environmental ch.3 reading quiz, mes, and video questions

MES You are doing a mark-recapture experiment to determine the population size of the MendAliens living on an island in my back yard. Initially, you catch and mark 130 MendAliens, which you then release. Next, you capture 90 MendAliens, of which 20 are marked. What is your estimate of the population size of MendAliens living on the island in my back yard? A. 234,000 B. 130 C. 585 D. 29 E. 14

(130 x 90)/20 C. 585 To get the population size N, multiply the number marked in the first catch, M1, by the total number caught in the second catch, C, and divide that by the number of marked recaptures in the second catch, M2: N = (M1 x C) / M2 Or: (130 x 90) / 20 = 585.

TED TALK 1) Who became an ambassador for the trees and travelled with forest handbooks all over? 2) How do plants that grow on the trees get their nutrients? 3) The speaker has a unique family, they all have _______ named after them.

1) Nalini Nadkarni, barbie? 2) epiphytes, their leaves are adapted to intercept to dissolved nutrients that come to them in the form of mist and fog 3) ants

power point 1) Hawaii's geographic isolation in the middle of the Pacific Ocean has created a ....? 2) Half of the native bird species have gone extinct since the 18th century, primarily due to ...?

1) cradle of evolution 2) human influences

Review questions - How many mass extinctions have been recorded in the past (before the current human-caused)? What % of organisms that have ever existed are extinct? What seems to be the biggest driver of mass extinctions?

1. 5 2. 75 to more than 95% 3. The single biggest driver of mass extinctions appears to be major changes in Earth's carbon cycle such as large igneous province eruptions, huge volcanoes that flooded hundreds of thousands of square miles with lava.

MES labels onto the flowchart to indicate the correct sequence. green beetles are more visible to birds than brown beetles, so birds eat more green beetles Brown beetles survive to reproduce more than green beetles so. The brown allele increases in frequency A drought cause a habitat to turn dry and brown 1. environmental change 2. selective pressure 3. change in population

1. A drought cause a habitat to turn dry and brown 2. green beetles are more visible to birds than brown beetles, so birds eat more green beetles 3. Brown beetles survive to reproduce more than green beetles so. The brown allele increases in frequency.

What are mass extinctions what causes them? Are humans dealing the planet a sixth?

1. At least a handful of times in the last 500 million years, 75 to more than 90 percent of all species on Earth have disappeared in a geological blink of an eye in catastrophes we call mass extinctions. Though mass extinctions are deadly events, they open up the planet for new forms of life to emerge. 2. The single biggest driver of mass extinctions appears to be major changes in Earth's carbon cycle such as large igneous province eruptions, huge volcanoes that flooded hundreds of thousands of square miles with lava. 3. Today, extinctions are occurring hundreds of times faster than they would naturally. If all species currently designated as critically endangered, endangered, or vulnerable go extinct in the next century, and if that rate of extinction continues without slowing down, we could approach the level of a mass extinction in as soon as 240 to 540 years.

MES labels onto the flowchart to indicate the correct sequence. The surviving insects reproduce. The frequency of resistant insects in the population increases. Some insects have a gene that makes them resistant to the pesticide. These insects survive. Insects without the gene die. Pesticide is applied to a population of insects. 1. environmental change 2. selective pressure 3. change in population

1. Pesticide is applied to a population of insects. 2. Some insects have a gene that makes them resistant to the pesticide. These insects survive. Insects without the gene die. 3. The surviving insects reproduce. The frequency of resistant insects in the population increases.

Review questions - what is the current mass extinction being attributed to? Why does this article say 7th mass extinction instead of the 6th?

1. the current loss in biodiversity should perhaps be called the "seventh" mass extinction. [Species are disappearing at a worryingly fast rate][one million species around the world are at risk of disappearing due to human pressures and climate change.] 2. Scientists believe that the Earth is currently going through its sixth mass extinction event. However, there may have been another such incident in our planet's past that researchers had overlooked until now. [the event in question—known as the end-Guadalupian biodiversity crisis—took place around 260 million years ago]

What is de-extinction? What is the first species they want to bring back? What caused them to become extinct in the first place?

1. using DNA in museum specimens/fossils to bring species back [mix genes with closest living relative] 2. passenger pigeon 3. commercial hunting

MES Assume there are 200 MendAliens living on an island in my back yard. If my island has an area of 20 hectares, what is the population density of MendAliens in terms of MendAliens per hectare? A. 0.1 MendAliens per hectare B. 10 MendAliens per hectare C. 4 MendAliens per hectare D. 4,000 MendAliens per hectare E. 200 MendAliens per hectare

200/20 = 10 B. 10 MendAliens per hectare Population density is calculated as population size divided by area: 200 MendAliens / 20 hectares = 10 MendAliens per hectare.

