Entrepreneurship Ch. 6
The Income Statement
Reflects results of company's operations during a specific period of time
Business Angel Investors invest about
$10,000-$200,000 average investment
Only 3% of new ventures require more than
$100,000
60% of all new ventures require less than
$5,000 of capital to get started
Market value=
(share price)(# of shares issued)
Assume that you are running a small business and you estimate that you will run out of cash in two months. Which of the following could you do to avoid running out of cash?
-Arrange to pay accounts payable later. -Offer customers a discount for paying more -quickly. -Reduce raw materials. ^All of these will help to increase cash available^
Typical exit strategy is 3-7 years. Most funds have
10 year lifecycles
Which of the following is a fixed asset?
A building
Proforma Income Statement:
A form illustrating projected operating results based on profit and loss
Milestone
A jointly agreed-upon goal between entrepreneurs and investors that the entrepreneur needs to meet to receive another stage of financing.
Option
A right, but not an obligation, to make a future investment
Negative Cash Flow
A situation in which a venture spends more cash then it brings in
Why do investors require entrepreneurs to put in a lot of their own capital?
All of the above
Which of the following can be used by an entrepreneur to help determine how much money will be needed to start a new business?
Break Even Analysis
Forfeiture Provisions
Contract terms that require an entrepreneur to lose a portion of the ownership of the venture if agreed-upon milestones are not met.
Mandatory Redemption Rights
Contract terms that require an entrepreneur to return to the investors their capital, when requested.
When starting a new business, entrepreneurs often know more about the opportunities and problems related to the business than do potential investors. This is known as
Information asymmetry.
Of the following statements, which one is false?
Proforma financial statements are also called breakeven reports.
Which of the following would be a step towards increasing cash flow and attempting to keep a business from becoming insolvent?
Sell your receivables to companies that purchase accounts receivable at a discount in return for immediate cash.
Two separate entrepreneurs have approached a potential investor to raise money for starting up their new businesses. One entrepreneur has good experience and skills for the planned new business. The other entrepreneur has considerably less experience and skills. The potential investor does not know this and decides to invest in the new business proposed by the entrepreneur with less experience and skills because that person was a more convincing speaker. This demonstrates the idea of
adverse selection.
Because investors in a new business venture cannot sell the investment easily, they might demand some form of extra compensation. This is known as
an illiquidity premium.
The financial statement that shows assets, liabilities, and owners' equity is known as
balance sheet.
Equity
book value of the company
Net income divided by net sales is known as
both profit margin and return on sales.
Total assets divided by total debt is called
debt ratio.
Investors look at the
executive summary of the entrepreneur's business plan. From these alone, they weed out ninety-five percent of the plans
Assets=
liabilities + equity
Business Angel Investors
private individuals who invest in new ventures
An entrepreneur wants to start a new business and is writing down estimates of sales, cost of sales, and net profits. This entrepreneur is crating a
pro-forma income statement.
Factors:
specialized organizations that purchase accounts receivable of a business at a discount
Bootstrapping
starting a business without external help or capital with limited funds
An investor has joined a small group of other investors in an attempt to invest a relatively small amount of money in each of 15 different businesses. This is known as
syndication.
Changing conditions occur often, so the
talents, skills and abilities of the founding team are very crucial
Convertible Securities
Financial instruments that allow investors to convert preferred stock, which receives preferential treatment in the event of a liquidation, into common stock at the investor's option.
Venture Capital Method:
How venture capitalists calculate the amount of equity that they will take in a new venture in return for their investment of capital.
Investors in new ventures demand high rates of return for several reasons. Which of the following is NOT a reason?
Investors in new ventures are able to diversify their risks fairly well.
Covenants
Restrictions on the behavior of entrepreneurs contractually agreed upon by investors and entrepreneurs.
Statement of Cash Flows:
Shows changes in company's cash during a specific period of time
Factors
Specialized organizations that purchase the accounts receivable of businesses at a discount.
An investor who wants to invest in only one start-up business is trying to decide between two new businesses. The entrepreneurs in both businesses seem quite similar to the investor. However, they are not similar. One has much better skills than the other, who is misrepresenting his skills. The investor is facing the situation known as
adverse selection.
