English final
7. How is a thesis statement limited?
A sentence can be too broad and that it seems insupportable. The revision limits, narrows.
8. What is a summary of a source?
A summary is a short overview of the main points of an article or other source, written entirely in your own words.
1. Where should you search for sources?
Academic library.
Psychiatric labels can badly hurt those labeled, says George Vail-lant, because they fail to distinguish among health, illness, and im-morality
Acceptable: This attempt acknowledges the source, restates the original text in new words, and correctly conveys the original source's meaning.
According to George Vaillant, "psychiatric labeling [such as 'homo-sexual' or 'schizophrenic'] is dangerous. Society can inflict terrible wounds by . . . confusing health with disease and disease with bad-ness"
Acceptable: This attempt acknowledges the source, uses quotation marks around the copied words, and uses brackets around the addition to the quotation. Consult page 325 in the textbook for further information about the use of brackets.
8. How must you alphabetize a tweet with an actual Twitter username?
Alphabetize by the first letter in the username. The date should include the year, month, and day, but not the time. Reproduce the entire text of the tweet exactly, including any URLs that might be contained in the post.
2. How should you alphabetize sources?
Arrange sources alphabetically by the author's last name. If no author, alphabetize by the first main word of the title. Excluding A, An, or The.
8. What are strategies for writing introductory paragraphs?
Ask a question, relate an incident, use a vivid quotation, offer a surprising statistic or other fact, State and opinion related to your thesis, provide background, create a visual image that represents your subject, make a historical comparison or contrast. Outline a problem or dilemma, Define word central to your subject. In some business or technical writing, summarize your paper.
6. What is the documentation format for periodicals? Print? Web? Database?
Author. Title. Title of container (self-contained if book), Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publisher Date, Location (pp.). 2nd container's title, Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Pub date, Location (pp.).
1. What is research writing? Be able to define and explain this concept.
Be able to define and explain this concept. Write about sources, leads you want to pursue, record your thoughts, leads, difficulties, new directions, relationships, anything that strikes you.
2. What are some prewriting/invention strategies?
Brainstorming Free writing, brainstorming, journalist questions, listing, clustering/mapping
4. What are some guidelines to determine if a source is scholarly or popular?
Check the title. Technical or general vocabulary? Check the publisher. Scholarly journal or popular magazine? Check the length of periodical articles. Scholarly articles are generally much longer than magazine or newspaper articles.
5. What is common knowledge?
Consists of the standard information on a subject as well as folk literature and common-sense observations.
1. What is one synonym of "invention"? (prewriting)
Creativity, Imagination, and Ingenuity
Appeal to Fear
Definition: The appeal to fear takes place when an arguer tries to get people to accept a conclusion by instilling fear in them or by making them feel afraid of alternate consequences. • *Note: The appeal to fear is likely to be even more effective. Appeals based on evidence that fear is an appropriate response to the issues can move an audience toward a solution to a problem. (Fear can also have an adverse reaction of preventing people from taking a necessary action.) • Example: "I do not think that a Red Ryder BB gun would make a good present. A Red Ryder BB gun is dangerous and could cause harm to the user. Now, think of a much safer gift."
Bandwagon Fallacy
Definition: This fallacy occurs when an arguer tries to persuade people to accept a view or practice because of the sheer numbers of people who participate. • Example: "All men who buy a pick-up truck include four-wheel drive and a towing package in their purchase." - The arguer appeals to the frequency or the prestige of the purchase rather than the price or the need of the purchase. - Even if many men buy trucks with these features, why should I? - If a man buys a truck without these features, does this purchase make him less of a man? • Example: "All my friends are going to the party." • Example: "All my friends are drinking alcohol and smoking drugs."
4. What is paragraph unity?
Develop one single idea that is often the topic sentence.
5. What is relevance?
Does the source devote some attention to your subject? Does it focus on your subject or cover it marginally? How does it compare to other sources you've found? Is the source appropriately specialized for your needs? Check the sources treatment of a topic you know something about, to ensure that is neither too superficial nor too technical. Is the source up to date enough for your subject? When was it published? If your subject is current, your sources should be too.
