English Final Exam

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Sentence Pattern #7

Sentence Pattern #5

Symbols

Symbols can have many more than one meaning - Reader must decide for themselves what a symbol stands for (What does it mean to you?) How to Read Literature Like a Professor, For Kids

Pronouns

• Case Forms of Pronouns: - Nominative - Objective - Possessive

MacBeth by: William Shakespeare

• Every Trip is a Quest: - MacDuff returns to Scotland * Redemption - King's quest • Acts of Communion: - Kills Duncan - Sees ghost - Breaks ip MacBeth's soul - Coronation Banquet • Vampires: - MacBeth - Witches - Lady Macbeth * Controlling Macbeth • Shakespeare: - Everything • Bible: - Natural Order - Macbeth = Fall of Lucifer (Comparison) - Scotland = Hell - England = Heaven - Falls onto Dark path (Macbeth) * Adam & Eve, Darkness • Hanseldee and Greteldum: - Rule of 3 * Witches, Ghosts - Black and White for human behavior * Like fairytales, clear cut, if this then that • It's Greek to me: - Fall of Cronus * Prophecy of going to power and falling out of power - Kill father, family, to become King - Deception - 3 fates - King Duncan dead body --> Madusa (Turn into stone when seen) • It's more than just Rain: - After Macbeth killed Duncan * Animals gone crazy * Black outside, even during daylight * Earthquakes - Gloomy • Symbols: - Clothes * Robe * Never fills shoes - Fair is foul, foul is fair - Washing of hands - Alcohol (influence on ones conscious) - Crown (power, influence, privilege) - Light/ Dark • Political: - Usurping throne (overthrow) - Tanistry (Allowing to choose a king from outside of blood line) - Hierarchy of Power * Society ranking • Geography Matters: - Forest coming to castle - Characters fleeing - Killing at Macbeth's house - Scotland = Hell - England = Heaven - Castle onto of hill * Everything outside beautiful * Inside not • Marked fro Greatness: - Macduff and the way he came into the world - Born into thrown - Banquo Ghost - Lady Macbeth and conscious - Witches prophecies of Banquo's son and Macbeth • He's blind for a reason: - Banquos ghost - Only Macbeth can see - Macbeth blinded by power - Macduff family vulnerability - Macbeth --> Alcohol - Blind to Prophecies --> Macbeth - Fair is foul, foul is fair - Macbeth --> Not thinking of consequences • It's never just heart disease: - Macbeth dies of beheading * Like he did to his enemies in the Beg. - Sleep walking --> Guilt - Banquos wisdom comes at a cost • Plot: - RISING ACTION · Macbeth and Banquo's encounter with the witches initiates both conflicts; Lady Macbeth's speeches goad Macbeth into murdering Duncan and seizing the crown. - CLIMAX · Macbeth's murder of Duncan in Act 2 represents the point of no return, after which Macbeth is forced to continue butchering his subjects to avoid the consequences of his crime. - FALLING ACTION · Macbeth's increasingly brutal murders (of Duncan's servants, Banquo, Lady Macduff and her son); Macbeth's second meeting with the witches; Macbeth's final confrontation with Macduff and the opposing armies • Setting: - (TIME) · The Middle Ages, specifically the eleventh century - (PLACE) · Various locations in Scotland; also England, briefly • Conflict: - MAJOR CONFLICTS · The struggle within Macbeth between his ambition and his sense of right and wrong; the struggle between the murderous evil represented by Macbeth and Lady Macbeth and the best interests of the nation, represented by Malcolm and Macduff • Symbolism: - Blood; - the dagger that Macbeth sees just before he kills Duncan in Act 2; - the weather • Theme: - The corrupting nature of unchecked ambition; - the relationship between cruelty and masculinity; - the difference between kingship and tyranny • Tone: - Dark and ominous, - suggestive of a world turned topsy-turvy by foul and unnatural crimes

Catcher in the Rye by: J. D. Salinger

• Every Trip is a Quest: - NYC (4 Days) Manhattan * Figuring out who he is * What is Important to him • Acts of Communion: - At bar and tried to communicate with people (Drunk) * Left 1/2 way through meal - Nun's about Romeo and Juliet * Allie is Mercuttio - Pency Prep Sunday meal - Antolini's • Vampires: - Holden's depression (makes others feel bad) - Likes reaction of others when mean/ gives them a hard time * Closest he gets to someone is by being mean to someone * Get into their heads (Power) • Shakespeare: - The Fall * Allie is Mercuttio • Bible: - Catholics - Comparing Judas and Crazy Guy - Judas (Disciple - great betrayer) * Being let down * Death (suicide) - God (Atheist) * Allies death • Hanseldee and Greteldum: - Flashbacks * Guilt - Absence of parents - Closure - Hope/Optimistic • It's Greek to Me: - The Fall • It's more than just Rain: - Cleansing * Crying * Sink - Funeral * Raining at Funeral/ Run back to cars but Allie (Dead) • Symbols: - F.U - Baseball Mitt (Allie's) - Hunting Cap --> Always hunting for something - Ducks --> Adaptation, Sense of purpose, Constant wondering, Psychology little/big - Record for Pheobe - Museum * Big Glass Cases * Looking through with different eyes - Carousel - Phone call to Jane • Political: - Anti - culture - Schools * Private vs. Public - Family life * Rejection - Wealth * Division of class • Geography Matters: - Diversity - Invisibility - Weather (Winter --> Gloomy) - Independence • Marked for Greatness: - Gray Hair * Maturity * Stress - Broken hand • He's Blind for a Reason: - Perception problems - Self - centered • It's never just Heart Disease: - Allie's death - Leukemia - Sick - Pneumonia - Stress - Depression * Inability to cope with anger • Plot: - RISING ACTION · Holden's many attempts to connect with other people over the course of the novel bring his conflicting impulses—to interact with other people as an adult, or to retreat from them as a child—into direct conflict. - CLIMAX · Possible climaxes include Holden's encounter with Sunny, when it becomes clear that he is unable to handle a sexual encounter; the end of his date with Sally, when he tries to get her to run away with him; and his departure from Mr. Antolini's apartment, when he begins to question his characteristic mode of judging other people. - FALLING ACTION · Holden's interactions with Phoebe, culminating in his tears of joy at watching Phoebe on the carousel (at the novel's end he has retreated into childhood, away from the threats of adult intimacy and sexuality) • Setting: - (TIME) · A long weekend in the late 1940s or early 1950s - (PLACE) · Holden begins his story in Pennsylvania, at his former school, Pencey Prep. He then recounts his adventures in New York City. • Conflict: - MAJOR CONFLICT · The major conflict is within Holden's psyche. Part of him wants to connect with other people on an adult level (and, more specifically, to have a sexual encounter), while part of him wants to reject the adult world as "phony," and to retreat into his own memories of childhood. • Symbolism: - The "catcher in the rye" - Holden's red hunting hat - the Museum of Natural History - the ducks in the Central Park lagoon • Theme: - Alienation as a form of self-protection; - the painfulness of growing up; - the phoniness of the adult world • Tone: - disgust, - cynicism, - bitterness, and - nostalgic longing, - all expressed in a colloquial style. SUMMARY: The book is about a young man, Holden Caulfield, who travels home after being expelled from an exclusive preparatory school. Instead of going directly home, Caulfield takes a wandering trip, thinking about what he wants to tell his family, and how best to deal with being kicked out of school.

To Kill a Mocking Bird by: Harper Lee

• Every Trip is a Quest: - Trial - Coming home from play - Look arounds - Finding Boo - Walks Boo home - Calpurnia's church • Acts of Communion: - Dill drinks Dalphus's coke - Eating with Cunningham's - Tea party with aunt Alexandra - Cake with Maudi - Food on porch after trial - Christmas dinner * Scout at Kiddie table - Boo giving gum • Vampires: - Maywella's dad (Ewell) - Mrs. Dubose - Cunningham family • Shakespeare: - Scout reading - Maywella liking Tom - Mr. Dalfus (Bi Racial children) • Bible: - Church with Calpurnia - Let the dead bury the dead - Religious groups - Maudi defines Radley and religion - Treat others how you want to be treated • Hanseldee and Greteldum: - Mrs. Dubose * Hansel and Gretel - Mockingbird - Absence of mother - Messy home life - Aunt Alexandra * Evil stepmom - Happy Ending - Running away - Ewell * Wolf - Boo * Rapunzel - War against a character (Ewell) - Scout and Jem * Jack and Jill • It's Greek to Me: - Robinson - Boo * Haytis - Myth of Boo - Dill * Persephonia - Atticus * Zeus • It's more than just Rain: - Death - Darkness during Ewells attack - Snow - Fire * Destruction, change - Hot heavy summers • Symbols: - Mockingbird - Geraniums * High social status * Maywella uses to feel richer - Snow on Mountain --> (Toxic Flower) * Mrs. Dubose toxic always around * Hard to get rid of • Political: - Racism * all of the -ism's (Sexism, etc.) - Small town politics - Newspaper editors views - Hypocrisy - During great depression • Geography Matters: - Small town they live in - Town known for racist views - South (Snowed?!) - Small town, everybody knows everything - Radley house near Finch's - Neighborhoods • Marked for Greatness: - Standing up for Tom --> Atticus - Scouts intelligence - Toms arm caught in cotton gin - Atticus special skill (shooting) - Scout not typical southern lady • He's Blind for a Reason: - Boo - Toms arm - Dalfus Ramond drunk - Atticus oldest dad in classes - Mrs. Dubose's medicine - Atticus with Jem thinking he killed Ewell • It's never just Heart Disease: - Atticus fighting for Tom - Rabid Dog - Alcoholism - Boo's dad lies - Boo's mom dies • Plot: - RISING ACTION · Scout, Jem, and Dill become fascinated with their mysterious neighbor Boo Radley and have an escalating series of encounters with him. Meanwhile, Atticus is assigned to defend a black man, Tom Robinson against the spurious rape charges Bob Ewell has brought against him. Watching the trial, Scout, and especially Jem, cannot understand how a jury could possibly convict Tom Robinson based on the Ewells' clearly fabricated story. - CLIMAX · Despite Atticus's capable and impassioned defense, the jury finds Tom Robinson guilty. The verdict forces Scout and Jem to confront the fact that the morals Atticus has taught them cannot always be reconciled with the reality of the world and the evils of human nature. - FALLING ACTION · When word spreads that Tom Robinson has been shot while trying to escape from prison, Jem struggles to come to terms with the injustice of the trial and of Tom Robinson's fate. After making a variety of threats against Atticus and others connected with the trial, Bob Ewell assaults Scout and Jem as they walk home one night, but Boo Radley saves the children and fatally stabs Ewell. The sheriff, knowing that Boo, like Tom Robinson, would be misunderstood and likely convicted in a trial, protects Boo by saying that Ewell tripped and fell on his own knife. After sitting and talking with Scout briefly, Boo retreats into his house, and Scout never sees him again. • Setting: - (TIME) · 1933-1935 - (PLACE) · The fictional town of Maycomb, Alabama • Conflict: - MAJOR CONFLICT · The childhood innocence with which Scout and Jem begin the novel is threatened by numerous incidents that expose the evil side of human nature, most notably the guilty verdict in Tom Robinson's trial and the vengefulness of Bob Ewell. As the novel progresses, Scout and Jem struggle to maintain faith in the human capacity for good in light of these recurring instances of human evil. • Symbolism: - Mockingbirds; - Boo Radley • Theme: - The coexistence of good and evil; - the importance of moral education; - social class • Tone: - Childlike, - humorous, - nostalgic, - innocent; - as the novel progresses, - increasingly dark, - foreboding, and - critical of society SUMMARY: Lee based the story and characters on her family and neighbors, and something that happened near her hometown in 1936. This was when she was 10 years old. To Kill a Mockingbird is a Southern Gothic novel and a bildungsroman (a story where the main character develops and grows). Its main themes are racism and innocence. Lee also writes about bravery, compassion, and gender roles in the American Deep South. The book is taught in many schools in English-speaking countries with lessons about being patient and fair. It is set during the Great Depression of the 1930s. It was first published in 1960 and made into a movie in 1962. It tells the story of a young girl, Jean Louise Finch, (known as "Scout") and her brother Jeremy Atticus Finch (known as "Jem"). They live in the Southern United States with their father Atticus Finch, who is a lawyer. In the story Atticus defends a black man, Tom Robinson, who has been accused of raping a white woman.