When someone is unable to distinguish between two people, one who has a desired quality and the other who doesn't, it presents a problem known as
adverse selection.
An entrepreneur needs office equipment for the new business. In order to raise the money to buy the equipment, the entrepreneur takes a loan and pledges the equipment as collateral for the loan. This type of financing is known as
asset-based.
Owner's Equity consists of
assets minus liabilities
Commercial loans and Line of credit are used mostly to
buy existing businesses and franchises, typically not available for new ventures
To calculate the amount of cash that a business has at a given point in time, the manager must construct a(an)
cash flow statement.
Banks: they lend money generally in two forms:
commercial loan, line of credit
Debt
financial obligation to return capital provided plus a scheduled amount of interest
Assets include
fixed assets (property, buildings equipment and furniture) and current assets (cash and items that can be easily converted to cash)
The venture capitalists themselves, who make investment decisions in start-ups and manage those investments, are called
general partners
VC invest in new ventures with
innovative technology, potential for rapid growth, a well-developed business model, and an impressive management team.
Venture Capital
is financial capital provided to early-stage, high-potential, high risk, growth startup companies
Liabilities include
long term liabilities (loans, mortgages, etc.) and current liabilities (debts that are payable within one year)
An investor will provide money for a new business only if she can get the money back when she wants it. This is known as
mandatory redemption right.
Venture capitalists usually appoint
new CEO and management team
Corporations:
other established companies provide important marketing and manufacturing support for new ventures
Venture Capitalists
people who work for organizations that raise money from large institutional investors and then invest those funds in new firms
Income statement is also called a
profit and loss statement
Proforma means
projected (it's a guess)
impose a large number of
restrictions on the actions of the entrepreneurs
Commercial loans
the borrower takes the whole loan amount out at one time and pays interest on the money borrowed
Line of credit
the entrepreneur draws up to a set amount of money at a particular interest rate, whenever it is needed
Balance sheet
this provides a picture of the company's current assets and liabilities and the owner's equity. It is s snapshot of the company's financial standing at a particular moment
People who work for organizations that raise money from large institutional investors and invest those funds in new firms are called
venture capitalists.
While venture capitalists offer a lot to new companies, they also are
very demanding investors
Startup Costs
-All costs incurred to get the business off the ground -Determine the capital you need -Determine what you'll do with the capital once you get it
Due Diligence
The review of a new venture's management, business opportunity, technology, legal status, and finances prior to investment.
Syndicate
The sharing of an investment across a group of investors.
Savings:
The single biggest source of new ventures funds are entrepreneurs' own saving
Which of the following statements about business angels is NOT true?
They tend to demand higher return on their investment than venture capitalists.
How is cash flow different from income?
Timing: Revenues and costs are not necessarily recognized when: Cash is transacted (e.g. accounts payable and receivable, salaries payable, depreciation vs. capital equipment purchase) Investment Activities: Firm also receives cash from sources not related to operations (e.g. issuance of stocks and bonds)
Debt Ratio
Total assets divided by total debt, measures financial health
Only 3,000 companies receive
VC financing per year (including all stages)
What are some examples of operating expenses?
Wages, Labor, rent, phone service, light bill, etc.