2. What is an introductory paragraph?
Draws readers from their world into your world. It focuses readers attention on the topic and arouses curiosity about what you have to say. It specifies your subject and implies your attitude. Often it includes your thesis statement. It is concise and sincere.
10. What is the definition of "evaluate"? To critique or to judge. Note the second line at the top of page 388 directly beneath the subheading entitled "Identify the author or creator.
Evaluate the author, track down his or her other work. Get a sense of the interests and biases by tracking down his or her other work. Gain an overview of the author's work.
7. What is author's bias?
Every author has a point of view that influences the selection and interpretation of evidence.
7. What are transitions?
Forge specific connections between sentences and paragraphs. Therefore, in contrast, meanwhile.
6. What is paragraph organization?
General to specific, Climatic, Spatial, and Chronological.
2. What is deliberate plagiarism?
Intentional: the writer chooses to cheat by turning in someone else's work as his or her own.
2. How should you develop/refine your search terms?
Keywords and subject headings. Use and or + to narrow the search by including only sources that use all the given words. Use not or - to narrow the search by excluding irrelevant words. Use quotation marks or parentheses to form search phrases. Use wild cards to permit different versions of the same word. Be sure to spell your keywords correctly.
1. What is the Latin word for plagiarism?
Kidnapper
4. What is the checklist for avoiding plagiarism? Many questions
Know your source. Quote Carefully. Paraphrase and summarize carefully. Cite sources responsibly.
2. What are scholarly sites?
Knowledge-building interest, most reliable. Include research reports with supporting data and extensive documentation of scholarly sources. End in Edu, org, or gov.
5. What is an annotated bibliography? Be able to define and explain this kind of writing. Also you must be able to recognize an annotated bibliography by illustration. Hint: see the picture of an annotated bibliography on textbook page 358.
MLA Format: Print or Electronic book/ Periodical articles in print online databases, web journals/ Web material and other electronic sources/ Any other source: Name of author, Title, Subtitle, Publication Date, Volume Date, DOI/ URL (publication information for source)What you know about the content of the source. (Summary of Source) How you think the source may be helpful in your research. Graphs, tables, charts etc. (Helpful features) Your assessment of the source.
10. What is a topic sentence?
New main point linking to previous paragraph and to thesis. General statement
5. What are the disadvantages of web searches?
Not geared towards academic research. Sources will not be filtered as library materials are. No one ensures the reliability. Library web will be more efficient and more effective.
5. What is a counter-claim?
Opposes the argument you establish (might be the opposite of your opinion) • Shows that you are considering other sides of the issue- gives balance. • Summarizes one objection to your argument. (In one paragraph, this part should summarize what other people think about the issue/subject and provide evidence to support their side.
10. What are some examples of plagiarism? Hint: review this textbook section for some examples.
Original: The process of searching for a job can be very stressful, but it doesn't have to be. Start with a well-written resume that has appropriate keywords for your occupation. Next, conduct a targeted job search for positions that meet your needs. Plagiarism: Looking for a job can be very stressful, but it doesn't have to be. Begin by writing a good resume with appropriate keywords for your occupation. Second, target your job search for positions that match your needs.
9. What is a paraphrase of a source?
Paraphrasing means formulating someone else's ideas in your own words. To paraphrase a source, you have to rewrite a passage without changing the meaning of the original text. Paraphrasing is an alternative to quoting, where you copy someone's exact words and put them in quotation marks.
According to George Vaillant, society often inflicts wounds by using psychiatric labeling, confusing health, disease, and badness (361).
Plagiarized: This attempt takes phrases directly from the original without quotation marks surrounding the original text. The author's name and the page number are included, but the missing quotation marks suggests the writer has attempted to compose a summary or even a paraphrase of the original text. The result might be unintentional, but the attempt is still considered plagiarism. Review the "Careless Plagiarism" section on page 407 in the textbook, and review the first paragraph at the top of page 406 in the textbook.
