English Midterm

Romantic attitudes And beliefs

#1: Use of Imagination NOstalgia for the past Use of the five senses DIstrust of civilization Cycle of NaturE Learn moral and spiritual lessons from nature Interest in the supernatural Concern with individual freedom 9: Profound love of nature

Emerson had famous lecture now known as ' next lexture... His optimism was dealt a severe blow in 1842 when emerson died by

'The American Scholar." - called this speech "our intellectual Declaration of Independence.'' In the speech, Emerson demanded that American scholars free themselves from the shackles of the past. The Divinity School Address"called for a rejection of institutional religion in favor of a personal relation with God.- ppl thought he was defying God Emerson's son Waldo died at the age of six from scarlet fever.-go into shell never emerged from severe loss of memory and had difficulty recalling the most ordinary words.

Emerson contd -Emerson's influence on the popular mind spread through -had rep for being -Emerson's work is often "____" in the sense that he offers a perfectly ___ surafce, but there is much ___ beneath it. -his essays are usually collections of FAMOUS QUOTE OF EMERSON best term for emerson born to a family that was ___, but___ his father died of every step of Emerson's own life had been His life consisted of a series of attempts to he was ____ when he entered harvard in junior yr, Emerson academic record was so .... that he for a shor ttime became a ____, but after his wife dies Emerson's view was distinctively Emerson focuses on the nature of_____-a subject that really interested him more in these lectures than any philosophy of history. HE STRONGLY BELIEVES three sig. events in his life

- thousands of lectures he gave throughout the United States -difficult to understand -Emerson's work is often "plain" in the sense that he offers a perfectly understandable surface, though there is much substance beneath it. - collections of memorable sentences rather than organized expositions of thought. ''Trust thyself; every heart vibrates to that iron string.''- encourage to live alone poet a family that was cultured, but poor. When he was only eight years old, his father, a Unitarian minister, died of tuberculosis. -every step of Emerson's own life had been laid out for him from an early age. He was to go to Harvard and become a minister like his father and the seven generations of Ernersons before him. establish his own identity against this background of expectation. junior year, he dropped the name Ralph, began keeping a journal. Eventually reaching monumental proportions (the published version consists of fourteen volumes), that journal would be the source of Emerson's lectures and essays for the rest of his life. Emerson's academic record at Harvard was so weak that upon graduation he failed to get a teaching post in the prestigious Boston Public Latin School. Instead, he took a teaching job at a school run by his uncle, and he prepared himself, with many doubts, for the Unitarian ministry. minister-- doubts his own self and drops posoition American, in that he denied the importance of the past our humanity, Individual men and women were part of this "idea of man" in the same way that individual souls were part of a larger entity, which Emerson would later call the "Over-Soul." In 1836, there occurred three major events in Emerson's life: the publication of Nature, the most complete exposition of his philosophy; the birth of his son Waldo, who would become the center of Emerson's life; and the first meeting of a conversation group of like-minded thinkers in Emerson's drawing room, which would come to be called "The Transcendental Club."

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - first wife ____ - he then____ - second wife died how? - longfellow's ___ was badly -passionate about ____ -lived in.... -made another trip to____ First wife ___ during this trip Who is cross of snow about?

-first wife died -remarried and had six children. -second wife died tragically in 1861 after her dress caught fire. Longfellow's face was badly burned when he tried to save her, which is why he wore a beard for the rest of his life. Longfellow was passionate about travel and foreign cultures. -lived in Europe, traveling to France, Spain, Italy, and Germany. Longfellow made another trip to Europe in 1835, this time visiting England, Sweden, and the Netherlands. His first wife died during this trip. After a brief trip in 1842, Longfellow did not return to Europe again until 1868. wife who died

Idealists: Optimists: Romantics: Individualism: Intuition: mAIN concept:

-true reality is spiritual or ideal, rather than physical- believed in human perfectibility and engaged themsevles in projects to work on this -everything is viewed as rosy and positive -follow all aspects/philosphies of romantic era -relied upon intuition to guide them, not the rules of society -followed their inner voice over-soul- God, humanity, and naturea all share one universal soul- there is a universal good in all people, universal being all spiritually united

sonnet two types of sonnets petrarchan Elizabethan also called Elizabethan what type of sonnet is the cross of snow?

A fourteen line poem usually in iambic pentameter elizabethan , petrarchan Shakespearean Made up of three quatrains and a rhyming couplet. End rhyme pattern: ABAB } CDCD } ISSUE OR PROBLEM PRESENTED EFEF } GG →→ RESOLUTION Made up of an octave (8 lines) and a sestet (6 lines) End rhyme pattern: ABBA } ISSUE OR PROBLEM PRESENTED ABBA } CDE } CDE } RESOLUTION petrarchan

Nathaniel Hawthorne he is a ___. His ancestors began with He wrote (v famous piece) By 1804, the year of hawthorne's birth, His father, a ____, Hawthorne experiences ___ growing up Where did he go to school?