MES The Aki bird, one species of honeycreeper native to Hawaii, has faced numerous challenges in the past. What is the newest challenge facing this species? A. Climate change B. Poaching C. Habitat destruction D. Predators

A. Climate change

MES Remember that color is an inherited trait in beetles. Which of the following is an example of natural selection? A. Green beetles leave more offspring than brown beetles because they are better at finding food B. Green beetles migrate out of the population, and brown beetles migrate into the population C. A storm kills more green beetles than brown beetles by chance D. Green beetles and brown beetles always leave the same number of offspring E. Green beetles migrate out of the population

A. Green beetles leave more offspring than brown beetles because they are better at finding food Natural selection occurs when organisms with one inherited trait survive and reproduce more than organisms with other traits.

reading quiz Which of the following is true? A. Species on Earth today are just a fraction of all species that ever lived. B. The number of species existing at one time has decreased throughout history. C. Until recent history, extinctions have always happened gradually and on a small scale. D. Natural selection always favors complexity and a larger body size. E. Most organisms present early in Earth's prehistory were more complex than modern organisms.

A. Species on Earth today are just a fraction of all species that ever lived.

reading quiz A niche specialist is ________. A. more likely to go extinct than a niche generalist B. more likely to use a wide variety of resources than a niche generalist C. more likely to thrive in human-modified environments than a niche generalist D. more likely to have a large geographic distribution than a niche generalist E. more likely to adapt to climate change than a niche generalist

A. more likely to go extinct than a niche generalist

MES labeling logistic growth graph A. increasing line leading into cuve B. y-axis C. x-axis D. top curve E. straight line at end

A. population grows rapidly B. population size C. time D. population growth slows E. carrying capacity, no growth

reading quiz You are an ecologist researching divergent evolution on the Galápagos Islands. Which of the following might you be studying? A. the processes by which the various species of finches on the islands diverged from a common ancestor B. the spread of an invasive bird species that has been introduced to some of the islands C. the processes by which several unrelated species of birds developed flightlessness as a result of the islands' lack of natural predators D. the geological processes by which the islands were formed millions of years ago E. the similarities that have arisen between two completely unrelated species of birds that are competing for the same resources

A. the processes by which the various species of finches on the islands diverged from a common ancestor

MES The maximum population a habitat can support is its A. Death rate. B. Carrying capacity. C. Exponential growth. D. Logistic growth. E. Birth rate.

B. Carrying capacity.

MES An ideal habitat with unlimited resources is associated with A. Both exponential growth and logistic growth. B. Exponential growth. C. Neither exponential growth nor logistic growth. D. Logistic growth. E. Population crashes.

B. Exponential growth. Populations grow exponentially with unlimited resources.

MES Color is an inherited trait in beetles. If brown beetles move into a population from a nearby island, which of the following statements is correct? A. Natural selection causes the frequency of the green allele to increase B. Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase C. Natural selection causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase D. Gene flow causes the frequency of the green allele to increase E. This is an example of genetic drift

B. Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase Gene flow occurs when individuals move into or out of a population, changing the allele frequencies in the population. In this case, new brown beetles in the population cause the frequency of the brown allele to increase.

reading quiz How do feral pigs relate to the malaria problem in Hawaii? A. Feral pig farmers spend time outdoors and put themselves at risk of being bitten by mosquitoes that carry malaria. B. Pigs dig holes in the rainforest floor, creating water holes where mosquitoes can breed. C. Malaria is spread from pigs to mosquitoes to humans in Hawaii because pigs are an alternate host for malaria. D. Pigs help destroy the eggs of mosquitoes by wallowing in mosquito-infested mudholes. E. The pig problem and the malaria problem in Hawaii are unrelated.

B. Pigs dig holes in the rainforest floor, creating water holes where mosquitoes can breed.

MES Why are there so many different species of honeycreeper living on the Hawaiian Islands? A. Varying climates among the islands have resulted in different species. B. Separation of populations has led to the evolution of new species. C. Predators and diseases caused populations to separate. D. The different honeycreepers arrived from other islands in the Pacific at different times.

B. Separation of populations has led to the evolution of new species. Because of Hawaii's unique geology of new volcanic islands constantly being formed and eroded, the species have evolved as populations were separated.