3. What are advocacy sites?
Present the view of individuals or organizations that promote certain policies or actions, such as National Rifle Association or People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. May end in Edu, or com. Have a strong bias. Some may include well documented research to support their positions or select or distort evidence.
3. What are primary and secondary sources? Be able to define and explain these terms. You should know some examples of each category.
Primary sources are firsthand or original accounts such as literature, historical documents, eyewitness reports, reports on experiments or surveys conducted by the writer, and sources you originate (interviews, observations) Report and analyze information drawn from other sources, often primary ones. Examples include a reporter's summary of a controversial issue, historians account of a battle, a critic reading of a poem, a psychologist evaluation of several studies.
10. What are editing concerns? Hint: consult textbook page thirty-seven
Sentence level concerns and Word level concerns
6. What must you acknowledge to avoid plagiarism?
Someone else's material
3. What is a cluster diagram? Be able to define and explain this concept. Also you must be able to recognize cluster diagrams by illustration. Hint: see the picture of a cluster diagram on textbook page fourteen.
Starting with your topic at a center point and then radiate outward with ideas. Pursue related ideas in a branching structure until the seem exhausted. Then do the same with other ideas, continuously branching out, or drawing arrows to show connections.
3. What is a concluding paragraph?
The conclusion finishes off your essay and tells readers where you think you have brought them. It answers the question, "So what?" Often the hardest part to write effectively. • Step back a little - look at the whole again. • Show why a solution to the argument is important and why yours is the best. • Show the possible benefits of accepting your solution/side. • Do not leave your discussion open ended. Your last chance to leave an impression. • Do not just restate. Use a specific concluding paragraph strategy.
1. What is the textbook definition of a thesis statement?
The controlling idea to which all the essays other ideas and information relate.
1. What is a body paragraph?
The key units of a larger piece of writing. Details to support the point.
8. How does a thesis statement identify or at least imply a purpose?
The sentence will convey the writer's reason for exploring the subject. A purpose of arguing. To persuade.
2. What are the essential functions of a thesis statement?
The thesis statement narrows your subject to a single, central idea that you want readers to gain from your essay. It claims something specific and significant about your subject, a claim that requires support. It conveys your purpose, your reason for writing. If often concisely previews the arrangement of ideas, in which case it can also help you organize your essay
7. What are focus areas where you should concentrate during revision? Pg 29-31
Theis Statement, Organization
4. What are the journalist's questions?
These questions can also be useful in probing an essay subject, especially when you are examining cause and effect or telling a story. Who was involved? What happened, and what were the results? When did it happen? Where did it happen? Why did it happen? How did it happen?
7. What are the parts of a selection from an anthology? What parts must be included?
To cite the entire anthology or collection, list by editor(s) followed by a comma and "editor" or, for multiple editors, "editors." This sort of entry is somewhat rare. If you are citing a particular piece within an anthology or collection (more common), see A Work in an Anthology, Reference, or Collection below. Hill, Charles A., and Marguerite Helmers, editors. Defining Visual Rhetoric's. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004. Works may include an essay in an edited collection or anthology, or a chapter of a book. The basic form is for this sort of citation is as follows: Last name, First name. "Title of Essay." Title of Collection, edited by Editor's Name(s), Publisher, Year, Page range of entry
4. What is the URL? What does this acronym stand for? And what is the URL's purpose? (not a DOI)
Uniform Resource Locator: a location or address identifying where documents can be found on the Internet; a Web address. Protocol. example http:// or Https:// are the most common, Https:// is the most secure. ,Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. City of Publication, Publisher, Publication Date. Note: The City of Publication should only be used if the book was published before 1900, if the publisher has offices in more than one country, or if the publisher is unknown in North America.
3. What is careless plagiarism?
Unintentional: Grappling with complicated information and ideas in sources, the writer neglects to put quotation marks around a sources exact words or neglects to include a source citation for a quotation.