Subject

A noun or pronoun partnered with a predicate verb. Ex. 1. does an action with an action verb (Joe ate some meatballs. Joe) 2. exists with a verb of being (Joe is in the kitchen. Joe. There is a fly in my soup. Fly.) 3. is renamed or described after a verb of being or a linking verb (Joe is a gourmet. Joe. The cake looks good. Cake.) 4. is acted upon with a passive verb (Joe was fed some meatballs. Joe.) A person or thing that is being discussed, described, or dealt with. Every sentence has a subject. Sentence Parts

Verbs of Attribution

Certain verbs make "giving credit to" or attributing information to others easy. Affirms Argues Asserts Believes Claims Concludes Contends Explains Maintains Observes Remarks States Suggests Writes MLA Formatting

Hanseldee and Greteldum

Fairytale/ Folk Mix of new material and a familiar story (fairytales, Shakespeare, etc.) How to Read Literature Like a Professor, For Kids

It's Greek to Me

Myth - Something that helps us explain what physics, philosophy, mathematics, and chemistry can't - Become a part of culture - Become a way of seeing the work and seeing ourselves Myth is a body of story that matters How to Read Literature Like a Professor, For Kids

Direct Object

Noun or pronoun that receives the action of a verb in a sentence. It answers the questions what? or whom? about the verb. A direct object is the receiver of action within a sentence, as in Ex. (Joe ate some meatballs. Meatballs) Ex. He hit the ball. (Ball) What? Who? Whom? Sentence Parts

Noun to Rename the Direct Object

Objective Complement (OC) Test for OC: insert "to be" between the DO and the OC Ex. (We consider Joe a gourmet. Gourmet. We find the meatballs delicious. Delicious.) Sentence Parts

Indirect Object

Prepositional phrase in which the preposition to or for is not stated but understood. It tells to whom or for whom something is done. The indirect object always comes between the verb and the direct object. - Always precedes a direct object - Never has the word "to" or "for" stated Ex. (Joe gave Jim some meatballs. Jim) To whom? For whom? Sentence Parts

More than just Rain

Weather is never just weather - Brings atmosphere Rain: - Be a plot device --> Make characters seek shelter, get stranded or lost or stuck somewhere - Falls on everybody --> Rich, poor, etc. - Clean - Bring new life and hope It never just happens to be spring, or fall, or winter, either. - Represent time, age, maturity - Fall = Middle Age How to Read Literature Like a Professor, For Kids

Adjective to describe the Subject

What kind? Which one? How many? Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence. The Articles — a, an, and the — are adjectives. Observation — postdeterminers and limiter adjectives (e.g., a real hero, a perfect idiot) and adjectives subject to subjective measure (e.g., beautiful, interesting) A predicate adjective follows a linking verb and tells us something about the subject: Ex. (Smitherman, cold and achy, went to bed. Cold and achy.) Ramonita is beautiful. (Beautiful) His behavior has been outrageous. (Outrageous) That garbage on the street smells bad. (Bad) Sentence Parts

Acts of Communion

Whenever people eat or drink together Kinds of Communion: 1. In the real world (Invite friends and family to dinner not enemies) 2. Literature (Important reason to include one in a story. Reason is --> Has to do with how the characters are getting along. Or not getting along) How to Read Literature Like a Professor, For Kids

Geography Matters

Where are we going? The places made the stories happen. Stuff that shows up on a map (hills, mountains, rivers, etc.) Theme Plot Symbol Helps to see what is going on inside a character. Place brings us to: - ideas - minds and hearts of the characters what the author is trying to say How to Read Literature Like a Professor, For Kids

Parallelism

"Parallel construction requires that expressions similar in content and function be outwardly similar" (Similar construction through a sentence) Ex. Old - In spring, summer, or in winter. New - In spring, in summer, or in winter. or - In spring, summer or winter. Benefits: 1. Readers can recognize content and function 2. Smooth sound 3. Clarity of message Writing Terms

Sentence Patterns

1. Subject - "Be" Verb - Adverb of Time or Place 2. Subject - "Be" Verb - Adjective 3. Subject - "Be" Verb - Noun 4. Subject - Linking Verb - Adjective 5. Subject - Linking Verb - Noun 6. Subject - Intransitive Action Verb 7. Subject - Action Verb - Direct Object 8. Subject - Action Verb - Indirect Object - Direct Object 9. Subject - Action Verb - Direct Object - Adjective 10. Subject - Action Verb - Direct Object - Noun

Citations

After 1st quotation (Authors last name, Pg. #) Every quote after 1st (Pg. #) MLA Formatting

Shakespeare

Recognize connections between Shakespeare and something new we are reading, bringing our knowledge to the story Using Shakespeare's stories and creating own How to Read Literature Like a Professor, For Kids

Gerund

"-ING words that behave like NOUNS. (Avoid confusing them with -ING verbs or -ING participles)" Ex. - I am swimming. (am swimming) --> Verb Phrase - I went to a swimming hole. (swimming) --> Participle to describe "hole" - I like swimming. (Swimming) --> Here, it is a noun "Because they act like NOUNS, you can find gerunds anywhere you can find nouns in a sentence." You can find nouns: - As the Subj. (The house and its garage need to be washed.) (The house and its garage - Subj.) - As the DO (Mr. Scammons enjoys roller coasters.) (Roller coasters - DO) - As the IO (Ms. Smidy gave the teachers cookies yesterday at the meeting.) (The teachers - IO) - As the OP (I am afraid of spiders) (Spiders - OP) (Of - Prep.) - As the Predicate Nominative (I am the captain.) (The captain - PN) *"Captain" can be called a noun/predicate nominative to rename "I".* Phrases

Participle

"A group of words functioning as one part of speech - ADJ." - The 1st word in the phrase ends in (ing, ed, en, t) Ex. - The broken tree limbs... (Broken - Adj.) (Tree - noun) (Broken modifies tree) - Broken by the storm, the tree limbs fell to the ground. (Broken - Adj.) (Broken describing limbs) - The young limping boy... (Limping - Adj.) (Boy - Noun) (Limping modifies boy) - The young boy, limping from his injury, walked home. (Limping - Adj.) (Limping describing boy) "Sometimes the phrases are set apart by commas. Essential phrases are required for meaning, so they do not use a comma, however, nonessential phrases that are NOT required for meaning are surrounded by a comma(s)." Things to Consider: 1. When a sentence opens with a participial phrase, the grammatical subject should follow the comma and be modified by that phrase. 2. Many participial phrases contain prepositional phrases within them. Participles that behave like Adj. endings: -ing -ed -en -t Phrases

Phrases

"A phrase is a group of words, without a subject and a verb, that functions in a sentence as a single part of speech." We use them to: 1. Add detail by describing 2. Make meaning more precise 3. Fold in additional information 4. Phrases often appear near the words they are modifying 5. Sometimes, punctuation can help to establish how the phrase is behaving 6. Most phrases begin and end with something specific 7. If the phrases aren't essential, they can be removed without affecting the meaning of the sentence 5 Kinds of Phrases: 1. Prepositional (End with noun or pronoun) 2. Participial (ing, en, ed, t acts like an adjective) 3. Gerund (ing as a noun) 4. Infinitive (to (verb)) 5. Appositive (Extra info.)

Concision

"Concision is writing that contains as few words as possible. Writing should be succinct." (To state something in the least amount of words possible) Ex. Old - Productivity actually depends on certain factors that basically involve psychology more than any particular technology. New - Productivity depends on psychology more than on technology. 5 Principles of Concision: 1. Delete words that mean little or nothing (virtually, actually, particular, really, certain) 2. Delete words that repeat the meaning of other words (full and complete, any and all, hopes and dreams) 3. Delete words implied by other words (pink in color --> pink, shiny in appearance --> shiny) 4. Replace a phrase with a word (It is possible that nothing will come of this --> Nothing may come of this.) 5. Change negatives to affirmatives (not different - similar, not many - few, not often - rarely) Writing Terms

Appositive

"Extra language in a sentence that behaves like an adjective to further describe a noun." - If the information is required for the meaning of the sentence, the appositive is NOT set apart by commas. (The novel Of Mice and Men is a classic.) - If the information is NOT required for the meaning, it IS set apart by commas. (The novel we are reading in class, Of Mice and Men, is a classic.) - Appositive Phrases sometimes begin with an article: -a -an -the Ex. - Napoleon, the Emperor of France, crowned himself. - Dachshunds, "weiner dogs", are growing in popularity. - Halloween, All Hallow's Eve, comes 2 days before The Day of the Dead. - Bob Dylan's masterpiece Blonde on Blonde is a double album. Phrases

Infinitive

"Function like nouns, adjectives, or adverbs" - Formed with -TO and a VERB Ex. To fly To dream To hope To wonder To run Ex. - I want to run. (To run - Infinitive) Noun infinitive in the DO spot because it's "what I want" - She is a woman to love. (To love - Infinitive) Adjective infinitive because it describes what kind of woman. - I am happy to help. (To help - Infinitive) Adverb infinitive discussing the condition under which I am happy. They are NOT prepositional phrases, as those end with nouns or pronouns. Ex. I am going to the mall. (To the mall - PP) I wonder if they hope to win. (To win - Inf.) Defining the place the Infinitive Phrase falls: - Subject (To finish the Boston Marathon is a goal of Mine.) (To finish the Boston Marathon - Inf.) - DO (I hope to finish the Boston Marathon,) (To finish the Boston Marathon - Inf.) (I - Subj.) - PN (My dream is to finish the Boston Marathon.) (To finish the Boston Marathon - Inf.) (Is - "Be" Verb) - OP (The principal was about to scream.) (To scream - Inf.) (About - Preposition) - Appositive (Her goal, to finish the Boston Marathon, is difficult.) (To finish the Boston Marathon - Inf.) Phrases