Dark Romantic- by midlife win admiration as writer, but increasingly dissatisfied- Ancestors (source of darkness) began with William Hathorne, serious soldier, and judge who came to massachusetts in 1630 scarlet letter -more popular than was b4 family lost wealth and renown sea captain, died during voyage deprivation- name whose greatness has passed- he added w to end of name salem schools and college at bowdoin in maine

Transcendentalists (authors, pieces, fax)

Emerson, Thoreau Self reliance- emerson -you lose yourself trying to be like someone else -accept who you are whether good or bad -if you dont work hard, nothing good will come -dont be ashamed of who you are bc that offends God -If you repeat yourself continnuall you conform to society -speak w confidence -go against norm Nature- Emerson -we need to pull ourselves away from society sometimes -gain a greater appreciation for all things in natural world -OVERSOUL- God, humanity, naturea all have univ. soul -eyeball= connection of seeing things between nature/humans/God - nature is what the man makes of it -go out into nature and become on w it-

Where I Lived and What I Lived For\ WHY thoreau go live in wood? 3 areas in our lives tht can be simplified railroad metaphor important phrase "i did not wish to live what is not life" thorea wants life in MESSAGE? COMPARE man to ants?

Henry David Thoreau wants to live deliberately-not to think he never lived hi life-learn what nature has to teach about life dishes, meals, affairs a tie below the railroad and the workers who will never be appreciated but run over; just like technology controls us; all of these things are taking us over "Our life is frittered away by detail" We aren't focusing on the important things and life and aren't willing to do things for he considers all the non necessities to be less than life but knowledge/understanding are life simplest form life is wonderful, but you need to simplify it to see it they live meanly (not far beyond life) yet battle with too much

____ clearly shaped the literature of the American romantic period. Writers responded positively and negatively to the 1803 - Louisiana Purchase - Native-Americans pushed "Manifest Destiny" -

Historical forces country's astonishing growth and to the booming Industrial Revolution: doubled the country's size from their land the idea that it was the destiny of the US to expand to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican territory

Romantic Poetry(authors, pieces, fax)

Longfellow, Bryant Cross of snow-longellow -talks about wife passing away- imaging her and feels her presence- during night bc thats when she passed -halo is light casted from lamp, but figuratively its wife as angel in heaven -wife was pure and blessed -Just likecross of snow on mountain, the cross he has tatooed on himself for wife never leaves Thanatopsis-bryant (means seeking death) -directed towards someone who loves nature -go admire nature and life life to fullest -discussion between narrator and nature -you will die, but join ppl and be in remarkable place -Everyone eventually dies... enjoy life while you have it

CROSS OF SNOW What aspect of Longfellow's life is being portrayed in the poem? What lines from the poem indicate this connection? What is the speaker looking at when he refers to the "gentle face" in line two? At what time of the day does the speaker think about his wife? Why? What is the literal halo that the speaker sees? What do you associate with halos? What does this indicate about Longfellow's beliefs? What do we know about the wife's character through the details presented in the poem? What object in nature does the speaker describe in the poem? What is unique about this object in nature? According to the details of the poem, explain how weather and geology have made it possible for there to be "a cross of snow" displayed on the side of the mountain. What comparison is made in lines 11-12? Explain this comparison. Where is Longfellow's wife What Romantic attitudes and beliefs are demonstrated through this poem? What details in the poem tell you this?

Longfellow-romantic poet he is talking about his wife passing away 18 yrs ago (2nd wife) he is looing at the wall and hes imagining his beloved wife night, because that the time of day she passed away-candlelight ... The actual halo is the halo of light cast off by the lamp, but he is saying his wife is an angel and is in heaven now.. his wife is watching over him She had a very blessed life and was v pure Mountain- even if the sun shines on it there is still snow. the sun cant reach the ravines The mountain is blocking the sun, so on one side there is snow, hoever on the other there is not Just like the cross of snow on the mountain, the cross he wears for his wife never comes off of him either- his wife is in heaven Nostalgia for past-misses wife, use of imagination, interest in supernatural, cycle of nature

he Cross of Snow is a____ — its s fourteen lines long, and in the___style William Cullen Bryant Bryant's writing was influenced by Although Bryant was a New Yorker much of his life, he had a great - started ___at age 10 -At only 13, Bryant -bryants most famous work____ was significant why Bryant actually began ____ more regularly, and eventually - Married -Unable to ____, Bryant worked as a Disgusted by many aspects of the ___, he obtained an - eventually became strong supporter of died from

SONNET- Petrarchan style, which means it rhymes according to a specific pattern (ABBA ABBA CDEC DE). romantic poet -the works of many British poets, including Alexander Pope and William Wordsworth. - love of nature, reportedly walking up to 40 miles some days to explore the woods and mountains surrounding his boyhood home. William Cullen Bryant was born in Cummington, Massachusetts, to Peter Bryant and Sarah Snell. He was a precocious child who started translating Latin poetry at age 10. - published two editions of The Embargo, his poem attacking Thomas Jefferson's policies. "Thanatopsis," -was sent by his father to a publisher and published without his knowledge or final editing. publishing poems more regularly and eventually broughtout a collection entitled Poems, which included a revised version of "Thanatopsis." Frances Fairchild, and they shared a happy union until her death in 1865. Unable to support himself with his poetry, Bryant worked as a lawyer for about 10 years. -Disgusted by many aspects of the legal system, Bryant obtained an editorial job through some influential friends in New York society. -became assistant editor of the New-York Evening Post. He became editor-in-chief within two years, which gave him a strong voice in the politics of the day. -Free Soil Party and the newly formed Republican party. He was an early supporter of Abraham Lincoln's campaign for the presidency. In the later years of his life, Bryant focused his poetical efforts on translations of Homer's works. He died in 1878 due to complications arising from a fall.