Questions for Refutation
What are possible objections to/ misunderstandings of my opinion? How can I deal with them? • What are other perspectives or other sides to this issue? • Why do these people think this way? What is their view of this subject? • What evidence supports their side?May concede: give a little—but not too much. • There is sometimes common ground—find it. • Four strategies to refute: - Show opposing argument is flawed because the opposing arguer ignores or fails to mention important points. - Show opposing argument is incorrect or wrong using facts. - Show the limits of the opposing argument (situational). You can enlarge the scope of the opposing argument by showing how the opposing argument also applies to situations outside of the context the opposing arguer provides. - Show that other considerations outweigh their points. Other considerations might include people's beliefs or values. (In one paragraph, this part should refute the objection you summarized. Use the strategies listed above. This paragraph is your rebuttal.)
6. How is a thesis statement unified?
With two facts linked by but, the original sentence moves in two direction, not one. The revision clarifies the relation between the parts and their significance.
5. What is freewriting? Be able to define and explain this concept.
Writing without stopping for a certain amount of time. Goal of freewriting is to generate ideas and information from within yourself by going around the part of your mind that doesn't want to write or can't think of anything to write.
3. What are periodicals? (journals/magazines/newspapers) Include newspapers (detailed accounts for past and current events)
academic journals, and magazines. best source to use in research report writing
1. What does a Works Cited list look like? What are its characteristics/parts?
an alphabetical listing of all sources investigated and used to complete the project
6. What are the four main stages of the writing process? (prewriting
drafting, revising, and editing)
4. What are fallacies?
Deficits in an argument. Study Fallacy quiz. Pg. 111 on test.
What is a fallacy?
Fallacies are defects that weaken arguments. • First, fallacious arguments are very, very common and can be quite persuasive, at least to the casual reader or listener. You can find dozens of examples of fallacious reasoning in newspapers, advertisements, and other sources. • Second, it is sometimes difficult to evaluate whether an argument is fallacious. • An argument might be very weak, somewhat weak, somewhat strong, or very strong. An argument that has several stages or parts might have some strong sections and some weak ones.
6. What is reliability?
Where does the source come from? Did you find it through your library or directly through the internet? Is the source popular or scholarly? Is the author an expert in the field? Check the authors credentials in a biography (if the source includes one), in a biographical reference, or by a keyword search of the web. What is the bias of the source? How do the authors ideas relate to those in other sources? What areas does the author emphasize, ignore, or dismiss? Is the source fair, reasonable, and well written? Does it provide sound reasoning and a fair picture of opposing views? Is the tone calm and objective? Is the source logically organized and error-free? Are the claims well supported, even if you don't agree with the author? Does the author provide accurate, relevant, representative, and adequate evidence to back up his or her claims? Does the author cite sources, and if so, are they reliable?
9. How worthwhile is the content (of a site)?
Are the sites claims well supported by evidence from reliable sources? When was the site posted or last updated?
4. What are commercial sites?
Corporations and other businesses such as automakers, electronics, manufacturers, and booksellers maintain websites to explain themselves, promote themselves, or sell goods and services. Can have reliable data.
Missing the Point
Definition: The premises of an argument do support a particular conclusion—but not the conclusion that the arguer actually draws. • Example: "The seriousness of a punishment should match the seriousness of the crime. Right now, the punishment for drunk driving may simply be a fine. But drunk driving is a very serious crime that can kill innocent people. So the death penalty should be the punishment for drunk driving." - The argument actually supports several conclusions. "The punishment for drunk driving should be very serious," in particular—but it does not support the claim that the death penalty, specifically, is warranted
2. What are an argument's characteristics/parts? Hint: consult the "Argument Presentation" available in Canvas.
Introduction - invites interest into your discussion, provides needed background information, establishes connection to the topic, and states thesis. • Confirmation - Identifies the individual points from your thesis and provides evidence in support of your side of the argument. Presents topic more fully. • Counter Claim- presents opposing viewpoint, explains why people have such a view, and provides evidence of such a view • Response(to counter claim) -valid points to refute opposing viewpoint (your rebuttal) • Conclusion - Wraps up argument, provides closure, and strengthens the argument with a final plea or reinforcement of points made.
