Envir 130 ch 12
5) Manages world heritage sites, which include sites of cultural and natural importance
A) UNESCO Section: 12.2, 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
14) The U.N. FAO's Global Forest Resources Assessment of 2010 concluded that ________. A) deforestation has slowed but we still lose forests at the rate of 5.2 million ha/yr B) deforestation is now in equilibrium with new planting C) there will be no forest ecosystems left by 2040 D) all nationally owned forests should be managed by clear-cutting E) to protect forest biodiversity, forested public lands should be closed to recreation
Answer: A Section: 12.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
20) Second-growth forests ________. A) are forests that establish themselves after virgin timber has been removed from an area B) are forests whose timber has second-rate value C) are less abundant on Earth today than they were 500 years ago D) in North America are mostly in British Columbia and Alaska E) are those forests in the National Parks that are protected from logging
Answer: A Section: 12.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
26) The program Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) ________. A) gives wealthy nations carbon offsets if they pay poorer nations to conserve forests B) supports research to develop trees which permanently sequester carbon C) was passed unanimously by the Copenhagen Conference (2010) on global climate change D) seeks to reduce the 30% of global carbon emissions caused by primary forests E) combats unsustainable forestry practices through controlled burning programs
Answer: A Section: 12.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
3) Forest resource managers generally aim to maintain a resource population at the level where it________. A) delivers the maximum sustainable timber yield B) best protects habitat C) best protects predators D) has stabilized at the carrying capacity E) is just above the level it needs to be at to prevent dieback of the population
Answer: A Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis
16) The National Forest Management Act ________ national forest land. A) was passed in 1976 with the intent to ensure multiple use and sustainable yield of B) was passed by the Bush administration in 2004 to loosen environmental protections and restricting public oversight of C) directs timber companies to remove small trees, underbrush, and dead trees to reduce fires in D) offers subsidies to timber companies for road building on E) was passed to set up the formation of land trusts on
Answer: A Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
1) There are groups of tropical birds, such as trogons and parrots, that are usually considered to live in Central America and the mountains of southern and central Mexico. Small populations of these birds migrate into the United States each year. It is probably true that ________. A) more of these birds are found in the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona than in the mountains of Colorado, Utah, or Nevada B) more of these birds are found in the taller mountains of Colorado than in the shorter mountains in southern Arizona, even if the relative area of the mountains is the same C) these birds can live in the lower, drier elevations in the United States as well as in the mountain ranges D) these birds migrate to the United States in the winter because it is warmer here E) these birds have higher genetic diversity in the U.S. populations than in the populations in Central America
Answer: A Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis
23) The area effect of the equilibrium theory of island biogeography suggests that ________. A) the number of species increases with the size of the island; all else being equal, larger islands contain more species B) the number of individuals of each species decreases as the size of the island increases because competition decreases population sizes C) the number of species decreases with increasing island size; all else being equal, larger islands contain fewer species D) organism size (large or small) is what most affects the number of individuals of each species E) the total number of species increases as an island is further from the mainland; it is easier to speciate
Answer: A Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
6) The SLOSS dilemma involves controversy over ________. A) habitat fragmentation and preserve design B) controlled burns C) drilling for oil in ANWR D) government subsidies to farmers E) tax dollars spent to build roads in national forests
Answer: A Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
24) The forests in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan from which your text book was made are ________. A) harvested by clear-cutting B) harvested using ecosystem-based management C) have no mature trees D) plantation forests of pine and spruce E) suffer from erosion and heavy pesticide use
Answer: B Section: 12.0, 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
10) Why do developing nations impose few or no restrictions on logging? A) Local residents use most of the timber, and the government does not want to impose restrictions on its citizens. B) They are desperate for economic development. C) Most timber is extracted by local corporations that support the government. D) There is an infinite supply of timber because wood is a renewable resource. E) No ancient forests remain in developing nations.
Answer: B Section: 12.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
2) Large predators and omnivores, such as mountain lions and bears, roam these mountain ranges. Which of the following statements is true? A) Because of habitat fragmentation, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have more biodiversity than they did in the past. B) Because of habitat fragmentation, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have less genetic diversity than they did in the past. C) Because of immigration and emigration, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have less biodiversity than they did in the past. D) Because of immigration and emigration, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have more biomass than they did in the past. E) Because of extirpation, many of these individual populations have more biodiversity than they did in the past.