SOLITUDE AND CONCLUSION solitude: Thoreau believes a person can be thoreaus feelings about sutck in cabin during storm? if one strives for soemthing, choosing our company? what force separates men? CONLSUION -why thoreau leave walden -what does he say abt conformity -lesson thoreau learned

THOREAU a person can be alone and not feel lonely at all; particularly if they feel the connection to God and nature; but also a person in a full room can also feel lonely feels comforted and content during a rainstorm; enjoys seeing and listening to the power of nature if one strives for something, it will be accomplished, rather at an unexpected time though We decide who we should surround ourselves with, and out of habit, like the willow to the water, men tend to surround themselves by other men-near crowded places. It is not an actual distance that separates people, but a separation between minds and a lack of connection to others. He has other lives to live, he did what he came to accomplish, and now he can move on to something else. It's like the paths of men. If you do the same thing long enough, it becomes worn out/old. If one works to follow his dreams, he will meet with success.

CONTD

Thoreau (lived in woods2 yrs walden pond) Economy -you dont have to go far to lvie your life to best ability -dont be caught up in material goods -act like birds who get stuff done forthemselves -wrote Walden after leaving Cabin -take pride in your work "Where I lived and what i lived for" -we live like ants (not far beyond life and fight too many battles -live life with SIMPLICITY -affairs and activities shoudl be minimal

He was twenty-eight years old and, to all appearances, a failure- only lasted___, his lectures were____, the woman who he proposed to _____... The pattern of his life had been, and would continue to be the -If ever a person looked like a self-unmade man, a -He was v difficul to -he lead a ____on a jaunt in the woods so he could ___ nobody knew ____ like he did -after grad, he went to ___< but he ____. he appeared to be___, but he knew what ____ -THOREAU KNEW WHERE HE WAS ___- HIs voyage would be ___ -Experiment at walden pond was attempt to rediscover the -Again and again in Walden, Thoreau would return to these same images drawn from -THOREAU THOUGHT ALL CITIZENS WERE TOO CAUGHT UP IN -wants to ___PPL SPIRITUALLY -one of the greatest works ever produced in America-OWES success to -thoreau believed nature itself was a form of ____ Thoreau protested While at Walden, he helped

Thoreau- He had lasted only two weeks as a schoolteacher (he refused to whip a child, then a mandatory form of punishment); his public lectures had been uninspiring; the woman to whom he had proposed marriage had turned him down - precisely the opposite of the great American success story of the self-made man. -man who had squandered the advantages of intelligence, education, and the friendship of brilliant and successful people, it was Henry David Thoreau. difficult to get along with. leading a berry-picking party on a jaunt in the woods he could "engineer for all America" in the most profound way. This paradox is at the center of Thoreau's life and work. -No one knew Concord as well as he did, and his attachment to this region was established early in his life. -After graduation, Thoreau went to New York, but he pined after his hometown. (" Am I not made of Concord dust?" he wrote to Emerson's wife.) After a year of struggling, he gave up and came home. Thoreau appeared to be floundering. But, in fact, he knew what he was doing; -Thoreau knew where he was going. His voyage would be inward, and it would depart from Walden Pond, where Emerson had offered him the use of some land. -the grandeur and heroism inherent in a simple life led close to Nature. -the Greek and Latin epics, asserting the essential brotherhood between the adventurers of the mythic past and the truth-seeking voyager of the present. When he looked toward town, Thoreau saw his prosperous fellow citizens so caught up in the material pursuits of making a living that they had become one dimensional. -He hoped to wake them all up and show them that the heroic enterprise of confronting the "vital facts of life" lay literally in their own backyards. Walden-owes much of its artistic success to Thoreau's successful blending of style and content. He looked to Nature, rather than to the stylists of the past, for a model. -Nature itself was a form of language; behind its outward appearance, Nature contained spiritual reality. Nature spoke to us, if we could but understand the messages about those "vital facts" which "the gods meant to show us." A style that imitated Nature would also speak fundamental truths. -slavery- then spent a night in jail before someone paid the tax for him. Thoreau was vocally and radically opposed to slavery. fugitive slaves make their way to Canada. Near the end of his life, in 1859, he was one of the first defenders of John Brown, the radical abolitionist who staged a famous raid on the Federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia.