Breakeven Analysis Level of Sales of Product
-Calculate the amount of sales you need to achieve to cover your costs -Determine sales price (per unit) -Estimate variable cost (per unit) -Subtract variable cost from sales price to calculate contribution margin -Estimate fixed costs -Divide fixed costs by contribution margin -There are other ways to create a BE; use the method that works well for your venture
Strive for a lean startup
-Eliminate wasteful practices and increase value producing practices -Invest your time into iteratively building products or services to meet the needs of early customers, thereby reducing the market risks and sidestepping the need for large amounts of initial project funding and expensive product launches and failures
The Income Statement Includes:
-Net sales (Revenue) -Cost of sales (C.O.G.S.) -Operating expenses
More about Business Angel Investors
-Often become somewhat involved in new venture -Usually in exchange for convertible debt or ownership equity -May form angel groups or angel networks -Angel investments bear extremely high risk and are usually subject to dilution from future investment rounds -High risk means they demand high returns -Silicon Valley dominates the destination of angel funds, receiving 39% of the $7.5B invested in US-based companies
Sources of Capital: A Summary
-Savings, personal credit cards, equity in home -Friends, family, and fools (3 F's) -Crowd-funding -Business angels -Venture capitalists -Corporations -Banks -Asset-based lenders -Factors -Government programs: SBIR loan, loan guarantee program
Methods of Business Valuation
-VC method of Valuation -Discounted Cash Flow -Comparative Appraisal
Venture capitalists also provide:
-advice and assistance in operating new businesses, -help identify key employees customers and suppliers -assist with operations and strategy formulation and implementation
When dealing with the staging of investment, staging
-helps to protect investors against efforts by entrepreneurs to use their information advantage to gain at the expense of the investor. -gives the investor the opportunity to gather information about how the venture is doing before putting more money into the venture. -helps investors manage the uncertainty of investing in new ventures.
The business plan should contain evidence indicating
-that the venture opportunity has real economic value -that this entrepreneur can capture that value
Due diligence typically includes an investigation of
-the business model. -the market. -the legal entity. -the financial records.
VC's target minimum returns in excess of
40% per year
Venture Capitalist:
A person who works for an organization that raises money from institutional investors and invests those funds in new firms.
Income Statement
A statement (sometimes known as the profit and loss statement) that includes all income and expenses during a period to reflect the results of a company's operations during that time.
To convert information from your income statement to your cash flow statement, which of the following would you NOT do?
Add increases in accounts receivable.
Illiquidity Premium
Additional return demanded by investors to compensate them for the fact that an investment cannot be sold easily.
Which of the following is NOT an advantage provided to entrepreneurs by venture capital?
All of the above are possible advantages.
Which of the following are needed to calculate breakeven?
All of the above.
Why might venture investors limit their investments to local entrepreneurs?
All of the above.
A system for guaranteeing loans to new and small businesses to finance inventory or accounts receivable is offered by
CAPLine Program.
70% of all new firms are financed with
Entrepreneur's own money
Social Capital
Extracting benefits from close interpersonal relationships among individuals, characterized by mutual trust, liking, and identification.
Government programs:
Federal and state governments offer a variety of programs. Used mostly to buy existing businesses and franchises, not suitable for new ventures
Statement of Cash Flows Indicates
Operating activities Investing activities Financing activities
Vesting Periods:
Periods of time during which entrepreneurs cannot cash out of their investments
Projecting the Future: Proforma
Projects the financial condition of the new venture Proforma balance sheet Proforma income statement Proforma statement of cash flows
Discount Rate
The annual percentage rate that an investor reduces the value of an investment to calculate its present value.
Terminal Value
The estimated value of a new venture at the time that the investment is liquidated in an initial public offering or an acquisition.
Staging
The provision of capital in pieces conditional on the achievement of specified milestones.
An investor will provide money for a start-up business only if the entrepreneur will agree to giving the investor the right to approve any purchase or sale of assets totaling $100,000 or more. This is known as
a covenant.
Rule of thumb:
a fund may invest in 1/400 opportunities presented to it
It is better to have a mediocre idea with a great founding team than
a great idea with a mediocre team
Equity definition
a portion of ownership received in an organization in return for money provided
Which one of the following types of debt is the most common for new ventures that do obtain debt financing?
a. Guaranteed by personal assets. b. Asset-based financing. c. Supplier credit. -A, B, and C.
Entrepreneurs might use an initial investment to reach a milestone, or a set target that they need to achieve for investors to consider additional financing. Which of the following is an example of a milestone?
a. The development of a prototype for the product. b. Obtaining customer feedback through a survey or focus group. c. Organizing the relevant venture team. d. Hiring employees. ^^^^^Any of the above^^^^^
Venture capitalists do:
a. provide assistance in operating new businesses. b. help to identify key employees. c. assist with operations and strategy formulation and implementation. d. develop strong relationships with investment bankers who underwrite initial public offerings. e. do all of the above. ^^^---All of the above-----^^^