The Great Chain of Being

"God, in his limitless creativity, formed the fullest possible variety of beings. From this 3 consequences were deduced:" 1. No species is unrealized 2. Differs by the least possible degree 3. Exhibits hierarchy God arranged this and if anyone messed with it - CHAOS The Great Moral Imperative: - Recognize your place in the Great Chain and act appropriately! The Divine Right of Kings: - King James 1 said, "The state of Monarchy is the supremest thing upon Earth: for Kings are not only God's lieutenants upon Earth, and upon God's throne, but even by God himself, they are called Gods." - Kings had a moral responsibility to rule as God would: * With wisdom, love, and justice. The Hierarchy: 1. GOD 2. ANGELS (1 & 2 All spiritual! Have no physical body of their own so they aren't bothered by physical desire.) 3. HUMANS - Kings and Queens - Archbishops - Dukes - Bishops - Knights - Nurses - Priests - Squires - Pages - Shopkeepers - Tradesmen - Farmers (Land owners) - Soldiers - Shepherds - Beggars - Actors - Thieves/ Pirates - Gypsies (3. Physical and Spiritual so their struggles revolve around these odds.) 4. ANIMALS - Lion/ Elephant - Cat and Dog - Wolves - Horses/ Cattle/ Donkeys - Deer and Rabbits - Hawks and Owls - Vultures and Crows - Robins - Worm Eaters - Sparrows - Seed Eaters - Fish/ Whale/ Dolphins (4. All Physical without any spirituality) 5. PLANTS - Oaks tree #1 - Shrubs - Bushes - Cereal Crops - Herbs - Ferns - Weeds - Fungus and Moss (5. Recognize potential for growth and medicinal purpose.) 6. MINERALS - Diamonds and other Gems - Gold and other Metals - Marble and other Stones - All the way down to dirt (6. Lowest, but many have great strength.) Macbeth

Prepositional

"Prepositional phrases begin with prepositions and end with nouns or pronouns ("object of preposition" or OP)" Ex. In the cafeteria. (In) How they function as a part of speech: - Prepositional phrases can either work as Adj. or Adv. • Adjectives: - Will modify nouns or pronouns. - It should always be in the neighborhood of the noun or pronoun it is modifying. - The dog in the back yard was barking uncontrollably. (Dog - Noun) (In the back yard - OP) (Back yard modifies Dog - Which one?) Adjectives Answer: What kind? Which one? How many? Ex. - The boy in the blue shirt was enjoying his pizza. (Boy - Noun) (In the blue shirt - OP) (Blue shirt modifies Boy) - I was wondering if you would accompany me to prom. (Accompany - Verb) (To the prom - OP) (Prom modifies accompany - Where?) • Adverbs - Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs Adverbs Answer: How? When? Where? Condition? Reason? Extent? Ex. - The students went to the mall after school. (Went - Verb) (To the mall & After school - OP) (Mall & School modify Went) Common Prepositions Include: About Above Across After Against Along Amid Among Around At Before Behind Below Beneath Beside Besides Between Beyond But Concerning Down During Except For From In Into Like Of Off On Over Past Since Through Throughout To Toward Under Underneath Until Unto Up Upon With Within Without Phrases

Tone

"The attitude of the author toward the audience." Ex. The Masque of the Red Death: Tone: Dark, Methodical, Suspense Elements of Literature

Mood

"The attitude of the author toward the subject." Ex. The Masque of the Red Death: Mood: Death is inevitable, gory Elements of Literature

Theme

"The central or dominating idea in a work" Ex. Theme in Of Mice and Men --> The nature of human existence that is loneliness and isolation. Elements of Literature

Characterization

"The creation of imaginary persons so that they exist for the reader as lifelike." 4 Methods of Characterization: 1. Author presents characters 2. The character's speech and actions 3. Other characters speak about him/her 4. Private thoughts and emotions of him/her Characters can be: • Static - DO NOT change because of what happened • Dynamic - DO change because of what happened Also: • Protagonists - The chief character in the play who is supposed to hold our interest and sympathy • Antagonist - The rival of the Protagonist. Might not be human. Elements of Literature

Setting

"The physical and spiritual background of a story" Elements: - Basic Geography - Culture/ Manner of Living - Time Period - Mental, Moral, Social, and Emotional state of characters Elements of Literature

Conflict

"The struggle that grows from opposing forces. It is the foundation on which the plot is constructed." Kinds of Conflict: - Man vs. Nature (ex. Natural Disaster) - Man vs. Man (ex. Murder) - Man vs. Society (ex. Politics) - Man vs. Himself (ex. Overcoming things, Goals) - Man vs. Fate or Destiny (ex. Death, Love) Elements of Literature

Symbolism

"The use of an object to represent something larger than itself." Ex. - Flower - Tree - Weather - Ocean

Objective

"Use the Objective case for the object of any verb, preposition, or verbal." Use in Sentence: DO IO OP Object of Verbal • DO - The course will train us in CPR. - Dad drove Jed and me to the fire station. - They announced us gymnasts one by one. • IO - The judges awarded her a blue ribbon. - Mom ordered Sue and me new shoes. - The guide showed us tourists the White House. • OP - I mailed an invitation to him yesterday. - You may leave the package with Dan or me. - The announcer seemed to speak directly to us viewers. • OBJECT OF A VERBAL - Encouraging us, she waved from the sidelines. - Mr. Koch liked eating tomatoes but not growing them. - Molly considered the new book and decided to give it a try. Forms: Me You Him Her It Us Them How to Form: - Whom | Noun/ Pronoun | Verb Obj., OP, IO, DO | Subj. of clause | Any other verb than "Be" Ex. I don't know (whom | I | am taking to the prom.) Pronouns

Nominative

"Use the nominative case for the subject of a verb or for a PN. When a pronoun used as a subject or predicate nominative is followed by an appositive, the nominative case is still used." Use in Sentence: Subject Predicate Nominative • SUBJECT - Janet and she are sharing an apartment. - We players pay for our own uniforms. • PN - I think the caller was she. - The first team up is we Sockers. Forms: I You He She It We They How to Form: - Who | Verb Subj. / PN | Any other verb than "Be" Ex. I love drivers (who | don't text.) Pronouns

Possessive

"Use the possessive case before nouns and before gerunds to show ownership. Use certain possessive pronouns by themselves to indicate possession." Use in Sentence: To show ownership • BEFORE NOUNS - Have you found your keys? - Jared had not chosen his courses yet. • BEFORE GERUNDS - All of the other students admired her writing. - His whining annoyed all of us. • ALONE - The sweater on the year chair is hers, not his. - Is that desk yours or mine? Forms: My Mine Your Yours His Her Hers Its Our Ours Their Theirs How to Form: - Who | Noun / Pronoun | "Be" Verbs (is) P.N | Subj. of clause | Be verb Pattern #3 Ex. I don't know (who | my substitute | is.) Pronouns

Clarity

"When something is well-written, a careful reader should be able to move along steadily without backtracking to puzzle over its meaning" (Read easily) 1. Use specific details 2. State ideas positively 3. Chunk your writing Writing Terms

Active Voice

"When the subject is acting, the writing is in the active voice. *When the subject is being acted upon, the writing is in passive voice." (Subject performs verb) How to identify Passive Voice: - Look to see who is performing the action - Look for a form to "to be" with a past participle (The past participle is a form of the verb that typically, but not always, ends in "-ed". Some exceptions to the "-ed" rule are "paid" (not "payed") and "driven" (not "drived") Writing Terms

Irony

"When what happens is the opposite of what is expected." Ex. - Can of Rust repellent that is rusty. - Sign that says "We are committed to excellense.) Elements of Literature

Diction

"Words you choose to say or express something" (Word choice) • Denotation (The definition of a word) (- General meaning of the word.) • Connotation (The emotional attachment to the word) (- The ripple effect of the word. - Emotions attached to it.) • Register (Who you are writing to; formal, informal, familiar) Effective Diction involves: 1. Concision 2. Parallelism 3. Strong verbs 4. Structured sentences 5. Language and register appropriate for the purpose, the topic, and the audience 6. Denotations and connotations (personal attachment for reader) 7. Using figurative language - avoid in this class Effective diction depends on the purpose, the topic, and the audience. The register affects topic and audience. "Register" is the level of formality Register: the level of formality in writing: 1. Familiar: (- Close relationships between writer and audience. - Reserved for diaries, journals, - *sometimes stories and play use familiar register to create intimacy.) 2. Informal: (- Not an extremely close relationship between writer and the audience. - Short stories often use this register because of the dialogue.) 3. Formal: (- Distance between writer and audience. - Restrained emotions of the writer. - No slang - Standard academic English. - Structured sentences.) - Familiar (to friends): The movie was awesome it had Tatum! - Informal (to parents): The movie was great, it was hilarious. - Formal (to teacher): I saw a grew movie this weekend, it was quite funny. Writing Terms