Ralph Waldo Emerson -admired by Better than anyone before him, Emerson expressed the advantages of ____- its ___ from the ___ and ___ of Europe. Emerson pieces In "Self-Reliance," Emerson called for a philosopher who....emerson fit this ____ very well -he appealed both to -he influenced contemporaries such as _____, ____, ____, and ____ by opening the door between ___ and ___ -his influence can also be seen in _____ 's simple nature lyrics and _____ 's philosiphical poems

Transcandentalist -walt whitman a young land-its freedom from the old thought and customs of Europe; its access to higher laws directly through nature rather than indirectly through books and the teachings of the past; and its opportunity to reform the world. self reliance, nature In "Self-Reliance," Emerson called for a philosopher 'acts from himself, tossing the laws, the books, idolatries, and customs out the window-we pity him no more, but thank and revere him." Emerson himself fit that description of the new philosopher very well. -intellectuals and to the general public. Thoreau, Melville, Whitman, and Dickinson, by opening the door between the commonplace and "uncivilized" world of nineteenth-century America and the realm of philosophical and religious truth. Robert Frost's simple nature lyrics (see page 670) and in Wallace Stevens's philosophical poems (see page 768). Both these poets, in their ways, emphasize

Transcendentalism Transcendental— Characteristics- ____ is one of the most well known and influential transcendentalists ___ was his disciple Belief in

a philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life and celebrating the truth found in nature matters of ultimate reality—God, the cosmos, the self—transcend, or go beyond, the human experience. idealists- true reality is spiritual or "ideal," rather than physical believed in human perfectibility and often engaged themselves in projects to work towards this. Optimism—everything is viewed as rosy and positive Romantics—follow all aspects/philosophies of the Romantic Era Individualism - relied upon intuition to guide them, not the rules of society Intuition - followed their "inner voice" Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Over-Soul--God, humanity, and nature are spiritually united through a shared universal soul. There is a universal good in all people

Poe wrote the poem how is annabel lee ex of dark romanticism? another poe poem what does poe discuss in lines 1-8? based on the previous question, what does poe mean in lines 9-12 What is the tone from the plethora of nature in 13-12? "of a demon in my view" summary:

annabel lee (tribute to wife that died of tuberculosis) wind blowing out of a cloud and chilling someone shows depression-describes how annabel was chilled and killed- evil in nature- sea is dark and blue as he lays belt her sepulcher-at night- which is also dark and dreary (talks about how nature steals love away from him) alone he never had the typical childhood that many kids did- everyone that he loved or had a bond with lef thim- he hardly had any childhood he was discussing the evilness of disease and death and was wondering how it chooses what peoplep it takes and why its still happening using parts of nature that arent very good and creating an ominous tone- they are shed in a good light but still uses negative aspects he saw his own demon coming or him and his life ending negative- only brings bad things, if nature is ever good, it doesnt last long

-Dark Romanticism- Dark romantics are They believe nature is They believe people they believe the truths of life and death are American Gothic- Anti trans used ___ elements such as The romantic movement gave rise to Dark romantics explored

anti transcendentalists indifferent, unforgiving, evil, or inexplicable possess the potential for good and evil; people are limited from reaching their potential due to their sins or flaws. They must have this balance. not easily comprehended gothic grotesque characters, bizarre situations, and violent events in their fiction gothic literature bc it freed the imagination from restrictions of reason the unknown, the fantastic, the demonic, and insane side of imagination

Americans in the first half of the 19th century embodied a host of ___. Struggling to make sense of their complex, inconsistent society, writers of the period turned ____ Their movement, known as ___, explored the glories of the ___,___,___ Industrial Revolution - Writers of the time responded to the ___ effects of ____- the ___,_____,___, lack of ____ by turning to p

contradictions inward for a sense of truth. romanticism individual spirit, the beauty of nature, and the possibilities of the imagination. changed the country from a largely agrarian economy to an industrial powerhouse. negative effects of industrialization commercialism, the hectic pace of life, the lack of conscience -nature and to the self for simplicity, truth, and beauty.

poe wanted most in his writing to poe created ___ characters to poe also worked as publication of __\ brought him acclaim all his loved ones die of poe died by

cut free from reality and go into imagination distraught narratives e and death obsessed heroines to show us truth that lies in the dark and irrational human mind magazine editor the raven tuberculosis- mother, step mother, aunt, wife mysterious- went to baltimore and likely drank and then disappeared for five days in baltimore and found on sidewalk with clothing torn- hospitalized and died

Herman Melville central irony of hermine melvilles career he wrote Melville spent last third of his life he says failure is the Herman melville born into There were also ___ in both fams

dark romantic his most triumphant achievement recognized as one of greatest american novels was almost wholly ignored thru his life mobydick- wasnt recognized at his time poverty and despair thinking he was a failure true test of greatness distinguished fam- his father allan came from line of wealthy merchants, his mom maria has evon more prosperous and aristocratic ancestors (landlords)hudson rive revolutionary heroes- general peter gansevoort, major melville, hermans grandpa, took part in boston tea party