Answer: B Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis
18) Wilderness areas ________. A) allow hunting as long as proper permits are acquired B) are off-limits to development of any kind but are open to low-impact recreation C) were set up under the administration of George W. Bush in the early 2000s D) were set up under the wise-use movement of the 1980s and 1990s E) are biosphere reserves managed by UNESCO
Answer: B Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
12) Most of the world's forests are ________. A) temperate deciduous forest B) chaparral C) boreal forest and rainforest D) tropical dry forest E) temperate rainforest
Answer: C Section: 12.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
7) Approximately ________% of Earth's land area is currently covered by forest. A) < 5 B) 5-10 C) 30 D) 40 E) 50
Answer: C Section: 12.1 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
13) Which of the following is a consequence of clearing forests for agriculture purposes? A) Crop productivity is greatly increased because of the rich soil. B) Biodiversity is increased. C) Soil erosion is increased. D) Water runoff is decreased. E) CO2 levels remain appropriate within the atmosphere.
Answer: C Section: 12.1, 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
1) The arrow at the top right of the graph indicates the ________. A) point of fastest growth B) stable population size when selective harvesting is occurring C) equilibrium point where births in the population equal deaths D) extinction point E) point of maximum sustainable yield
Answer: C Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis
2) Most forest resource managers aim to maintain resource populations ________ of the pictured curve. A) at the bottom B) at the top C) in the middle D) to the left E) to the right
Answer: C Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis
22) Research done in Oregon and California suggests that salvage logging ________. A) eliminates wildfires from forests B) has no effect on the severity of wildfires C) tends to produce more severe wildfires D) causes increased erosion E) decreases long-term timber yield by more than 60%
Answer: C Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis
15) Ecosystem-based timber harvesting uses methods that ________. A) are the most cost efficient in the short term B) have the greatest impacts on forest ecosystems C) leave seed-producing or mature trees uncut to provide for future forests D) are ecologically harmless E) are very popular with timber companies
Answer: C Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
17) The Healthy Forests Restoration Act ________ national forest land. A) was passed in 1976 with the intent to ensure multiple use and sustainable yield of B) restricts the use of snowmobiles on C) directs timber companies to remove small trees, underbrush, and dead trees to reduce fire threat D) offers subsidies to timber companies if they replant areas in E) was passed to set up the formation of land trusts on
Answer: C Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
25) Prescribed burns would be used in forests ________. A) where there high densities of endangered species, such as tropical rainforests B) that have heavy recreational use to warn people about the dangers of fires C) that are subject to severe wild fires to remove fuel load and stimulate new growth D) plagued with insects as a cheaper alternative to pesticides E) to convert primary forests into secondary forests
Answer: C Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
27) The "roadless rule" ________. A) prohibits road construction within national parks B) prohibits off-road vehicles in national parks and forests C) prohibits new road construction in national forests D) was strictly enforced between 2004 and 2007 E) permits clear-cutting in forests which have no access roads for logging companies
Answer: C Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
8) Since the 1990s, ________ have killed an estimated 30 billion conifers in the western United States. A) foresters B) pine shoot beetles C) bark beetles D) ladybird beetles E) invasive fungi
Answer: C Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
3) The first national park was ________. A) Yosemite B) General Grant C) Yellowstone D) Sequoia E) Mount Rainier
Answer: C Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
9) Deforestation ________. A) decreases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere B) prevents erosion C) causes population explosions D) has the greatest impacts in tropical areas and arid regions E) is not widespread in North America
Answer: D Section: 12.2 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis
1) Fire history in an open pine woodland ecosystem would be best determined by ________. A) the density of vegetation B) charcoal in the soil C) soil chemistry D) tree ring scars E) ambient air temperature
Answer: D Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
2) If forests are strictly managed according to the maximum sustainable yield model, some biodiversity would still be lost because ________. A) forests are more susceptible to herbivore damage B) all the trees are of mature size leaving no room for new seedlings C) habitats for nesting birds are lost D) species whose habitat depends on mature trees in the top canopy layer will be excluded E) nearly all predators will be excluded
Answer: D Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
21) Rotation time is ________. A) intensively managing forests for plant and animal benefit B) intensively managing forests for human benefit C) intended use of wood D) the average interval between successive cuts E) the average interval between types of forests: evergreen or deciduous
Answer: D Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
3) The tendency of humans to want to live in these Sky Islands, visit them for recreation, and usethem for lumber or for wood pulp, causes ________. A) increased ecosystem diversity B) increased genetic diversity C) increased biomass D) increased habitat fragmentation E) decreased extirpation
Answer: D Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis
4) Because the pine-oak woodlands of the Sky Islands of Mexico and the United States have a large number of endemic species and have lost large amounts of habitat to development, they have been listed as one of the ________. A) extirpation areas of the Endangered Species List B) keystone areas of the Endangered Species List C) umbrella species areas for Convention on Biological Diversity D) biodiversity hotspots of Conservation International E) transport areas of CITES
