English civil war (1642-1646), waged to determine whether sovereignty would reside in the monarch or in Parliament.

Rump Parliament

After much of Parliament was killed for voting against the trial of Charles I, the remainder did their best to hold it together, until Cromwell took control and started a new Parliament.

Triennial act

An Act of Parliament reluctantly agreed to by Charles I (who said it reduced his sovereign powers) which stated that there had to be a parliament of at least 50 days duration every three years.

Political Culture

An overall set of values widely shared within a society

William Laud

Archbishop of Canterbury under Charles I in England. He tried to force the Scottish to use the English Book of Common Prayer. He was later executed by Parliament during the English Civil War.

Mary Queen of scots

Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded.

Identify the causes and effects of the English Civil War. How did it change England? How did it later affect America?

Causes: Quarrels over religion, taxes, and royal power between Stuart monarchs and Parliament Effects: temporary creation of republic, long-term limits on royal power and emergence of parliamentary supremacy; England became a constitutional monarchy. Idea of limited government spread to America

State the causes and effects of the American Revolution. What was its impact?

Causes: rift between England and colonies over taxation, representation, and trade Effects: U.S. bacame an independent republic and model for others struggling for freedom

Explain how Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton each added something new to an understanding of the solar systems

Copernicus: sun-centered solar system; Galileo: observations with telescope support Copernican model Kepler: planets move around sun in ellipses Newton: gravity holds solar system together

In what two nations were organizations founded for people interested in sharing scientific information?

England and France

Discuss how the military rule of Oliver Cromwell helped set the stage fro the Restoration in 1660

Harsh Puritan rule made the English people eager to restore monarchy

Explain how the study of history was influenced by the Enlightenment

Historians began to use the scientific method, posing testing hypotheses about the past

Congregationalists

Members of Puritan churches governed by congregations.

what was the European interest in science and learning during the period of the 1500s and 1600s?

People all over Europe were interested in science

Why do you suppose a belief in witches and ghosts largely became a thing of the past in Europe after the period of the Enlightenment?

People began to rely on observation, reason, and the scientific method instead of superstition

_____,with its emphasis on emotion and the individual, opposed the values of the Enlightment.

Romanticism

Identify 2 philosophers in the 1700s who disagreed with Enlightenment ideas. What were their views?

Rousseau thought that people should rely more on instinct and emotion than on reason, that people are naturally good, and that they have the right to rise up against government. Kant believed reason could not explain problems of metaphysics, asserted that human feelings about religion, beauty, and morality are real even though not explainable by reason.

Where the 1700s an era of optimism or pessimism? Explain

Some may argue that it was an optimistic age because people looked favorably on new ideas and believed reason could provide the answers to many of lifes's problems.

Parliamentarians

Supporters of Parliament

The new model army

This disciplined military force, made up largely of devout Puritans, was led by Oliver Cromwell during the English Civil War and was largely responsible for the defeat of the king's forces

How do you think scientific ideas and theories spread from one nation of Europe into other nations?

Writers and traveling scholars and scientists spread ideas

George Villiers

______ became a gatekeeper for the King (people would bribe him in order to receive audiences with the King)

Putney debates

a conflict within the Parliament side of the English Civil War, divided on fat of Charles I--eventually executed

self denying ordinance

approved by the constituent assembly to ensure that none of its members could belong to the new assembly

Enlightenment writers, aritsts, and architects strove to achieve the ideals of_____, which to them represented ultimate order and reason

classicism

When the monarchy was abolished in 1649, England became a _________, a state governed by elected representatives.

commonwealth

Diggers

denied Parliament's authority and rejected private ownership of land

A rift between James I and Parliament grew deeper when the king publicly professed his belief in ____.

divine right

According to the principle of _________, a person cannot be held in prison by the government without just cause or without trial.

habeas corpus

Henry Ireton

he was the son-in-law of Oliver Cromwell, he served as a general in the Parliamentary army.

During time of _______, military authorities are given temporary rule and individual rights are limited.

martial law

Political philosophers of the Enlightenment believed in the idea of __________, or a univeral moral law that, like physical laws, could be understood by applying reason

natural law

John Pym

outspoken member of Parliament, tried to impeach Duke of Buckingham, legally attacked Laud, and star chamber. King tries to threaten him but has already fled and returns a week later, after the King has left.

William Penn believed in ___________ and favored the creation of an assembly of nations committed to world peace.

pacifism

English Reformation

result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom

State the changes brought by the English Bill of Rights

royal powers were limited and certain individual rights were guaranteed

In the English Civil War, supporters of the monarchy were known as ________

royalists

Describe the ways in which European thinking about the universe, philosophy, and law changed during the Enlightenment.

sun is at the center of the solar system and that the planets move around the sun; living matter composed of cells and that blood circulates through the body; truth of physical universe known through scientific method; use of reason to make laws just and workable

Puritanism

the beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans (most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects)

State the political idea advocated by Montesquieu that can be found in the U.S. constitution

the separation of powers, right of individuals

Levelers

these Englishmen wanted every man in England to have a vote and thus a say in government

Robert cecil

• Secretary of State for both Elizabeth and James.

James I

(1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.

Why were the enlightened despots unable to carry out thorough reform?

Many nobels felt threatened by the powers monarchs were giving common people, and so they frustrated reform efforts

How did classical art reflect the values of the Enlightenment?

It emphasized form and order.