Macbeth Quotes

1. "Fair is foul, and foul is fair. Hover through the fog and filthy air." - (All the witches) - (What might be Terrible could be Beautiful) 2. "For brave Macbeth, well he deserves that name - disdaining fortune, with his brandish'd steel, which smoked with bloody execution, like valor's minion carved out his passage till he faced the slave; which ne'er shook hands nor bade farewell to him, till he unseam'd him from the nave to the chops and fix'd his head upon our battlements." - (Captain) - (When Macbeth kills traitor - Cut from navel to jaw) 3. "No more that Thane of Cawdor shall deceive our bosom interest. Go pronounce his present death, And with his former title greet Macbeth." - (King Duncan) - (Duncan plans on killing Thane of Cawdor for treason) - (Gives Macbeth the title of Thane of Cawdor) 4. "The Thane of Cawdor lives: Why do you dress me in borrowed robes?" - (Macbeth) - (He is confused on why he is being addressed by the Thane of Cawdor because he is still alive) 5. "If good, why do I yield to that suggestion whose horrid image doth unfix my hair and make me seated heart knock at my ribs against the use of nature?" - (Macbeth) - (Thinking of killing the king) - (If it is such a good idea why do i feel horrible?) 6. "That is a step on which I must fall down or else o'erleap for in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires; Let not light see my black and deep desires." - (Macbeth) - (Has to kill Duncan before Malcolm becomes prince) - (Needs to be dark outside to hide his black desires of murder) 7. "Glamis thou art, and Cawdor, and shalt be what thou art promised. Yet I do fear thy nature; it is too full of the milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way." - (Lady Macbeth) - (Saying Macbeth is too nice, not man enough to kill Duncan) 8. "Come you spirits that tend on mortal thought, unsex me here, and fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full of direst cruelty." - (Lady Macbeth) - (Saying she will dress like a guy and Kill Duncan herself) 9. "To beguile the time, look like the time; bear welcome in your eye, your hand, your tongue: look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under it." - (Lady Macbeth) - (When Duncan comes you have to be nice, but still be planning his death) 10. "I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself and falls on the other-." - (Macbeth) - (I have no ambitions for killing Duncan, only ambition. And that is more than enough for me to go through with it.) 11. "I have given suck and know how tender tis to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums, and dashed the brains out, had I so sworn as you have done this." - (Lady Macbeth) - (I do what I promise. I keep my oath. If i promised to kill my own child I would.) 12. "Merciful powers, restrain in me the cursed thoughts that nature gives way to repose!" - (Banquo) - ( Can't sleep because he is thinking of what the witches said) - (Feeling suspicious about it) 13. "Is this a dagger which I see before me, the handle toward my hand? Come let me clutch thee. I have thee not, and yet I see thee still." - (Macbeth) - (Drunk = Hallucinating dagger floating pointing in direction of where Duncan is sleeping) 14. "That which hath made them drunk hath made me bold; what hath quenched them hath given me fire." - (Lady Macbeth) - (Alcohol makes me bold, not drunk) 15. "My hands are of your color, but I shame to wear a heart so white. I hear a knocking at the south entry. Retire we to our chamber. A little water clears us of this deed." - (Lady Macbeth) - (Doesn't feel guilty. Water will wash away the blood don't worry.) 16. "Confusion now hath made his masterpiece most sacrilegious murder hath broke ope the Lord's anointed temple and stole thence the life o'th' building." - (Macduff) - (Reaction to Kings murder) 17. "Had I but died an hour before this chance, I had lived a blessed time; for from this instant there's nothing serious in mortality; All is but toys." - (Macbeth) - (Expressing guilt over killing King, but he will eventually shed that guilt) 18. "Fears and Scruples shake us. In the great hand of God I stint, and thence against the undivulged pretense I fight of treasonous malice." - (Banquo) - (Brave and devoted to King. Killer will be found and he will fight to avenge kings murder. God is on his side.) 19. " Thou hast it now: King, Cawdor, Glamis, all, as the weird women promised, and I fear thou play'dst most foully for it." - (Banquo) - (Everything the witches said came true. Now he thinks that Macbeth must have played dirty to get it all.) 20. "He hath a wisdom that doth guide his valor to act in safety. There is non but he whose being I do fear." - (Macbeth) - (Banquo is smart and guides us in battle well. I fear nobody but him.) 21. "... Yet I must not, for certain friends that are both his and mine, whose loves I may not drop, but wail his fall who I myself struck down: and thence it is that I to your assistance do make love, masking the business for sundry weighty reasons." - (Macbeth) - (Only reason he doesn't want to kill Banquo because they share friends and he does not want to loose his friends or have to mourn with them over Banquos death.) 22. "O, full of scorpions of my mind, dear wife! Thou know'st that Banquo, and his Fleance, lives." - (Macbeth) - (Worried because Banquo and his son Fleance are living and he is worried that the witches prophecy of Fleance becoming king will come true. He wants them dead) 23. "Sit worthy friends. My lord is often thus, and hath been from his youth. Pray you. Keep seat. The fit is momentary; upon a thought he may again be well." - (Lady Macbeth) - (Macbeth see's Banquos ghost and his flipping out and Lady Macbeth is covering for him to his guests.) 24. "The times has been that when the brains were out, the man would die and there an end; but now they rise again, with 20 moral murders on their crowns, and push us from our stools." - (Macbeth) - (Worried because Banquo isn't gone. Murdered men used to stay murdered. And now they are coming back to haunt him.) 25. "How did you dare trade and traffic with Macbeth in riddles and affairs of death; And I, the mistress of your charms,the close contriver of all harms, was never called to bear my part, or show the glory of our art?" - (Hecate) - (Talks to witches about how they didn't involve them in the Macbeth scandal.) 26. "Time, thou anticipat'st my dread exploits. The flighty purpose never is o'ertook unless the deed go with it. From this moment, the very firstlings of my heart shall be the firstlings of my hand." - (Macbeth) - (?) 27. "Angels are bright still though the brightest fell." - (Malcolm) - (?) 28. "Your castle is surprised; your wife and babes savagely slaughtered. To relate the manner, were, on the quarry of these murdered deer, to add the death of you." - (Ross) - (?) 29. "Our lack is nothing but our leave. Macbeth is ripe for shaking." - (Malcolm) - (?) 30. "I have seen her rise from her bed, thrown her nightgown upon her, unlock her closet, take forth paper, foot it, upon 't, read it, afterwards seal it, and again return to bed; yet all this while in a most fast sleep." - (Gentlewoman) - (?) 31. "Out, damned spot! Out, I say! One; Two; then tis time to do't. Hell is murky. Fie, my lord, fie! A soldier and afeared? What need we fear who knows it, when none can call our powers to accept? Yet who would have thought the old men to have had so much blood in him?" - (Lady Macbeth) - (?) 32. "More needs she the divine than the physician." - (Doctor) - (?) 33. "Those he commands move only in command, nothing in live. Now does he feel his title hand loose about him, like a giant's robe upon a dwarfish thief." - (Angus) - (?) 34. "I have lived long enough. My way of life is fallen into the sear, the yellow lead, and that which should accompany old age, as honor, love, obedience, troops of friends, I must not look to have." - (Macbeth) - (?) 35. "Let every soldier hew him down a bough and bear't before him. Thereby shall we shadow the numbers of our host, and make discovery err in report of us." - (Malcolm) - (?) 36. "Out, out, brief candle! Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage and then is heard no more. It is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing." - (Macbeth) - (?) 37. "Despair thy charm, and let the angel whom thou still hast served tell thee, Macduff was from his mother's womb untimely ripped..." - (Macduff) - (?) 38. "What's more to do ... As calling home our exiled friends abroad that fled the snares of watchful tyranny, producing forth the cruel ministers of this dead butcher and his fiendlike queen, who, as tis thought, by self and violent hands took off her life..." - (Malcolm) - (?)

Unit 7 Vocab

1. Abhor V. - To regard with horror or loathing - To hate deeply 2. Amend V. - To change in a formal way - To change for the better 3. Buffet V. - To slap or cuff - To strike repeatedly - To drive or force with blows - To force one's way with difficulty N. - A slap or blow 4. Chaos N. - Great confusion, disorder 5. Commodious Adj. - Roomy, spacious 6. Corrosive Adj. - Eating away gradually, acid like - Bitterly sarcastic 7. Discern V. - To see clearly, recognize 8. Extant Adj. - Still existing - Not exterminated, destroyed, or lost 9. Implicate V. - To involve in - To connect with or be related to 10. Inter V. - To bury, commit to the earth - To consign to oblivion 11. Martinet N. - A strict disciplinarian - A stickler for the rules 12. Obviate V. - To anticipate and prevent - To remove, dispose of 13. Renegade N. - One who leaves a group - A deserter, outlaw Adj. - Traitorous, unconventional, unorthodox 14. Reprehensible Adj. - Deserving blame or punishment 15. Somber Adj. - Dark, gloomy - Depressed or melancholy in spirit 16. Squalid Adj. - Filthy, wretched, debased 17. Turbulent Adj. - Disorderly, riotous, violent - Stormy 18. Vociferous Adj. - Loud and noisy - Compelling attention 19. Voluminous Adj. - Of great size - Numerous - Writing or speaking at great length 20. Waive V. - To do without, give up voluntarily - To put off temporarily, defer

Unit 6 Vocab

1. Accede V. - To yield to - To assume an office or dignity 2. Brandish V. - To wave or flourish in a menacing or vigorous fashion 3. Comprise V. - To include or contain - To be made up of 4. Deft Adj. - Skillful - Nimble 5. Destitute Adj. - Deprived of the necessities of life - Lacking in 6. Explicit Adj. - Definite, clearly stated 7. Extirpate V. - To tear up by the roots - Destroy totally 8. Inopportune Adj. - Coming at a bad time - Not appropriate 9. Ironic Adj. - Suggesting an incongruity between what might be expected and what actually happens - Given to irony, sarcastic 10. Musty Adj. - Stale, moldy - Out-of-date 11. Officious Adj. - Meddling - Excessively forward in offering services or assuming authority 12. Ominous Adj. - Unfavorable, threatening, of bad omen 13. Pinnacle N. - A high peak or point 14. Premeditated Adj. Participial - Considered beforehand, deliberately planned 15. Rampant Adj. - Growing without check, running wild 16. Solace N. - Comfort, relief V. - To comfort, console 17. Stately Adj. - Dignified, majestic 18. Supple Adj. - Bending easily - Bending easily - Bending with agility - Readily adaptable - Servile 19. Suppress V. - To stop by force, put down 20. Venal Adj. - Open to or marked by bribery or corruption

Unit 2 Vocab

1. Adroit Adj. - Skillful, expert in the use of hands or mind 2. Amicable Adj. - Peaceable, friendly 3. Averse Adj. - Having a deep-seated distaste - Opposed, unwilling 4. Belligerent Adj. - Given to fighting, warlike - Combative, agressive N. - One at war, one engaged in war 5. Benevolent Adj. - Kindly, charitable 6. Cursory Adj. - Hasty, not thorough 7. Duplicity N. - Treachery, deceitfulness 8. Extol V. - To praise extravagantly 9. Feasible Adj. - Possible, able to be done 10. Grimace N. - A wry face, facial distortion V. - To make a wry face 11. Holocaust N. - A large-scale destruction, especially by fire - A vast slaughter - A burnt offering 12. Impervious Adj. - Not affected or hurt by - Admitting of no passage or entrance 13. Impetus N. - A moving force, impulse, stimulus 14. Jeopardy N. - Danger 15. Meticulous Adj. - Extremely careful - Particular about details 16. Nostalgia N. - A longing for something past - Homesickness 17. Quintessence N. - The purest essence or form of something - The most typical example 18. Retrogress V. - To move backward - To return to an earlier condition 19. Scrutinize V. - To examine closely 20. Tepid Adj. - Lukewarm - Unenthusiastic, marked by an absence of interest

Unit 1 Vocab

1. Adulterate V. - To corrupt, make worse by the addition of something of lesser value 2. Ambidextrous Adj. - Able to use both hands equally well - Very skillful - Deceitful, Hypocritical 3. Augment V. - To make larger, increase 4. Bereft Adj. Participial - Deprived of - Made unhappy through a loss 5. Deploy V. - To positon or arrange - To utilize - To form up 6. Dour Adj. - Stern, unyielding, gloomy, ill-humored 7. Fortitude N. - Courage in facing difficulties 8. Gape V. - To stare with an open mouth - To open the mouth wide - To open wide 9. Gibe V. - To utter taunting words N. - An expression of scorn 10. Guise N. - An external appearance, cover, mask 11. Insidious Adj. - Intended to deceive or entrap - Sly - Treacherous 12. Intimation N. - A hint, indirect suggestion 13. Opulent Adj. - Wealthy, luxurious - Ample - Grandiose 14. Pliable Adj. - Easily bent, flexible - Easily influenced 15. Reiterate V. - To say again, repeat 16. Stolid Adj. - Not easily moved mentally or emotionally - Dull - Unresponsive 17. Tentative Adj. - Experimental in nature - Uncertain, hesitant 18. Unkempt Adj. - Not combed - Untidy - Not properly maintained - Unpolished, rude 19. Verbatim Adj. Adv. - Word for word - Exactly as written or spoken 20. Warily Adv. - Cautiously, with great care

Unit 3 Vocab

1. Adversary N. - An enemy, opponent 2. Alienate V. - To turn away - To make indifferent or hostile - To transfer, convey 3. Artifice N. - A skillful or ingenious device - A clever trick - A clever skill - Trickery 4. Coerce V. - To compel, force 5. Craven Adj. - Cowardly N. - A coward 6. Culinary Adj. - Of or related to cooking or the kitchen 7. Delete V. - To erase, wipe out, cut out 8. Demise N. - A death, especially of a person in a lofty position 9. Exhilarate V. - To enliven, cheer, give spirit or liveliness to 10. Fallow Adj. - Plowed but not seeded - Inactive - Reddish-yellow N. - Land left unseeded V. - To plow but not seed 11. Harass V. - To disturb, worry - To trouble by repeated attacks 12. Inclement Adj. - Stormy, harsh - Sever in attitude or action 13. Muse V. - To think about in a dreamy way, ponder 14. Negligible Adj. - So unimportant that it can be disregarded 15. Perpetuate V. - T0 make permanent or long lasting 16. Precedent N. - An example that may serve as a basis for imitation or later action 17. Punitive Adj. - Inflicting or aiming at punishment 18. Redress V. - To set right, remedy N. - Relief from wrong or injury 19. Sojourn N. - Temporary stay V. - To stay for a time 20. Urbane Adj. - Refined in manner or style, suave