Edgar Allan Poe the want of ___ has been the heaviest of his trials His father was ___, his mother was___ Poe was taken in by at 17, went to university of Poe had meager poe moves to

dark romantic parental affection mediocre actor (david poe) who drank a lot, Elizabeth arnold, talented actress deserted by husband when poe was baby (she soon died before poe was 3) john and frances allan(frances nice) (john was tobacco merchant, funded Poe's education but didn't formally adopt em) virginia and secretly engaged to elmira but didn't last money and so tried to gameble but went into debt and allan didn't help him and withdrew him from college boston and publishes poems "tamerlane" —> unsuccessful, joins army and is Sergeant Major but hated it

Hawthorne's health Emerson felt that hawthorne Poem by Hawthorne To whom is hawthorne referring when he says "earthly pomp"? what is his prediction for "earthly pomp" what elements of nature does he use to illustrate his prophesy? how does hawthorne use diction to illustrate irony of life?

declined after back in concord (our old home book) and he died in a new hampshire hotel room on trip w pierce died of painful solitude and wished he could've known him better earthly pomp the good aspects of the world, specifically nature all of beauties of nature won't last and will die off the sons of glory will rest (die) and be buried under earth, meteor only gleams for short time, night will never end and light from stars will end, flowers will die from winter storm "bend/winter storm", "endless night", "decaying stone", "soon to sink" "short lived",-indicates disappointment

SELF RELIANCE According to the first sentence, what does every person realize at some moment in his or her education? Interpret the corn metaphor contained within the first sentence. Next, tie the interpretation of the metaphor into the explanation for question one. Interpret the metaphor in the following quotation. How is society like a joint-stock company? Include the interpretation of the italicized phrase. "Society everywhere is in conspiracy against the manhood of every one of its members. Society is a joint-stock company in which the members agree for the better securing of his bread to each shareholder, to surrender the liberty and culture of the eater. The virtue (desirable quality) in most request is conformity. Self-Reliance is its aversion. It (conformity) loves not realities and creators, but names and customs." Explain the quotation in relation to the concepts already discussed today. Explain the quotation in relation to the concepts already discussed today: "Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist." "A foolish consistency (steadfast adherence to the same principles, course, form) is the hobgoblin (mischievous elf or goblin) of little minds. . . With consistency, a great soul has simply nothing to do. He may as well concern himself with his shadow on the wall." ". . .if you would be a man, speak what you think today in words as hard as cannon balls, and tomorrow speak what tomorrow thinks in hard words again, though it contradict everything you said today." Explain the quotation in relation to the concepts already discussed today: "Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist." Explain the quotation in relation to the concepts already discussed today. "We but half express ourselves, and are ashamed of that divine idea which each of us represents. God will not have his work made manifest (evident) by cowards. It needs a divine man to exhibit anything divine." "A man is relieved and gay when he has put his heart into his work and done his best; but what he has said or done otherwise, shall give him no peace. In the attempt (to do less than one's best), his genius deserts him; no must (creative instinct) befriends; no invention, no hope."

dont lost yourself in being like someone else; accept who you are whether good or bad If you dont do hard work, nothing good will come to you; it takes work to be urself some people are shamed of who you are; offends God bc he created u Always need to work to be yourself, or you will lose all of your hopes and creative insticts when you are by yourself, its easier to be oyurself, pressures to conform get stronger w othe rppl You surrender ur freedom to survive- self reliance is opposite ofcomgormity- it fights customs and traditions in favor of a true relatil you arent a tru indiviudla if you arent being urself always speak what yo umean w confidence if it is ur opinion People went against norm, we could not disrover and more forme, we would not discover more forward if we just has capacity /beliefs of others

NATURE Paragraph 1: According to Emerson, what is real solitude? Why is he NOT alone as he reads and writes in his chamber? Where must one go for true solitude? What does admonishing mean? Why do the stars smile at us with "their admonishing smile"? Paragraph 2: What other objects make the same reverent impression on us as do the stars? Why should these objects be revered? Paragraph 3: What is the "poetical" way of looking at nature? What is the difference between the woodcutter and the poet? Explain. Paragraph 4: Who truly sees nature? Why? Paragraph 5: Explain this quotations considering the previous paragraphs; "I have enjoyed a perfect exhilaration. I am glad to the brink of fear." Indicate six things that can be found or accomplished in nature. Explain the idea of the transparent eyeball. Paragraph 6: ("The greatest delight. . .") Literally, what does Emerson mean when he refers to vegetables? What does Emerson mean by suggesting an "occult relation between man and the vegetable"? Paragraph 7: ("Yet it is certain. . .") Explain, "Yet it is certain that the power to produce this delight does not reside in nature, but in man, or in a harmony of both." Explain, "Nature always wears the colors of the spirit."

emerson away from society and home- we need to appreciate them more- withdraw urself from society -stars smile abt what is to come nature reflects ppl as nothing has to be doneto gain beauty- all natural objects the poet sees the par tppl dont for business, the beauty few adult ppl see nature- more children gain greater appreciation for all things in nature ' he enjoys exhilaration and happiness nature brins, so much to point that he might be afraid at how much joy gives him eyeball- transparent eyeball uses all of senses to gather more info about nature around it- moment he makes connection btwn nature/himself/God secret relationship btwn man and nature bc everything can truly be new (vegetables = nature) nature is what the man makes of it, a man in a bad way may see it as dismal. -overall-become one w nature, help in becoming ourself, go out into nature