3. What are types of evidence? Hint: item one 105 LB qualities of evidence? Hint: item two 105 LB (categories qualities)
Parental approach doesn't work (i.e., Because I said so!) • Provides various support for your side of the issue. - Facts - Examples - Expert testimony - Documented evidence • Shows how this support is actually connected to thesis
7. What is a quotation of a source?
Quoting means copying a passage of someone else's words and crediting the source.
5. What is paragraph coherence?
Readers can see how it holds together: the sentences seem to flow logically and smoothly into one another.
9. What are strategies for writing concluding paragraphs?
Recommend a course of action. Summarize the paper, Echo the approach of the introduction. Restate your thesis and reflect on its implications. Strike a note of hope or despair. Give a symbolic or powerful fact or other detail. Give an especially compelling example. Create a visual image that represents your subject. Use a quotation.
5. What is another synonym of thesis statement? (claim / argument / proposition / opinion)
Statement, proposition, argument, subject
9. What kinds of sentences do NOT qualify as thesis statements? Hint: review the class notes about thesis statements.
Thesis statements are not titles or fragments, are not questions, are not commands, are not facts, are not announcements of the author's purpose or assignment, are not merely observations of the obvious, are not unarguable personal preferences. Thesis statements are not overly simplistic. Thesis statements are not immature or tasteless.
Ad hominem Fallacy
• Definition: Directly attacks someone's appearance, personal habits, or character rather than focusing on the merit of the issue at hand. The implication is that if something is wrong with this person, whatever he/she says must be wrong. • Example: "Keith Urban is not a good musician because he has been in and out of rehabilitation for years." - The arguer suggests that this view is acceptable because of some negative character trait. This is an attack of the person rather than the argument. • Example: "Donald Trump would not make a good president because his comments are not politically correct." - The arguer suggests that a good president avoids language that is considered offensive. The arguer focuses on Trump's character flaws. This is an attack of the person rather than the argument.
According to George Vaillant, when psychiatric labeling discrimi-nates between health and disease or between disease and badness, it can inflict wounds on those labeled
. Inaccurate and plagiarized: This attempt uses phrases from the original text without quotation marks surrounding the original text. Also, this attempt distorts the meaning of the original text.
1. What is an argument? Pg. 102
Argument is writing that attempts to solve a problem, open read-ers' minds to an opinion, change readers' opinions, or move readers to action. In this composition class, an academic argument identifies your position on an issue or subject, provides logical explanation and researched evidence to support your position, and includes one opposing viewpoint to your position
3. What is a container?
Large publications are called containers.
3. What are the three required components of a solid thesis? Hint: review the class notes about thesis statements.
Subject + precise opinion + direction = clear, concise thesis
Hasty Generalization
definition a): applying a specific rule to a general situation (without proper evidence) • Example: "That $18 pair of jeans at Burlington Coat Factory is a great deal! Therefore, everything at Burlington Coat Factory is a great deal." - In this example, the $18 pair of jeans that would cost $75 at Belk is a great deal. However, to conclude that because of the low price on these jeans everything else that Burlington Coat Factory sells is a great deal is an example of the hasty generalization fallacy . • Definition b): making a claim based on inadequate evidence (usually because it is atypical or just too small). • Example: "My roommate said her philosophy class was difficult, and the one I'm in is difficult, too. All philosophy classes must be difficult!" - Two people's experiences are, in this case, not enough on which to base a conclusion.
Ad populum
• Definition: The arguer appeals to people who agree with the view or to the popularity of the view as evidence that the view is acceptable. This fallacy is similar to the hasty generalization fallacy (second definition provided) and the bandwagon fallacy. • Example: Any legitimate citizen of Roswell, New Mexico, believes in UFOs. - But what evidence is available to prove that UFOs exist? - Are actual citizens of Roswell forbidden the status of "citizen" if they do not believe in UFOs? Are they shunned . . . ostracized . . . alienated? • Example: Until the late sixteenth century, most people believed that the earth was the center of the universe. - This view, of course, is not true.