Unit 4 Vocab

1. Affiliated Adj. Participial - Associated, connected 2. Ascertain V. - To find out 3. Attainment N. - An accomplishment, the act of achieving 4. Bequeath V. - To give or pass on as a inheritance 5. Cogent Adj. - Forceful, convincing - Relevant, to the point 6. Converge V. - To move toward one point, approach nearer together 7. Disperse V. - To scatter, spread far and wide 8. Esteem V. - To regard highly N. - A highly favorable opinion or judgment 9. Expunge V. - To erase, obliterate, destroy 10. Finite Adj. - Having limits - Lastin for a limited time 11. Invulnerable Adj. - Not able to be wounded or hurt - Shielded against attack 12. Malevolent Adj. - Spiteful, showing ill will 13. Nonchalant Adj. - Cool and confident, unconcerned 14. Omniscient Adj. - Knowing everything - Having unlimited awareness or understanding 15. Panacea N. - A remedy for all ills - Cure-all - An answer to all problems 16. Scrupulous Adj. - Exact, careful, attending thoroughly to details - Having high moral standard, principled 17. Skulk V. - To move about stealthily - To lie in hiding 18. Supercilious Adj. - Proud and contemptuous - Showing scorn because of a feeling of superiority 19. Uncanny Adj. - Strange, mysterious, weird, beyond explanation 20. Venial Adj. - Easily Excused - Pardonable

Unit 9 Vocab

1. Allocate V. - To set apart or designate for a special purpose - To distribute 2. Ardent Adj. - Very enthusiastic, impassioned 3. Assiduous Adj. - Persistent, attentive, diligent 4. Brash Adj. - Prone to act in a hasty manner - Impudent 5. Capricious Adj. - Subject to whims or passing fancies 6. Chastise V. - To inflict physical punishment as a means of correction - To scold severely 7. Copious Adj. - Abundant - Plentiful - Wordy, verbose 8. Deviate V. - To turn aside - To stray from a norm N. - One who departs from a norm Adj. - Differing from a norm, heterodox, 9. Emaciated Adj. Participial - Unnaturally thin 10. Exult V. - To rejoice greatly 11. Gnarled Adj. - Knotted, twisted, lumpy 12. Indemnity N. - A payment for damage or loss 13. Inkling N. - A hint - A vague notion 14. Limpid Adj. - Clear, transparent - Readily understood 15. Omnipotent Adj. - Almighty, having unlimited power or authority 16. Palatable Adj. - Agreeable to the taste or one's 17. Poignant Adj. - Deeply affecting, touching - Keen or sharp in taste or smell 18. Rancor N. - Bitter resentment or ill-will 19. Sophomoric Adj. - Immature and overconfident - Conceited 20. Spontaneous Adj. - Arising naturally - Not planned or engineered in advance

Unit 5 Vocab

1. Altruistic Adj. - Unselfish, concerned with the welfare of others 2. Assent V. - To express agreement N. - Agreement 3. Benefactor N. - One who does good to others 4. Chivalrous Adj. - Marked by honor, courtesy, and courage - Knightly 5. Clemency N. - Mercy, humaneness - Mildness, moderateness 6. Dearth N. - A lack, scarcity, inadequate supply - A famine 7. Diffident Adj. - Shy, lacking self-confidence - Modest, reserved 8. Discrepancy N. - A difference - A lack of agreement 9. Embark V. - To go abroad - To make a start - To invest 10. Facile Adj. - Easily done or attained - Superficial - Ready, fluent - Easily shown but not sincerely felt 11. Indomitable Adj. - Unconquerable, refusing to yield 12. Infallible Adj. - Free from error - Absolutely dependable 13. Plot V. - To walk hazily or slowly - To work slowly 14. Pungent Adj. - Causing a sharp sensation - Stinging, biting 15. Remiss Adj. - Neglectful in performance of one's duty, careless 16. Repose V. - To rest - Lie - Place N. - Relaxation, peace of mind, calmness 17. Temerity N. - Rashness, boldness 18. Truculent Adj. - Fierce and cruel - Agressive - Deadly, Destructive - Scathingly harsh 19. Unfeigned Adj. - Sincere, real, without pretense 20. Virulent Adj. - Extremely poisonous - Full of malice - Spiteful

Unit 8 Vocab

1. Animosity N. - Strong dislike - Bitter hostility 2. Apathy N. - A lack of felling, emotion, or interest 3. Apprehensive Adj. - Fearful or anxious, especially about the future 4. Commend V. - To praise, express approval - To present as worthy of attention - To commit to the care of 5. Compatible Adj. - Able to get along or work well together - Capable of use with some other model or system 6. Condolence N. - An expression of sympathy 7. Consecrate V. - To make sacred, hallow - To set apart for a special purpose 8. Decrepit Adj. - Old and feeble - Worn out, ruined 9. Deride V. - To ridicule, to laugh at with content 10. Ingenuous Adj. - Innocent, simple - Frank, sincere 11. Multifarious Adj. - Having great variety - Numerous and diverse 12. Obsolete Adj. - Out of date, no longer in use 13. Omnivorous Adj. - Eating every kind of food - Eagerly taking in everything, having a wide variety of taste 14. Parsimonious Adj. - Stingy, miserly - Meager, poor, small 15. Quandary N. - A state of perplexity or doubt 16. Recalcitrant Adj. - Stubbornly disobedient, resisting authority 17. Reprisal N. - An injury done for injury 18. Revel V. - To take pleasure in N. - A wild celebration 19. Stultify V. - To make ineffective, cripple - To have a dulling effect on 20. Suave Adj. - Smoothly agreeable or polite - Pleasing to the senses

Plot

1. Introduction: (Also Exposition) - Establish setting - Identify characters - Hint at the conflict 2. Rising Action - Episodes demonstrate the depth of the conflict 3. Climax - Turning point at which nothing will be the same 4. Denouement - Falling Action 5. Resolution - What has changed? - How have they changed? Elements of Literature

Predicate Nominative

A predicate nominative is a subject complement, a word or group of words that follows a linking verb or verb phrase such as is, are, was, has been, and can be. It renames, identifies, or defines the subject or subjects. A predicate nominative always takes the form of a noun or pronoun and helps provide information by categorizing the subject in some way. A predicate nominative follows a linking verb and tells us what the subject is: Ex. Dr. Couchworthy is acting president of the university. (President) She used to be the tallest girl on the team. (Girl) Ex. Such as son in the sentence Charlie is my son. Actor. Sean Connery has been an actor for many years. Horses. Stallions are male horses. Sentence Parts

Vampires

About: 1. Selfishness 2. Exploitation 3. Refusal to accept that other people have the right to exist Writers use (ghosts, vampires, werewolves, etc.) to symbolize certain things about our everyday existence. Ghosts and vampires are never only about ghosts and vampires. Scary figures represent: 1. Using other people to get what we want 2. Denying someone else's right to live 3. Placing our own desires, particularly our ugly ones, above the needs of someone else How to Read Literature Like a Professor, For Kids

Action Verb

Also known as *Transitive Verbs* DO take Direct Objects Action verb with Direct Object. Ex. (In the late afternoon, Jethro often takes a nap.) - Takes (Trans.) - Nap (DO) Direct Object describes Verb: Ex. I | turned | the page. (The page describes turned) Ex. Because of blood sugar problems, Rosa always eats before leaving for school. (Eats = intransitive verb.) If there is no leftover pizza, Rosa usually eats whole-grain cereal. (Eats = transitive verb; cereal = direct object.) A transitive verb is a verb that takes one or more objects. This contrasts with intransitive verbs, which do not have objects. Transitive verbs may be further divided by the number of objects they occur with. Sentence Parts

Adjective to describe the Direct Object

An object complement follows and modifies or refers to a direct object. It can be a noun or adjective or any word acting as a noun or adjective. Ex. - The convention named Dogbreath Vice President to keep him happy. (The noun "Vice President" complements the direct object "Dogbreath"; the adjective "happy" complements the object "him.") - The clown got the children too excited. (The participle "excited" complements the object "children.") Sentence Parts

Linking Verbs

Appear Become Feel Grow Look Remain Stay Smell Sound Seem Taste Turn Adjective Describes subject: Ex. The leaves | turned | brown. (Brown describes leaves) Linking Verbs are verbs that express a state of being. They are called "linking" verbs because they link the subject of the sentence to a word or phrase in the predicate that renames or describes the subject (tells us more about the subject's "state of being"). Sentence Parts

Bible

Christ Figures: 1. crucified, wounds in the hands, feet, side, and head 2. in agony 3. self-sacrificing 4. good with children 5. good with loaves of bread, fish, water, and wine 6. 33 years old when last seen 7. works as a carpenter 8. doesn't use fancy modes of transportation (feet or donkeys preferred) 9. believed to have walked on water 10. often seen with arms outstretched 11. spends time alone in wilderness 12. tempted by devil 13. last seen in the company of thieves 14. likes to tell stories and parables and uses wise sayings 15. carried his own cross 16. dead and buried, but came back to life on the 3rd day 17. has disciples, 12 at first, although they are not all faithful to him 18. very forgiving 19. came to save an unworthy world How to Read Literature Like a Professor, For Kids

Intransitive Verb

Intransitive Verbs DO NOT take Direct Objects Action verb with no Direct Object. Ex. (In the late afternoon, Jethro often sleeps.) - Sleeps (Intrans.) Ex. Because of blood sugar problems, Rosa always eats before leaving for school. (Eats = intransitive verb.) If there is no leftover pizza, Rosa usually eats whole-grain cereal. (Eats = transitive verb; cereal = direct object.) An action verb with a direct object is transitive while an action verb with no direct object is intransitive. Some verbs, such as arrive, go, lie, sneeze, sit, and die, are always intransitive; it is impossible for a direct object to follow. Sentence Parts

"Be" Verb

Is Are Were Be Being Been Am Was The verb to be is the most irregular verb in the English language. It is normally a linking verb showing existence or the condition of the subject. It can also be used as an auxiliary verb when forming the passive voice. Sentence Parts

Work Cited

Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication. (Title of Book, magazine, film, etc. Italicized) (Titles of poems, short stories, and articles quote marks) Ex. Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. New York: Penguin, 1987. Print. MLA Formatting

Blind for a Reason

Limits characters (Being blind --> Can't do as much as a normal character) When blindness, sight, darkness, and light are found in a story, it is nearly always the case that symbolic blindness and sight (who can understand things and who can't, who is paying attention and who is not) are at work How to Read Literature Like a Professor, For Kids

Every Trip is a Quest

Quest is made up of 5 things: 1. A quester (Person who goes on a quest) 2. A place to go (Someone tells main character to go somewhere) 3. A stated reason to go there (Someone tells main character to do something) 4. Challenges and trials along the way 5. A real reason to go there (Never the same as stated reason --> Most of the time character fails at stated reason) (5.) Real reason for quest is always self- knowledge. How to Read Literature Like a Professor, For Kids

Attribution

Quote attribution is the way you transition from your own writing into a direct quote. 1. Simple Attribution: this is a simple way to introduce the quote with a short phrase and a comma. Example: Lasn writes, "each little..." 2. Partial Attribution: using only specific words and phrases from the text and integrating it with your own writing. Example: Kalle Lasn makes clear that consumerism is as much about "power" as it is "getting.." 3. Formal Attribution: using a complete sentence and a colon to introduce a direct quote. Example: Kalle Lasn writes extensively about the power that advertisers have on our everyday lives and the ways they encourage us to purchase their products: "each lit.." MLA Formatting

Marked for Greatness

Real life: Physical flaw (ugly, scar, etc.) nothing to do with who you are as a person Literature: Physical flaw --> can be a symbol Has to do with being different - Being different on the outside is almost always a metaphor for being different on the inside - The author wants to call our attention to something about the character or something about the book How to Read Literature Like a Professor, For Kids

Never just Heart Disease

Real life: Heart Disease: - frightening, sudden, shattering, exhausting Literature: Heart Disease: - Poetic - Symbol - A love affair gone wrong - Loneliness - Cruelty - Disloyalty - Cowardice - Lack of determination - Love in an imperfect world Hearts = Emotion Prime literary disease? - It should be picturesque - Should be mysterious in origin - Should have good possibilities for use as a symbol Character doesn't have to be sick --> can just think they are sick Whatever makes a character sick on the outside is likely to reveal something about him on the inside How to Read Literature Like a Professor, For Kids

Sentence Pattern #2

Subject - "Be" Verb - Adjective Ex. I | am | happy. The balloon | is | blue. The dog with the orange collar and long black fur | was | enthusiastic.