Martyrdom—n— Repose—n— Benedight—

extreme suffering or torment state of rest, peace, tranquility an archaic word for "natural goodness"

In summer of 1850, melville bought a strong kinship with melville thought moby dick would exploit Melville made this characte rmost like himself When first publish moby dick, he fell into He eventually scraped enough money for a trip to one of finest short pieces of fiction he eventuall yfound a job, like hawthorne, at

farm near massachusetts and grew his family there nathaniel hawthorne his experience and seek truth of human existence- that truth and whether it is benign or evil in nature is embodied in moby dick ahab- full of brooding vengeance- one w very few equlas in american literature critics view as failureeeeeeeeeee debt and ill healthy similar to his fathers europe visiting hawthorne in england and going to italy and palestine bartleby the scrivener the customshouse.- AN INSPECTOR

Hawthorne preferred company of Hawthorne set himself up in He emerged and published Engaged to meanwhile, hawthorne went off to used this experience for where did hawthorne move w his wife after married

franklin pierce (interests lay more in living) (longfellow was also at bowdoin but nat didn't rlly like em) dismal chamber- third floor in family house, kept himself prisoner their until he understood fiction- 12 yrs twice told tales- (admired by poe and longfellow) sophia peabody West Roxbury to join utopian experiment (farm)- didn't suit him The Blithedale romance Old Manse in concord (where emerson lived bf them)

Many Romantic writers were outspoken in their support for___. Their works created awareness of the _____ and called for reform in many other areas as well. Perhaps the greatest social achievement of the Romantics was to . All of these terrible things caused people to want social reform, and many of the writers in the time used ROMANTIC LITERATURE was a response to the ---of the time. Writers turned towards ---- to find

human rights injustice of slavery create awareness of slavery's cruelty their writings to influence the reform! injustices nature and the self beauty, truth, and simplicity.

self-reliance no matter the style of writing, all romantics included two themes characteristics of romantic hero

imitation is suicide trust thsyelf- every year vibrates to that iron string nature, the individual young and innocent, distrust of town life, unease w women

he escaped and Ishamel is melville says a "__" and a "___" were his ___ When he got home, he had long been storing it represented dedicataed to melvilles wife was in the course of their long and ____ relationship used his servvice on the US as the basis for

later did a hitch as a sailor aboard man of war Unirted States young narratory of moby dick whale ship was Yale college and my Harvard his experiences with idea of writing about them- in lest than two years, produced first novel "typee' his experience at sea and on nuku hiva friend of his father- lemuel shaw- chief of justice of massachusets- mhe marries judge shaws daughter no intellectual match, but she was an amiable housewife, proud of melvilles accomplishments even when rhey seemed to fail troubled, she bore four children and was never more loyal and devoted than at times of crisis white jacket novel

his son, ____, took to his room and another son, his wife soon Name of novella that lay unwanted by desk His famous saying found by his desk

malcom, killed himself w a pistol a wonderer, died in san fran came into a small inheritance which allowed melville to retire and work on aboox Billy Budd- when he died, it lay there till years later when it was published and acclaimed "be tru to the dreams of thy youth"

Kindred Magnum opus Manifest Manifold Mien Monomaniac Muse Occult Perdition Peremptory Perturbation Portentous Quiver (n.) Skrimshander Slough Sublime Superficial Tacit Ubiquitous Elizabethan/Shakespearean Sonnet Petrarchan/Italian Sonnet

one's family and relations. a large and important work of art, music, or literature, especially one regarded as the most important work of an artist or writer. clear or obvious to the eye or mind. many and various. a person's look or manner, especially one of a particular kind indicating their character or mood a person exhibiting an exaggerated or obsessive enthusiasm for or preoccupation with one thing. a person or personified force who is the source of inspiration for a creative artist. or (in Greek and Roman mythology) each of nine goddesses, the daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne, who preside over the arts and sciences. supernatural, mystical, or magical beliefs, practices, or phenomena. (in Christian theology) a state of eternal punishment and damnation into which a sinful and unpenitent person passes after death. (especially of a person's manner or actions) insisting on immediate attention or obedience, especially in a brusquely imperious way. anxiety; mental uneasiness., a deviation of a system, moving object, or process from its regular or normal state or path, caused by an outside influence. of or like a portent. (foreshadowing warnig) a slight trembling movement or sound, especially one caused by a sudden strong emotion. with 18th- and 19th-century whalers of the ilk Herman Melville described as "examining ... divers specimens of skrimshander a swamp., situation characterized by lack of progress of such excellence, grandeur, or beauty as to inspire great admiration or awe. existing or occurring at or on the surface. understood or implied without being stated present, appearing, or found everywhere. does not use the octave/sestet structure of the Italian Sonnet. It is usually found in three quatrains ending with a rhyming couplet. Made up of an octave (8 lines) and a sestet (6 lines) (EX cross of snow)