False Authority
Definition: Often we add strength to our arguments by referring to respected sources or authorities and explaining their positions on the issues we're discussing. - If, however, we try to get readers to agree with us simply by impressing them with a famous name or by appealing to a supposed authority who really isn't much of an expert, we commit the fallacy of false authority. • Example: "We should abolish the death penalty. Many respected people, such as actor Brad Pitt, have publicly stated their opposition to it." - While Brad Pitt may be an authority on matters having to do with acting, there's no particular reason why anyone should be moved by his political opinions—he is probably no more of an authority on the death penalty or poverty or any number of issues
Red Herring
Definition: Part of the way through an argument, the arguer goes on a tangent, raising a side issue that distracts the audience from what is really at stake. Often, the arguer never returns to the original issue. • Example: "Grading this exam on a curve would be the most fair thing to do. After all, classes go more smoothly when the students and the professor are getting along well." Let's try our premise-conclusion outlining to see what is wrong with this argument: - Premise: Classes go more smoothly when the students and the professor are getting along well. - Conclusion: Grading this exam on a curve would be the most fair thing to do. • When we lay it out this way, it is pretty obvious that the arguer went on a tangent—the fact that something helps people get along does not necessarily make it more fair; fairness and justice sometimes require us to do things that cause conflict. But the audience may feel like the issue of teachers and students agreeing is important, and the audience may be distracted from the fact that the arguer has not given any evidence as to why a curve would be fair.
Labels such as "homosexual" and "schizophrenic" can be hurtful when they fail to distinguish among health, illness, and immorality. 6.
Inaccurate and plagiarized: This attempt fails to acknowledge the source; no author, title, or page number is provided to give credit to the original text. Also, this attempt fails to convey accurately the concepts of "discrimination" and "confusing" outlined in the original text (Vaillant 361).
8. How do you read your work critically? Hint: consult textbook page thirty
Take a break after finishing the draft. Ask someone to respond to you draft. Read your draft in a new medium. Outline your draft. Listen to your draft. Use a revision checklist.
8. What does the context (of a site) tell you?
What do you already know about the site's subject that can inform your evaluation? What kinds of support or other information do the sites' links provide?
10. What are some examples of thesis statements? Hint: review the class notes about thesis statements.
Although all my friends thought cigarettes were stylish, I discovered that smoking is actually a disgusting habit with many health risks such as bad breath, nicotine addiction, and lung cancer. People should become more aware of their environment so that they can preserve wilderness areas, protect wildlife, and conserve rapidly disappearing resources.
2. After selecting a subject to research what are some questions that you should ask about your subject to determine if it is a suitable subject? Hint: consult textbook page 352.
Are ample sources of information available on the subject? Does the subject encourage research in the kinds and number of sources required by the assignment? Will the subject lead you to an objective assessment of sources and to defensible conclusion? Does the subject suit the length of paper assigned, and the time given for research and writing?
Sweeping Generalization
Definition a): applying a general rule to a specific instance (without proper evidence) • Example: "You get what you pay for. Therefore, it is better to spend $75 for that pair of jeans at Belk than buy the same one at Burlington Coat Factory for $18." - This illustration is an example of the sweeping generalization. Generally "you get what you pay for" might be a good rule, but it certainly does not apply to all situations, and attempting to make it fit to all situations without proper consideration (or evidence) is faulty reasoning. • Definition b): oversimplified characterization of a group of people - Stereotypes about people ("frat boys are drunkards," "grad students are nerdy," etc.) are common examples of the principle underlying sweeping generalization.
Equivocation
Definition: Equivocation is sliding between two or more different meanings of a single word or phrase that is important to the argument. • Example: "Giving money to charity is the right thing to do. So charities have a right to our money." - The equivocation here is on the word "right": "right" can mean both something that is correct or good (as in "I got the right answers on the test") and something to which someone has a claim (as in "everyone has a right to life"). - Sometimes an arguer will deliberately equivocate often on words like "freedom," "justice," "rights," and so forth; other times, the equivocation is a mistake or misunderstanding. Either way, it's important that you use the main terms of your argument consistently.