Answer: D Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis
28) "Edge effects" are a particular problem when ________. A) forests undergo biodiversity changes as a result of climate change B) trying to manage and protect island biodiversity C) preserves have a very large area and a roughly circular shape D) formerly large habitats are reduced to small fragments E) wildlife corridors are developed in urban landscapes
Answer: D Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
4) Which of the following gave the president authority to declare selected public lands as national monuments? A) The Homesteaders Act B) The Swampland Act C) The Wilderness Act D) The Antiquities Act E) The National Parks Act
Answer: D Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
11) Clear-cutting ________. A) restricts timber harvesting to mountaintops B) is harvesting trees from coastal areas only C) involves elimination of subsidies to farmers D) is a form of violent protest favored by radical environmental organizations E) removes all trees from an area
Answer: E Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
19) Paper parks are ________. A) portions of the national parks where timber harvesting is permitted B) portions of the wilderness areas where timber harvesting is permitted C) land trust areas where timber harvesting is permitted D) parks established where timber harvesters formerly harvested wood for paper mills E) areas protected on paper but not in reality due to lack of funding
Answer: E Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
5) Land trusts are ________. A) municipal government entities B) state government entities C) federal government entities D) corporations E) private nonprofit groups
Answer: E Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
4) What are the traditional reasons for the development of parks and protected areas? What other reasons have been added recently?
Answer: First is the belief that enormous, beautiful, or unusual features such as the Grand Canyon and Mount Rainier should be protected. Second, parks have been created at sites lacking economically valuable material resources; land that holds little monetary value is easy to set aside because no one wants to buy it. A third reason we have set aside parks is for utilitarian purposes. A watershed protected from development provides cities with clean drinking water and a buffer against floods. As fourth reason for the creation of protected areas has been their recreational value to tourists, hikers, fishers, hunters, and others. The preservation of biodiversity is a fifth reason that has been increasingly prioritized in recent years. Human impact alters habitats in myriad ways and has led to countless population declines and species extinctions. A park or reserve is widely viewed as a kind of Noah's Ark, an island of habitat that can, scientists hope, maintain species that might otherwise disappear. In addition, forests are valuable protection against global climate change. Deforestation accounts for as much as 25% of global carbon emissions. Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
3) How has the Smokey the Bear campaign damaged forest health? What is the importance of fire in ecosystem management? What is the cost of fire suppression for ecosystem health? What is the alternative to fire suppression?
Answer: For over a century, the Forest Service and other land management agencies have suppressed fire whenever and wherever it has broken out. Yet ecological research now clearly shows that many ecosystems depend on fire to maintain themselves. Certain plants have seeds that germinate only in response to fire, and researchers studying tree rings have documented that many ecosystems historically experienced fire with some frequency. Ecosystems dependent on fire are adversely affected by its suppression; open pine woodlands become cluttered with hardwood understory that ordinarily would be cleared away by fire, for instance, and animal diversity and abundance declines in such cluttered habitats. In addition, fire suppression increases the likelihood of catastrophic fires that truly do damage forests and that also destroy human property and threaten human lives. This is because fire suppression allows the buildup of years' worth of limbs, logs, sticks, and leaf litter on the forest floor-excellent kindling for a catastrophic fire. Such fuel buildup helped cause the 1988 fires in Yellowstone National Park and thousands of other fires across the continent, and it is why catastrophic fires have become more of a problem than in the past. To reduce this fuel load and improve the health and safety of forests, the Forest Service and other agencies have in recent years been burning areas of forest under carefully controlled conditions. These prescribed burning programs have worked where they have been applied, but they require so much time and effort that a relatively small amount of land has been treated. Sometimes controlled burns can get out of control, as happened in 2000 in New Mexico. Efforts at controlled burns also have been complicated by public misunderstanding and by interference from politicians who have not taken time to understand the science behind the approach. Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis
1) Why do we need stretches of uninhabited and undeveloped land?
Answer: Large stretches of undeveloped land provide natural resources such as timber and food. Areas of natural land provide ecosystem services, including purification of water and air, nutrient cycling, waste treatment, and escape from the stresses of urban life. They provide open space, greenery, scenic beauty, and places for recreation. They also provide habitat for wildlife, which satisfies our natural affinity for contact with other organisms. In addition to the utilitarian reasons cited above, many people feel an ethical obligation to preserve wild landscapes and biodiversity for the sake of nonhuman organisms and/or the integrity of ecological systems. Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis
5) In the United States, who owns the forest land that is home to timber harvesting? Why was the national forest system established, what was its mission, and who specifically directed its development? How did the political climate in the United States aid the formation of a system that incorporated the theme of conservation?