THANA contd How will other people react if the narrator dies? Why doesn't it matter if no one notices when someone dies? In the description of people, who all will join the narrator in death? Whose voice is speaking here? What piece of comfort is offered in the last stanza? What is the advice offered? Overall What is William Cullen Bryant's tone in this poem about death? What words or diction help Bryant to demonstrate the tone listed above?

pepole wont change their behavior- they will continue to live life everyone is going to eventaully die they will one by one be gathered to your side Everyone young old babies kdis etc original narrator dying is like lying on your couch and having pleasant dreams live ur life without worrying about death LIVE LIFE TOO FULLEST! nonchalant, he doesnt feaar it, sees it has optimistic and positive transition pleasant, beauty, rest, embrace, magnificent, soothed, trust

-Dark Romanticism- The dark romantic still des nature as __, and favors ___ and ___ over __ and ___, which leads to Dark romantics see this in nature: They use nature as what is gothicV

place to seek answers, dark romantics favors imagination and intuition over logic and reasons and the results of these endeavors are dark and pessimistic rather than good and optimistic chaos and evil, distraught narrators, deranged heroes, dark and irrational human mind, mysterious setting, disease and destruction and death representation of evil dark side of life architectural style of middle ages -dungeons secret passages, chimeras

Since hawthorne was barely making a living with his stories, despite loss of this and his___, he wrote when this book was published, it brought hawthorne two more books followed: Hawthorne's friend Franklin Pil became he and his family lived in __ for __ yrs He feels cheerless as

political appointment as surveyor to salem customhouse (frees him of financial worries for 3 yrs, soon lost job in 1849) mother, scarlet letter wide acclaim, some money, and friendship of herman melville the house of the seven tables, the snow image president and offer hawthorne post of US consul at liverpool europe for 7 yrs (write Marble faun which is fail) he returns home- old friend pierce defeated for re-election - abe lincoln in white house, and onset of civil war

Romanticism- one big umbrela 1.) 2.) 3.)

romantic poems- follows rules of romanticism but they are not as in depth as transcendentalists transcendatalist- culture or writers dark romantics

Longfellow pt 2 - he spoke -even had to ___ one time to prove he was - he _____ 100 -best known for translation of -Longfellow became Bowdoin COllege's first -After Longfellow's death, he became the first American to be -though he was ___ back in the day,... Today, critics regard him as a ___, but he remains one of the -one of the first poets to treat ____ culture sympathetically.

spoke 11 language -He spoke Italian so well that in Venice, he once had to show his passport to prove he was American. -he translated 100 literary texts, written in 18 different languages. -He is best known for his excellent translation of Dante's Divine Comedy. Longfellow became Bowdoin College's first professor of modern languages. He later taught French and Spanish at Harvard College, where he lived in a house that had once served as George Washington's headquarters. - honored with a memorial in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey in London. wildly popular in his own day, Longfellow has not been highly respected by 20th-century writers and intellectuals, who have found his work old-fashioned and sentimental. minor poet, but he remains one of the best-known 19th-century poets. - of the first poets to treat Native American culture sympathetically, in his book-length poem The Song of Hiawatha The short stories of Washington Irving were great favorites of Longfellow. Irving, like Longfellow, was inspired by the American landscape and Native American legends.

Eventually, thoreau left his cabin and moved back into "Civil Disobedience," essay was important in helping to inspire the form of ___ MOST WIDELY READ WORKS he dies of

the Emersons' house, where he had received room and board before, in exchange for a few hours a day of odd jobs and gardening. It was especially important in helping to inspire the form of passive resistance used by Mahatma Gandhi in India and, later, by Martin Luther King, Jr., in the United States. Thoreau moved back into his father's house in 1849 and lived there the rest of his life. He supported himself by making pencils, taking odd jobs--he was an excellent carpenter, mason, and gardner-and doing survey work on the land around Concord that he knew so well. -His most widely read works, though, were his antislavery tract, "Slavery in Massachusetts," and "A Plea for Captain John Brown" (1860). TUBERculosis

Nationalism - the belief that inspired writers to create literature that was ____ Sectionalism - All romantic writers have in common? Themes of the i___unified the writing of the American Romantic movement, despite dramatic differences in the writers' ____ Romanticism - Romanticism was a reaction against the

the national interests should be placed ahead of regional concerns or the interest of other countries "distinctly American." placing of the interests of one's own region ahead of the nation as a whole The Individual! Nature! individual and nature, focus and styles. a philosophical movement that emerged in Europe in the late 18th century. Age of Reason (think Ben Franklin) and the strict doctrines of Puritanism (think Anne Bradstreet)

ECONOMY What is Thoreau saying literally? What does he mean by "to wake my neighbors up?" Read the second paragraph of "Economy." Thoreau kept a journal when he lived at Walden Pond. 1. When did Thoreau write Walden? 2. Why did he write it? Read the quotation that answers questions #2. Why did Thoreau use first person in Walden? "As for the rest of my readers, they will accept such portions as apply to them. I trust that none will stretch the seams in putting on the coat, for it may do good service to him whom it fits" "It would be worth the while. . . " What does Thoreau say that he wishes he would have done? To what does thoreau compare his house building? 7. Continue to the end of this paragraph on page 13. What point does Thoreau make when he discusses the various birds and their habits? How does Thoreau support himself in his new home? At the end of "Economy" Thoreau writes, ". . .considering the importance of man's soul. . . I believe that {I} was doing better than any farmer in Concord that year." Explain. 11. In "Economy" What does thoreau "wake up his neighbors" to?