False Analogy
Definition: Many arguments rely on an analogy between two or more objects, ideas, or situations. If the two items that are being compared are not really alike in the relevant respects, the analogy is a weak one, and the argument that relies on it commits the fallacy of weak, or false analogy. • Example: "Guns are like hammers—they're both tools with metal parts that could be used to kill someone. And yet it would be ridiculous to restrict the purchase of hammers—so restrictions on purchasing guns are equally ridiculous." - While guns and hammers do share certain features, these features (having metal parts, being tools, and being potentially useful for violence) are not the ones at stake in deciding whether to restrict guns. Rather, people restrict guns because they can easily be used to kill large numbers of people at a distance. This is a feature hammers do not share—it'd be hard to kill a crowd with a hammer. Thus, the analogy is weak, and so is the argument based on it. • If you think about it, you can make an analogy of some kind between almost any two things in the world: "My paper is like a mud puddle because they both get bigger when it rains. I work more when I'm stuck inside, and they're both kind of murky." So the mere fact that you draw an analogy between two items doesn't prove much, by itself.
Appeal to Pity
Definition: The appeal to pity takes place when an arguer tries to get people to accept a conclusion by making them feel sorry for someone. • Example: "I know the exam is graded based on performance, but you should give me an A. My cat has been sick, my car broke down, and I've had a cold, so it was really hard for me to study!" - The conclusion here is "You should give me an A." But the criteria for getting an A have to do with learning and applying the material from the course; the principle the arguer wants us to accept (people who have a hard week deserve A's) is clearly unacceptable. • Example: "It's wrong to tax corporations—think of all the money they give to charity, and think of the costs they already pay to run their businesses!"
Slippery Slope
Definition: The arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction, usually ending in some dire consequence, will take place, but there is really not enough evidence for that assumption. - The arguer asserts that if we take even one step onto the "slippery slope," we will end up sliding all the way to the bottom; he or she assumes we can't stop halfway down the hill. • Example: "Animal experimentation reduces our respect for life. If we don't respect life, we are likely to be more and more tolerant of violent acts like war and murder. Soon our society will become a battlefield in which everyone constantly fears for their lives. It will be the end of civilization. To prevent this terrible consequence, we should make animal experimentation illegal right now." - Since animal experimentation has been legal for some time and civilization has not yet ended, it seems particularly clear that this chain of events will not necessarily take place.
4. How do you revise a thesis statement?
Does the statement make a concise claim about your subject? That is, does it state an opinion? Is the claim limited to a single specific idea? Is the statement unified so that its parts clearly relate to each other? Does the statement at lease imply your purpose?
4. What are databases? Be able to define and explain this term. Also you must be able to recognize database entries and database searches by illustration. Hint: see the pictures of database entries and searches on textbook pages 366 and 367.
Include abstracts, or summaries of the articles and they may offer the full text of the articles as well.
1. What are information sites?
Individuals, nonprofit organizations, corporations, schools, and government bodies all produce sites intended to centralize information on subjects. May end in Edu, org, gov, or com. Generally, do not have the knowledge building focus of scholarly sites and may omit supporting data and documentation. But can provide useful information and include links to scholarly sites.
9. What is the Latin abbreviation "et al."? Hint: "and others"
The Latin abbreviation et al. stands for et alii which translates as "and other people." It is like etc., but it is used only for people. You will generally see et al.
Post hoc (false cause)
This fallacy gets its name from the Latin phrase "post hoc, ergo propter hoc," which translates as "after this, therefore because of this." • Definition: Assuming that because B comes after A, A caused B. - Of course, sometimes one event really does cause another one that comes later. For example, if I register for a class, and my name later appears on the roll, it is true that the first event caused the one that came later. But sometimes two events that seem related in time are not really related as cause and effect. That is, correlation is not the same thing as causation. • Examples: "President Jones raised taxes, and then the rate of violent crime went up. Jones is responsible for the rise in crime." - The increase in taxes might or might not be one factor in the rising crime rates, but the argument has not shown us that one caused the other.