Answer: Most timber harvesting in the United States takes place on private land, including that owned by timber companies, but some takes place on public lands, notably the national forests. The national forest system, managed by the U.S. Forest Service, covers over 8% of the nation's land area. The depletion of the eastern forests and the fear of a "timber famine" spurred the formation of the Forest Service in 1905, under Gifford Pinchot. Pinchot and others developed the concept of resource management and conservation during the Progressive Era in American politics, a time of social reform when people had confidence that the application of science and education to public policy could greatly improve society. In line with Pinchot's conservation ethic, the Service aimed to manage the forests for "the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run." Pinchot believed the nation should extract and use resources from its public lands, so timber harvesting was from the start the goal of the national forests. But conservation meant planting trees as well as harvesting them, and the Forest Service would seek restrained use and wise management of timber resources, which are not renewable if not given time to grow back. Section: 12.4 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
7) Explain salvage logging.
Answer: Salvage logging is the removal of dead trees, or snags, following a natural disturbance. From an economic standpoint, salvage logging may seem to make good sense. However, ecologically, snags have immense value; the insects that feed on them provide food for wildlife, and many birds, mammals, and reptiles depend on holes in snags for nesting and roosting sites. Opponents of salvage logging point out that conducting timber removal operations on recently burned land can cause severe erosion and soil damage. Salvage logging is part of the Healthy Forest Restoration Act enacted by the Bush administration in the wake of the 2003 California fires, although recent studies reported in 2007 indicate that salvage logging is not having the effects hoped for and may actually be increasing the severity of wildfires. Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
2) Briefly discuss the components of a sustainable forestry program and the meaning of FSC certified forest products.
Answer: Sustainable forestry implies not only the capacity of a harvesting system to provide timber on a continuing basis but also to conserve the biodiversity and ecosystem services of the harvested forest to the greatest extent possible. The principle of ecosystem-based management includes these goals. Specific strategies would be to remove trees in such a way that the understory suffers minimal damage, to leave enough mature trees to support the biodiversity that depends on them, and to minimize erosion. All aspects of the timber preparation or pulping process (for paper) would need to be energy-efficient and to employ nontoxic biodegradable chemicals at all stages. Effluents from sawmills or papermills should not contribute to eutrophication of receiving lakes or rivers. If all of the steps from tree to marketed product meet the Forest Stewardship Council's standards for sustainable forestry, the process should earn an FSC certification. Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Application/Analysis
6) What part of American history makes it difficult for us to suggest halting deforestation in the tropical rainforest? How did deforestation proceed in the United States? Why is deforestation there different than it was here?
Answer: Timber harvesting propelled the growth of the United States throughout its phenomenal expansion across the continent in the 19th century and into the 20th. Chicago was built with timber felled in the vast pine and hardwood forests of Wisconsin and Michigan. Those forests were virtually stripped of their trees in the 19th century.This followed the clear-cutting of the forests further east, which had been largely replaced by small farms. Logging operations then moved south to the Ozarks of Missouri and Arkansas to harvest more wood for the growing nation. The pine woodlands of the South were logged and many of them converted to pine plantations. When the largest, most valuable trees had been removed from these areas, timber companies moved west, cutting the continent's biggest trees in the Rockies, the Sierras, the Cascades, and the coast ranges. By the mid-20th century almost no virgin timber was left in the lower 48 states. Many U.S. trends are being paralleled internationally, but some developing nations, such as Brazil, are in the position the United States faced a century or two ago, having a vast frontier to conquer. However, in these countries, deforestation can proceed more quickly because of newer technology. Furthermore, much of the cutting is being done not by the people of those countries but by multinational corporations that export the products elsewhere. Section: 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
4) Private land trust that purchases and protects areas in natural condition
B) Nature Conservancy Section: 12.2, 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
2) Mission is to protect natural resources for future generations through use restrictions and prohibition of resource extraction, but provides public access for current enjoyment
D) National Park Service Section: 12.2, 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
3) Manages national wildlife refuges that serve as wildlife havens; encourages hunting, fishing, wildlife observation, photography, and environmental education
E) Fish and Wildlife Service Section: 12.2, 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
1) Established under the leadership of Gifford Pinchot to manage forests for "the greatest good of the greatest number in the long run"
U.S. Forest Service Section: 12.2, 12.3 Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge/Comprehension