thoreau _He is trying to "wake up" his neighbors, or make them realize the true values in life and what its actual meaning is rather than the materials that come with it He wrote it when he was alone in the woods, away from his neighbors, in a house he built himself. He wrote it to "Wake his neighbors up" so they could see the true meaning to life. He would write it to show them the value of nature. the only person there; he knows himself better than anyone else everything he has to say may not apply to everyone but small parts to each person he wishes he had built his house more deliberately than he did A bird's nest; a creature who always build their own home we often lay our eggs in nests which other birds have built and do not cheer travelers when they pass with singing Plants and grows crop and selling them while he was not making a lot of money, he was enjoying the process take pride in your work and in your dwelling place; not just settle for what someone owned before you there is pride and enjoyment to be gained from hard work A. People need to go to nature B.Stop dwelling on material goods C.The only way to be productive is if you push and motivate yourself to do so, and you can accomplish a lot more than you think

9 romantic attitudes 3 types romantic writers Transcendental: Transcendentalism: Transcandentalist Characteristics: Famous Americans

use of imagination, nostalgia for past, use of five senses(imagery), distrust of civilization, cycle of nature, learn moral and spiritual lessons from nature, interest in supernatural, concern w individual freedom, profound love for nature 1.)romantic poets (bryant and longfellow)-follows rules of romanticism, but they are not as in depth as transcendentalist 2>)transcendentalists- culture of writers 3.)dark romantics- antitranscendentalist matters of ultimate reality- God and the cosmos, the self transcend go beyond human experience philosiphical and literary movement tht emphasized livng a simple life and celebrating truth found in nature Idealists: Optimists: Romantics: Individualism: Intuition: ralph waldo emerson- most well known and influential transcendentalist, henry david thoreau- ralph's disciple

When melville was 10, his father Melville went off to poverty-stricken life he faced w his fam turned his thoughts toward the first voyage ALSO signed on the a year and a half later, he jumped in the ___ and found himself

went bankrupt and they fled to albany- attended albany academy until father collapsed under anxieties and grew ill visit uncle in massachusetts- enjoyed v much and remained to teach age-old dream of goin tos ea cabin boy aboard merchantman ST. lAWRENCE0 FOR 5 YRS- whaler Acushnet marquesas island- found himself in typee valley of nuku- captive of a cannibal tribe

poe went to firstbreal recognition as writer He then moved in w only full length novel Many readers think of poe as bringing to a peak poe layed foundation for he even inspired ___ to create ___

west point, but later left bc found out Allan remarried and he wouldnt be heir El Araaf (volume of poems) aunt (maria clem) and married her 13 yr old daughter virginia The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym (want to support family by writing) the gothic tradition (Mysterious atmospheres)(bizarre and supernatural) modern detective story Sir Arthur Doyle to write sherlock holmes and inspiré russian novelist feodor dostoevski to explore criminal mind

and all the sons of glory soon Romantic poets -_____ -used poems for

will rest beneath the mouldering stone new england poets w uplifting and romanticwork social reform

Thanatopss- author- tone- diction- thanatos= opsis means According to the narrator, to whom does nature speak? What kind of language does nature speak? What are the different ways she speaks and when? What is the command given in liknes 14-15? Whose voice starts speaking "To Nature's teachings, while from all around-- Earth and her waters, and the depths of air-- Comes a still voice--Yet a few days, and thee The all-beholding sun shall see no more"

william cullen bryant attitude of the poet or speaker toward subject or audience choice of words death following poem can be viewed as way of seeing death seeing to someone who loves nature- who tries to form connections w it she speaks various languages- when one is happy, she speaks gladly- shes eihter happy w you or will try to make u feel better when ur sad- during dark musings, nature tries to heal. happy=shes happy Go and admire nature in its beauty- listen to nature. you should go when you shink of death and terrible thoughts along w it nature

thanatopsis contd What does the new speaker's voice say is going to happen? Is this comforting? According to Nature, what happens after a person dies? What Romantic era philosophy does this connect to? What bit of comfort does Nature offer the listener? Who is in the tomb of earth? Why does it matter? What decorates the tomb of man? What Romantic philosophies does this connect to? Bryant uses a Biblical allusion in this from "Take the wings of morning" to "save his own dashings" to represent a journey. What does this allusion combined with the references of nature say about Bryant?

you will die. a little bi tcomforting, bc ur physical appearance will be leaving Earth, but your soul remains their soul returns to natural world; you are going back to earth. this should comfort someone if you love nature cycle of nature, love of nature, spiritual lesson you wont rest alone- and you will haev a remarkably nice and easy rest place that is v cheerful patriarchs of the infant world (kinds, wise the good)- youll be with good ppl and will becoming a part of that good Earth