Sentence Pattern #1

Subject - "Be" Verb - Adverb of Time or Place Ex. I | am | here. The dance | is | tomorrow. The dog | was | there.

Sentence Pattern #3

Subject - "Be" Verb - Noun ^(Predicate Nominative) Ex. I | am | the walrus. She | was | the president. You | are | the teacher. This | is | Sparta.

Sentence Pattern #9

Sentence Pattern #10

Sentence Pattern #8

Sentence Pattern #6

Subject - Intransitive Action Verb Ex. I | do. Bri | cheerleads. I | Laugh

Sentence Patter #4

Political

Writing that thinks about: - human problems, - about how human beings in groups get along, - about the rights individuals possess (or should) - about the wrongs committed by those in power Writers tend to be men and women interested in the world around them - Many things in the world around them are political - Who holds power and how they got it and what they do with it. - Who has money and how they got it and what they do with it. - Issues of justice and rights - Men and women and how they get along. Racial and ethnic groups and what they say and think and do to and about each other. How to Read Literature Like a Professor, For Kids

Antecedent Agreement

• Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns "Use a singular personal pronoun when the antecedent is a singular indefinite pronoun. Use plural personal pronoun when the antecedent is a plural indefinite pronoun. With an indefinite pronoun that can be either singular or plural, agreement depends on the antecedent of the indefinite pronoun." Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns: - Each of my sisters has her own room. (Her agrees with each.) - Both of the players have their own distinctive styles. (Their agrees with both.) - Some of the bread has mold on it. (Bread = Singular) (It agrees with Some) - Some of the students lost their note cards. (Students = Plural) (Their agrees with some) • Agreement with Reflexive Pronouns: "A reflexive pronoun must agree with an antecedent that is clearly stated" Reflexive Pronoun Agreement: - Incorrect: The new phone is for my brother and myself. - Correct: The new phone is for my brother and me. • Four Special Problems in Pronoun Agreement: "A personal pronoun should always have a clear, single, close, and logical antecedent, either stated or understood." - Problem: They are predicting rain for tonight. - Correction: The forecasters are predicting rain for tonight. - Problem: Dad told Uncle Al that he had a flat tire. - Correction: Dad told Uncle Al that Dad had a flat tire. Dad told Uncle Al that Uncle Al had a flat tire. - Problem: Mom told Vera what she needed. - Correction: Mom told Vera what Mom needed. Mom told Vera what Vera needed. - Problem: In Paris you can see the Eiffel Tower. - Correction: Visitors to Paris can see the Eiffel Tower. Pronouns

Of Mice and Men by: John Steinbeck

• Every Trip is a Quest: - Going from farm to far - Getting dream Farm - Mans quest for a dream or goal • Acts of Communion: - George taking care of Lennie * Protecting him - Getting to know Slim - Playing Card/ Horse shoes - Living off the land --> Self sufficient • Vampires: - Curly - Curley's wife reduces Crooks to nothing - Crooks scaring Lennie * "George will never come back" • Shakespeare: - Dream land/ House - Being stranded in middle of nowhere - Perception on shift - Secrecy in book • Bible: - Relationship with men on farm - Segregation - Steinbeck not giving Curley's wife a name - Christ figure --> Lennie - George killing Lennie --> Crusification • Hanseldee and Greteldum: - Everything fixes itself in the end * Survival of the fittest - Lennie and George relationship - Lennie taking care of puppies - Dreaming of "dream farm" • It's Greek to Me: - Meaning/ significance of characters names - Curley's hand is like Achilles heal - Odyssey --> Curley's wife is like a siren • It's more than just Rain: - Skummy water --> Lennie can't drink out of it • Symbols: - Dare - Puppies • Political: - Making money on farm • Geography Matters: - Where the farm is located - Lennie is shot --> In bushes/ river • Marked for Greatness: - George being king to Crooks/ talking to him - Lennie's disability • He's Blind for a Reason: - Lennie's mental illness • It's never just Heart Disease: - Dog --> Candy • Plot: - CLIMAX · Lennie accidentally kills Curley's wife in the barn - FALLING ACTION · Lennie runs away from the barn; the men return and find Curley's wife dead; Curley leads a mob of men to search for and kill Lennie; George finds Lennie in the clearing and, while retelling the story of life on their farm, shoots him in the back of the head. • Setting: - (TIME) · 1930s - (PLACE) · South of Soledad, California • Symbolism: - The clearing in the woods; - Lennie and George's farm; - mice; - Candy's dog; - the heron that plucks water snakes from the stream; - Curley's boots; - Lennie's puppy • Theme: - The predatory nature of human existence; - the importance of fraternity and idealized relationships between men; - the impossibility of the American Dream; - the destructive imbalance of social power structures in American society • Tone: - Sentimental, - tragic, - doomed, - fatalistic, - rustic, - moralistic, - comic SUMMARY: The story is a tragedy about two ranch workers called George Milton and Lennie Small. It takes place in the 1930s, in California, United States.

Fallen Angels by: Walter Dean Myers

• Every Trip is a Quest: - Vietnam - Patrols - Transportation in Nam - Richie choosing to go to Nam • Acts of Communion: - Letters - Hooches/ Bunkers - Lunch Hall - Grab candy and share when on patrol - Helicopter • Vampires: - The "Congs" - US Govt. - Officers - War - Journalist • Shakespeare: - Lobel and his movies • Bible: - Praying • Hanseldee and Greteldum: - Lobel and his movies • It's Greek to Me: - The "Congs" • It's more than just Rain: - The war - Death • Symbols: - The dolls • Political: - War • Geography Matters: - Weather in Nam • Marked for Greatness: - Fighting for the country • He's Blind for a Reason: - Men at war fighting • It's never just Heart Disease: - Praying to stay alive • Plot: - RISING ACTION · Richie's enlistment in the army to escape a bleak future; the misplacement of Richie's medical file, and his resulting assignment to Vietnam; Richie's burgeoning friendship with Peewee, Jenkins, and Johnson; the soldiers' journey to their camp near Chu Lai. - CLIMAX · Richie's success in drafting a truthful letter to his brother that discusses honestly the unromantic and gruesome nature of combat. - FALLING ACTION · The poorly planned mission on which the squad is sent; Peewee and Richie's separation from the rest of the squad; Peewee and Richie's quick thinking to save the lives of Monaco and the rest of the squad; Peewee's and Richie's getting wounded in the battle. • Setting: - (TIME) · Several months in 1967 and 1968 - (PLACE) · Vietnam • Conflict: - MAJOR CONFLICT · Richie struggles to come to terms with the grim reality of war, which contradicts the myths about war that he believed going into it. • Symbolism: - Richie's letters home; - the lost dog tags; - war movies • Theme: - The loss of innocence; - the unromantic reality of war; - the moral ambiguity of war • Tone: - Richie speaks with immediacy and poignancy, baring his innermost fears and thoughts. He filters the action of the novel through the medium of these emotions and ideas. SUMMARY: Richard Perry is a young man trying to hold on to his dreams amidst his troubled neighborhood, Harlem, New York City. Though highly intellectual, Perry cannot afford to attend college and thus enlists in the United States Army when his basketball career is ended early by an injury. Little does he know that the Vietnam conflict is about to escalate to gruesome levels. Amid philosophical reflections and a dire struggle to maintain their humanity, a bleak but realistic depiction of combat gradually unfolds for the young soldiers far from home. Careless military leadership, brutal guerrilla resistance, and American war crimes are just a few of the horrors young Perry witnesses firsthand. With no end in sight to the war, the men wonder if any will return home at all.

Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers

• Misplaced Modifier: "Appears to modify the wrong word in a sentence." • Dangling Modifier: "Appears to modify the wrong word or no word at all because the word it should logically modify is missing." Ex. - Misplaced (1st Wrong - 2nd Corrected) (Jack got a watch from his uncle with fluorescent hands.) (Jack got a watch with fluorescent hands from his uncle.) - Dangling (1st Wrong - 2nd Corrected) (Sniffling the carton cautiously, the milk didn't smell sour) (Sniffling the carton cautiously, I didn't think the milk smelled sour.) Phrases

Into the Wild by: Jon Krakauer

• Plot - EXPOSITION Call of the wild starts with introducing buck, a mix breed between a St. Bernard and a Sheepdog. He lives on the wealthy estate of Judge Miller during the late 1890's. Buck is quickly sold into sled dogging and is sent to the Klondike region of Alaska and Canada. He soon realizes the new world he is in and learns that he needs to fight, or be killed. - RISING ACTION bucks battle with spitz could be seen as part of the rising action. Bucks struggle with Hal, Charles and Mercedes could also be contributed to the rising to the climax. When Buck fulfills Thortons wager, it is the part before the climax. - CLIMAX Springtime has hit the Yukon and all the ice and snow has begun to melt. Bucks team reaches John Thornton's camp and he tells them that "the bottom's likely to drop out," (London 58). Hal ignores Thorton and forces the dogs to get into harness. Buck refuses; taking a beating from Hal. Thorton rushes up , pushing Hal away and standing over buck. He threatens to kill Hal if he hits buck again. Thorton cuts buck out of his traces and looks him over. The rest of the team moves on through the melting ice. With the sled a Quarter mile away, it drops into the water, all the sled was gone. "You poor Devil," (London 60) said Thorton. - FALLING ACTION Buck's time with Thorton leading up to Thorton's death. - RESOLUTION The resolution is his complete and total return to the wild. He has finally answered his call and becomes a legend. • Conflict: - MAJOR CONFLICT Buck's struggle against his masters and his development from a tame dog into a wild beast. • Setting: - (Time) No electricity The weather effected people's lives negatively because they were many times cold Not very much food Not reliable shelter People are always moving, no permanent shelter No cars, only sled dogs - (Place) Frigid cold temperatures Lots of trees Open areas No houses or buildings • Symbolism: - Hunger and Starvation - Rice - Money - Postcards - Notes - Letters - Boots - The Bus - The Yellow Datsun - Hitchhiking - The Stampede Trail - The Slabs and Oh-My-God-Hot-Springs - Devil's Thumb - The Stikine Ice Cap - The Teklanika River - Alaska - The Moose - Chris' Backpack - Chris' Rifles - Chris' Canoe - Chris' Maps - Chris' Books - Chris' Journal - Chris' Camera and Photographs - Chris's Field Guide to Edible Plants - Potato seeds • Theme: - The American Wilderness - Risk and Self-Reinvention - Arrogance, Innocence, and Ignorance - Luck, Chance, and Circumstance - Materialism and Idealism - Isolation v. Intimacy CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER • May 12, 1990: Christopher Johnson McCandless graduates from Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. He tells his parents that he is going to spend the summer traveling in his car, a used yellow Datsun. • June 1990: Mails his final college transcript and a brief note to his parents' home in the suburbs of Washington, D.C. McCandless's family will never hear from him again. • July 6, 1990: Arrives at Lake Mead National Recreation Area in Nevada. • July 10, 1990: Abandons his car after it is damaged by a flash flood. Loads his belongings into his backpack and sets out on foot. • July-August 1990: Hitchhikes to California's Lake Tahoe, then hikes into the Sierra Nevada mountain range. Travels to the Cascade mountains, across the lava beds of the Columbia River basin, and across the Idaho panhandle. Jan Burres and her boyfriend Bob discover McCandless by the side of the road and befriend him. In Cut Bank, Montana, meets Wayne Westerberg. • August 1990: McCandless's parents drive to Atlanta looking for their son and discover that his apartment was vacated five weeks earlier. • August 10, 1990: Receives a ticket for hitchhiking in Willow Creek, California. • October 1990: McCandless's Datsun is discovered by a park ranger. • October 28, 1990: In Needles, California, reaches the Colorado River. Walks south through the desert, arriving in Topock, Arizona, where he buys a second-hand canoe. • October-November 1990: Canoes on the Colorado River, apparently traveling through Lake Havasu, the Bill Williams River, the Colorado River Indian Reservation, the Cibola National Wildlife Refuge, the Imperial National Wildlife Refuge, and the U.S. Army's Yuma Proving Ground. Sends a postcard to Wayne Westerberg at the Sioux Falls work-release facility where his friend has been incarcerated. • December 1990: The private investigator employed by McCandless's parents discovers that their son donated $24,000 to OXFAM. • December 2, 1990: Reaches the Morelos Dam and the Mexican border. • December 6, 1990: Encounters hazardous waterfalls along the Colorado River. • December 12, 1990: Realizes that he will not reach the Gulf of California traveling this route. Meets duck hunters who drive him there. • December 14-24, 1990: Pulls his canoe out of the water and sets up camp on the edge of a desolate plateau. • December 25, 1990: Seeking refuge from high winds, discovers a cave on the face of a bluff, where he stays for 10 days. • January 11, 1991: Back in his canoe, encounters a violent storm that almost drowns him. • January 16, 1991: Leaving his canoe at El Golfo de Santa Clara, starts wandering northward. • January 18, 1991: Caught by U.S. Immigration officials when he tries to slip back into the country from Mexico. Spends one night in jail. • January-February 1991: Travels to Houston and then to the Pacific coast. • February 3, 1991: Applies for an ID and a job in Los Angeles, then changes his mind and returns to the road. • February 9, 1991: Camps at the bottom of the Grand Canyon with a young German couple. Notes in his journal that he has lost over 25 pounds. • February 24, 1991: Unearths the few belongings that he buried in the sand when he abandoned his Datsun. • February 27, 1991: Buries his backpack and hitchhikes into Las Vegas. • May 10, 1991: Leaves Las Vegas. • July-August, 1991: Possibly living in coastal Oregon, sends a postcard to Jan Burres complaining about the interminable fog and rain. • October 1991: Arrives in Bullhead City, Arizona, where he works for two months at McDonald's and lives in an empty RV overseen by an old man named Charlie. • December 9, 1991: Sends a postcard to Jan Burres in Niland, California, including a map so she and boyfriend Bob can visit him in Bullhead City. • December 13, 1991: Unexpectedly appears at Burres's campsite at The Slabs campground in Niland. • January 1992: Meets Ronald Franz while hitchhiking near California's Salton Sea. • February 1992: Dropped by Franz at the San Diego waterfront. Mails Jan Burres a postcard telling her that he has been living on the streets in San Diego for a week. • March 5, 1992: Sends postcards to Burres and Franz from Seattle. • March 12, 1992: Calls Franz from Coachella, California, in the desert not far from the Salton Sea and asks Franz to pick him up. • March 13, 1992: Spends one night at Franz's house. • March 14, 1992: Driven by Franz to Grand Junction, Colorado. • March 14 (approximate) to March 28, 1992: Works at Wayne Westerberg's grain elevator in Carthage, South Dakota. • March 1992: Leaves Carthage, bound for Alaska. • April 13-15, 1992: Stops at Liard Hot Springs in British Columbia, Canada, where he is stuck for two days before hitching a ride with Gaylord Stuckey in the cab of his sunflower-seed-hauling truck. • April 18, 1992: Hitchhikes north. Takes a photo of the sign that marks the official start of the Alaska Highway. • April 18-21, 1992: Reads up on edible plants at the University of Alaska's Fairbanks campus. Buys a used gun and sends postcards. Leaving the campus, hikes west. • April 22, 1992 (approximate): Pitches his tent on frozen ground not far from the Stampede Trail. • April 28, 1992: Waking down the highway, is picked up by Jim Gallien, a truck-driving electrician on his way to Anchorage. A three-hour drive brings McCandless to the Stampede Trail. • April 30, 1992: Sees Mt. McKinley. • May 1, 1992: Finds an old bus beside the Sushana River and writes "Magic Bus Day" in his journal. Decides to stay for a while, taking advantage of the bus's ". . . crude comforts." • May 5, 1992: Kills and eats a spruce grouse. • May 9, 1992: Shoots a small squirrel and writes "4th day famine" in his journal. • Mid-May, 1992: With only four hours of darkness each night, can forage for edible plants. Feasts on lingonberries and rose hips. • May 22, 1992: A crown falls off one of McCandless's molars. • May-June 1992: Regularly eats squirrel, spruce grouse, duck, goose, and porcupine. • June 9, 1992: Kills a moose and takes a photo of himself with the carcass. • June 10, 1992: Amid hordes of flies and mosquitoes, butchers the moose carcass and tries to preserve the meat. • June 14, 1992: Discovering maggots on the carcass, abandons it to the local wolves. • July 3, 1992: Prepares his backpack and sets out on the 20-mile hike back to the road. • July 5, 1992: What had been a series of frozen beaver ponds in April has become a lake. What once was an easily fordable river is now a raging torrent that McCandless cannot cross. Heads back to the bus. • July 8, 1992: Arrives back at the bus. • July 30, 1992: Writes in his journal, "EXTREMELY WEAK, FAULT OF POT. SEED. MUCH TROUBLE JUST TO STAND UP. STARVING. GREAT JEOPARDY." • August 5, 1992: Writes "DAY 100! MADE IT!" and "BUT IN WEAKEST CONDITION OF LIFE. DEATH LOOMS AS SERIOUS THREAT." • August 9, 1992: Sees a bear but doesn't shoot it, kills five squirrels. • August 11, 1992: Kills and eats a ptarmigan. • August 12, 1992: Posting an S.O.S. note on the bus door, forages nearby for berries. Writes his final journal entry: "Beautiful blueberries." • August 18 or 19, 1992: Dies, apparently of starvation, in his sleeping bag in the bus along the Sushana River in Alaska. • September 1992: Hikers and hunters discover McCandless's S.O.S. note, then his body in the bus.

Chee's Daughter by Juanita Platero & Siyowin Miller

• Plot: - A farmers wife dies, her parents take their daughter and he tried to get her back and keep failing until his wives parents get greedy with food and give her back to the farmer • Characterization: - Chee * (Hard working farmer) * (Persistent) * (Doesn't like father-in-laws way of living) * (Headstrong about his customs) * (Traditionalist) * (Planner) * (Unconditional love for daughter) * (Love for daughter > than his traditions) - Old Man Fat & Mom-in-Law * (Father-in-law takes the easy way of life) * (Stubborn) * (Greedy) * (Mourning loss of his daughter) * (Shows off $$ by buying a lot & showing it off) * (Contemporary Progress) • Setting: - Old World vs. New World - Little Canyon - Hogans - Desert - Red Sands Trading Post - Chee's Land * (Dry, but can be fertile is worked) *(Warm colors) - Red Sands * (Gas stations, shops) * (Black and white) * (Fake) • Mood: (Connected with theme) - Mourning * (How people precess shock & loss) • Tone: - Strong - Clear Minded - Dealing with Grief * (Chee and actions) • Conflict: - Man vs. Nature - Man vs. Society - Man vs. Man - Man vs. Himself • Theme: (Connected with Mood) - How to bend own morals into getting to a greater purpose * ( Customs < Daughter) - Change is inevitable - It is okay to shift customs for the greater good in the future • Irony: - Old Man Fat * (Always saying he has $$ and has everything need) * (Has to sell everything in end) - Says won't give up kid until doesn't have enough food and gets greedy and gives her back • Symbolism: - Tourist Items * (Tradition Gone) --> (No more) - Chee's Hogan * (Tradition) - Little One * (Reference to mom & Customs) - Highway * (Easy way to everything) Short Stories

The Bet by Anton Chekhov

• Plot: - Banker and Young man (lawyer) make neon on Prison vs. Death penalty - To see if lawyer can last 15 years in "prison" to see if changes his mind • Characterization: - Banker * Nervous * Rich * In Debt * Betting $ he has * Opinionated * Spoiled * Frivolous - Young Man (Lawyer) * 25 - Wise * Lawyer * Heightened stakes * Outsmart banker for $ * 40 * Skeleton with tight skin * Shaggy Beard * Long curls • Setting: - Autumn night - Party (Autumn night) - November 14, 1870 + 1885 - Lodges in Bankers garden - Isolation - Bankers house - Window - temptation • Mood: - Excepting - Stress - Calming - Frantic - Wise - Death may be better than prison (what author is kind of saying) • Tone: - Excitement - Sadness - Loneliness - Quietness • Conflict: - Lawyer going to jail, but learning he doesn't like freedom - Man vs. Society - Man vs. Man - Man vs. Himself * (Lawyer by himself - learns) * (Readers - Question our lives) - Man vs. Nature (Window) * (Banker - Broke - Makes rash decision) • Theme: - You can't take possessions, greed, all things on earth to the grave - Cherish what you have - Live life to the fullest - Knowledge --> Only get you so far, better to experience than learn (by reading) • Irony: - Banker (cocky with $$) looses it all gambling - Lawyer finds himself and learns he is right - Banker thinks it will cause problems for Lawyer, and in the end it causes problems for banker. - At end breaks contract without breaking it • Symbolism: - Lodge * (Isolation) - $2 Million - 40 Year old Lawyer - Window * (Temptation) - Death vs. Prison debate * (Humaine) - $ * (How much is freedom/ life really worth) - Lawyer gave up more than Banker * (Life > $) Short Stories

A White Heron by Sarah Orne Jewett

• Plot: - Little girl who loves nature, meets a bird hunter meets a bird hunter, wants her help to find a white heron - Offers her $10 - Good & Evil * (Bird hunter wants to kill bird, girl doesn't want him too) * (Devil & Angel) - Temptation * (You have to invite evil) - Little girl senses the "evil/temptation" and has to make a decision • Characterization: - Sylvia * (Woods & Forest) * (Secluded) * (Embrasses nature) * (Quiet) * (Free spirited) * (Nieve) * (9) * (Young enough to be innocent, old enough to go off on her own at night) * (Like what they like and don't really care) * (Not girl stereotype, ye, embraces everything) * (Ambition) - Maine * (Cold) * (Wet) * (Mountains) * (Beach) - Hunter * (Handsome) * (Nice) * (Charming) • Setting: - Isolated * (Them on farm in middle of the woods) - Maine * (Garden of Eden) * (Temptation) * (Clean) • Mood: - Nature * (Protected) * (Conservation story) * (Saving nature) • Tone: - Good & Evil * (How easy it is to give up on nature) * (Or anything you want) • Conflict: - Man vs. Self - Man vs. Nature - Man vs. Man • Theme: - Growing up - Becoming Wiser • Irony: - Aspect of young girl not able to see manipulation • Symbolism: - Tree * (Tree of the World) * (Tree of life - The tree she climbs) * (Knowledge) * (Ability to see) - White Heron * (Graceful) * (Long stilted legs) * (Water birds --> Yet live in trees) Short Stories

The Beginning of Grief by L. Woiwode

• Plot: - Mom died, leaving dad to raise 5 kids, he didn't really know how to punish his kids, until one day punishes kid, feels bad and apologizes to son --> make up - Discipline Children - Beginning of Grief * (Year after moms death, start to begin grief) * (Starts to settle in that this is how life is gonna be now without that person) * (Everything settles in, notice how much they need mom and miss her) * (Series of events after death --> Now lead to what now?) * (Same effect of --> Every day having practice, excited for day off, get home and be bored, don't know what to do) • Characterization: - Stanion * (Mom handled most of discipline) * (Now is the family glue) * (Fill in the cracks of what mom used to do) * (Difficult job - Physically) - Older Girl * (3 - Has mothers hair) - Young Girl - Kevin * (Rebellious) * (Has sense of right and wrong) * (10 - Middle son) * (Always guilty one) * (Bad temper) * (Unpredictable) * (Remembers mom) * (Find Justice) - Carl * (Responsible) * (Stereotype of the Older child) * (Oldest son) * (12) * (Completely trusted) * (Gentle) * (Remembers mom) - Jim * (5) * (Youngest Son) * (Changed by mom death) • Setting: - Summer - Winter - At home * (Represents family --> Members of family act differently in a different setting) * (Everything supposed to be friendly and homey but not, fights) • Mood: - Difficult to raise 5 kids alone - Hope * (Goes into sons room & eventually holds his hand) * (At first son rejected dad) • Tone: - It hurts * (Uncomfortable) * (Hurts dad to discipline, but has to do it) * (Hurts kids to be disciplined - Shaven head (Kevin) * (New identity) * (Fresh start) * (Freeing) • Conflict: - Man vs. Nature * (Man losing wife) - Man vs. Himself * (Has to discipline children but feels bad) * (Facing his idea of what his wife would do) • Theme: - Always something to hold on to * (All is not lost) - Change * (Taking on new rules) - Phase of Grief is different for everyone • Irony: - Dad is trying so hard to do the right thing * (Almost ruined it) - Hit his son because his son hit someone * (Kevin kicked a kid, father kicked him) • Symbolism - Shaving * (Freedom) - Dished at end * (Clean start) - Stages of Grief * (Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance) - Plasterer * (Holding cracks together) - Beginning of Grief Short Stories

The Monkey's Paw by W.W. Jacobs

• Plot: - Monkeys paw grants 3 wishes - Guys 3 wishes are: * (Money) * (Sont to be alive) * (Son to disappear) - Classic 3 wish story * (Wish and wishes backfire) • Characterization: - Dad * (Mr. White) * (Slow --> Takes a while to process) * (Curious with Paw) * (Subtly tells Major to give him the paw) - White Family * (Ordinary Family) * (Purity) * (Boring) - Sergeant * (Life has appeal) - Mom * (Frantic at end) * (What can I do to get him back?) * (Motherly instinct) * (Wife) * (Nurtures) - Herbert * (Instigator) * (Victim) * (Comic Relief) * (Disbeliever --> Something bad will happen) - Paw * (Grab for more) * (Grip on life) * (Only see paw not whole creature so you can't see the whole truth) • Setting: - Night - England - House * (Dark) * (Fire) * (Cozy) * (Secluded) * (Backdraft --> Spooky, creaking stairs, flickering candles) • Mood: - Things don't always turn out the way you want it to - Cautionary * (Classic 3 wish story) - Be careful for what you wish for) • Tone: - Cautioning - Grief • Conflict: - Man vs. Nature * (Dad vs. Paw) * (Herbert vs. Paw (Death)) * (Tried to overcome death) - Man vs. Man * (Dad vs. Mom) * (Sergeant vs. Dad) - Man vs. Temptation * (Dad vs. $$) - Man Vs. Himself * (Herbert vs. Herbert) * (Dad vs. Dad) • Theme: - Be careful for what you wish for • Irony: - Son tells dad what to wish for * (Dies for the wish to come true) - Sergeant Major says last guys 3rd wish was for * (Ended in the 3rd wish for "death" just not ones own) • Symbolism: - Paw * (Greed) * (Genie) * (Mischievous - Like monkeys) * (Paw - Like rabbits paw) - White * (Family) * (Ordinary Family) * (Purity) - Chess * (Shows father is willing to take risks) * (Risk --> Consequence) - Wind * (Winds of change)

The Masque of the Red Death by Edgar Allan Poe

• Plot: - Prince surrounds himself with a lot of friends in his castle to avoid Red Death • Characterization: - Prince Prosperou * (Prosperous) * (Cares > about himself than his people) - "Mummer" * (Personification of Death) - Masked Figure * (Personifies death) * (Goes to party and kills everyone) * (Showing everyone dies even people with money) • Setting: - Castle * (Fortitude) * (Nothing or no one can get through) • Mood: - Death * (Inevitable) * (Gory) • Tone: - Dark - Methodical - Suspense • Conflict: - Man vs. Death - Man vs. Health - Man vs. 7 Deadly Sins - Man vs. Society - Escapes death for long time --> Gets cocky thinking he can't die • Theme: - Death is inevitable - Passing of time (everyone must come to terms with it) - $$ can't buy everything • Irony: - Prosperous --> Prince Prosperou * ($$ won't save him from death) - Locked inside to keep death out * (Ended up locking everyone inside with death and can't get out) • Symbolism: - Colors * (Phases of life) - Red Death * (Black Plague) - Clock * (Reference to time, getting old --> Passing of time) * (At end clock stops, people pause, ticking is a reminder of time ending) * (Relates to passing of time to living life and the phases) - Castle * (Fortitude --> Nothing gets in) - Numbers * (7 Deadly Sins) * (7 Rooms, Passing of Time, Sins) * (1. Greed 2. Gluttony 3. Sloth 4. Envy 5, Wrath/ Anger 6. Lust 7. Pride) - Room Colors * (Start on East and on West --> Sun Rises on Eat --> Sets on West) * (Starts with Blue and Blue --> Water --> Birth) * (Purple and Purple --> Innocence) * (Green and Green --> Fertility) * (Orange and Orange --> Mid Life --> Autumn) * (White and White --> Wisdom --> Getting old) * (Violet and Violet --> Enlightenment --> Ultimate wisdom) * (Black and Red --> Death --> Clock is in this room) - The Masquarade * (Represents Life) Short stories

The House on Mango Street by: Sandra Cisneros

• Plot: - RISING ACTION · Esperanza desires to leave her neighborhood, observes other women, and finds newfound sexual awareness in her friendship with the sexually adventurous Sally. - CLIMAX · Esperanza's tumultuous friendship with Sally leads to her emotional and sexual humiliation. - FALLING ACTION · Esperanza returns to her less mature friends, understands that she does in fact belong on Mango Street, and settles on writing as her way of both escaping and accepting her neighborhood. • Setting: - (TIME) · A period of one year - (PLACE) · A poor Latino neighborhood in Chicago • Conflict: - MAJOR CONFLICT · Esperanza struggles to find her place in her neighborhood and in the world. • Symbolism: - Shoes; - trees; - poetry • Theme: - The power of language; - the struggle for self-definition; - sexuality vs. autonomy; - women's unfulfilled responsibilities to each other • Tone: - Earnest, - hopeful, - intimate, - with very little distance between the implied author and the narrator SUMMARY: Esperanza Cordero, a young Latina girl, and her life growing up in Chicago with Chicanos and Puerto Ricans. Esperanza is determined to "say goodbye" to her impoverished Latino neighborhood. Major themes include her quest for a better life and the importance of her promise to come back for "the ones [she] left behind".

Shaving by Leslie Norris

• Plot: - Teenage boy shaving his dying fathers beard - Coming of age story of a teenage boy who shaves his dying fathers face. - Saying goodbye to father - Feels like father has cancer - Young child chafing fathers beard • Characterization: - Barry * teen boy/ strong * Smart * Feeling sad/ grieving * Tall * Older/ man (appears) * "Danger to aircraft" * What father used to be - Mom tried to stay busy * Distraction * "Orderly energy" * Needs control - Dad in hospice (close to death) * Dying in comfort * Cancer? • Setting: - Spring Time - Home * Intimacy with Family * Quieter *Comfortable • Mood: - Sorrow - Sadness - Excepting - Frantic - Calming • Tone: - Depression - Greif - Confident - Growing up - Needs cleanliness • Conflict: - Dad was depressed because his beard wasn't shaved - Man vs. Nature (Death) - Man vs. Himself (Barry, Dad, Mom coping) - Man vs. Society (Barry growing up too fast) - Man vs. Fate (Death) • Theme: - Cherish time with loved ones - Not to take people for granted - Enjoy relationships (Family) • Irony: - Son taking care of father - Big and Strong yet so gentle with father • Symbolism: - Razor - Dad dying - Beard - Shaving * (Dad and Son relationship, accepting, coming of age.) - Sunlight * (Passing of time, passing of dad, acceptance, temporary) - Preparations * (Remember dads youthful days, ceremonial, preparing for death.) - Scent of Shaving Cream * (Dad in better days, Good memories.) - April * (Time for rebirth, new life) Short Stories

"Elizabethan Star Wars"

• Queen Elizabeth reigned in England from 1558 - 1603 • The Renaissance - 1485 - 1660: Great period of art, literature, music, etc. • William Shakespeare - 1564 - 1616 • STARS - Includes other bodies in the universe - moons, planets - Almanacs - Weather, crops - Personology: The study of one's birthday and its indication of one's character • GHOSTS - Gruesome! - Only returned to Earth for 3 reasons: 1. Warn 2. Punish 3. Return for proper burial - They were devise in disguise. Ignore? Suffer the consequences. Heed? You're playing with the devil. • FAIRIES - Goblins, Mermaids - "Sluttery" - ALL regards household - Only at night • WITCHES - Partners with the devil - "Familiars" - Old "Hags" - Poor, diseased - Cursing and evil charms - White witches: For advice and medicinal purposes, but you should pray for health or use home remedies • People believed how you died is how you come back as a ghost. - Banquo died from split throat --> Comes back gory

Elliptical Clauses

• Using Pronouns Correctly in Elliptical Clauses: "In elliptical clauses beginning with than or as, use the form of the pronoun that you would use if the clause were fully stated." - Elliptical Clause: Dan sings better than ? - Completed Clause: Dan sings better than I [do]. - Dan sings better than I. - Elliptical Clause: The boss paid Tim more than ? - Completed Clause: The boss paid Tim more than [the boss paid] me. - The boss paid Tim more than me. - Elliptical Clause: The coach helped him more than ? - Completed Clause: The coach helped him more than I [did]. The coach helped him more than [the coach helped] me. - The coach helped him more than I. - The coach helped him more than me.

Who Whom

• Using Who and Whom correctly: "Who and whoever are nominative and are used as subject and PN. Whom and whomever are objective and are used as DO and OP. For the possessive case use whose, not who's." The Cases of Who and Whoever: - Nominative: Who will bring the dessert? I will support whoever the candidate is. - Objective: Whom have you told? You may choose whomever you want to work with. - Possessive: Whose car is that? Pronouns

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