MES Clinton Jenkins and David Suzuki would likely agree that we have enough knowledge about threats to biodiversity to begin conservation efforts. Which statement below describes a likely follow-up comment from one of the authors? A. Jenkins—"If people knew about additional species in an area they would be likely to favor protecting an area." B. Suzuki—"We have biodiversity knowledge, but we are not applying our knowledge in a cost-effective manner." C. Suzuki—"We should begin our efforts in tropical biodiversity hotspots." D. Jenkins—"Biodiversity knowledge is irrelevant because people are willing to protect all types of species and ecosystems."

B. Suzuki—"We have biodiversity knowledge, but we are not applying our knowledge in a cost-effective manner." Suzuki states that our current approach to biodiversity conservation is the most expensive and least effective way to prevent species extinction.

reading quiz In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon National Game Preserve on the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona. Between 1907 and 1923, cattle grazing was greatly reduced, mule deer hunting was eliminated, and predators were killed. Over 800 cougars, 20 wolves (most had already been killed in the 1800s), and 7000 coyotes were trapped or shot. In response, the mule deer herd began to increase: Deer numbers were estimated at 25,000 by 1915, 50,000 by 1920, and 100,000 by 1923. Which of the following is likely to have occurred after 1923? A. The preserve was invaded by Eurasian collared doves in 1988. B. The deer overgrazed their environment, decreasing the carrying capacity of the habitat. C. The deer population continued to increase exponentially, and has until the present day. D. The deer population crashed, and no deer have been seen in the preserve since 1947. E. The government continued the ban on deer hunting and has continued killing cougars and coyotes that immigrate into the preserve.

B. The deer overgrazed their environment, decreasing the carrying capacity of the habitat.

reading quiz Which of the following is an example of an ecosystem? A. a colony of leafcutter ants and the leaves they harvest for their fungal garden B. a colony of leafcutter ants, the leaves they harvest, the fungi that they cultivate and tend to, and the soil nutrients and moisture needed for their garden C. a colony of leafcutter ants, the leaves they harvest, and the fungi that they cultivate and tend to D. a colony of leafcutter ants living in a forest E. These are all examples of ecosystems.

B. a colony of leafcutter ants, the leaves they harvest, the fungi that they cultivate and tend to, and the soil nutrients and moisture needed for their garden

reading quiz A coyote can alter its diet to match seasonal abundance of plants, fruits, or small animals and would therefore be considered ________. A. density independent and resource-neutral B. a generalist C. an organism with a Type II survivorship curve D. an endemic E. a specialist, able to specialize on whatever is available at the time

B. a generalist

reading quiz A population is ________. A. the sum of all individuals of a species in all locations B. a group of individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area C. a group of individuals of several interacting species that interact in multiple ecosystems D. a group of cells that have similar function E. a group of individuals of several interacting species that live in one area

B. a group of individuals of a single species that live and interact in one area

reading quiz Dog breeds are a classic example of artificial selection. Which of the following is another example of artificial selection? A. choosing what kind of holiday greenery to purchase B. breeding wild cabbage to create broccoli and cauliflower C. chimney swifts adapting to human presence and selectively nesting in chimneys D. crossing a lion and a tiger to get a sterile animal called a liger E. inserting a gene for herbicide resistance into soybeans

B. breeding wild cabbage to create broccoli and cauliflower

MES If color is an inherited trait in beetles, and birds are more likely to eat brown beetles than green beetles, A. this causes the population to evolve due to genetic drift B. the frequency of the green allele will increase C. this causes the population to evolve due to gene flow D. the frequency of the brown allele will increase E. the frequencies of the brown and green alleles will not change

B. the frequency of the green allele will increase If birds are more likely to eat brown beetles than green beetles, then green beetles will survive and reproduce more than brown beetles. This causes the frequency of the green allele to increase.

Review questions - What has the wealth of natural resources done for Borneo?

Borneo's vast wealth of natural resources has attracted more than nature lovers. For decades, large-scale, international interests have worked to extract as much as they can from the island— hardwood trees; coal; rubber; and gold, diamonds, and other metals and minerals. Forests are decimated to make way for profitable palm oil plantations. Even the plants and animals that make Borneo so special are hunted, harvested, and sold on the black market. Thirty percent of Borneo's forests have been wiped out in only 40 years. We've lost half of all critically endangered Bornean orangutans in just the past 20 years.

MES Some species are less tolerant of human disturbance than others. As human impacts in an area increase, these species are more likely to suffer. Which of the following hypothetical species might be most at risk? A. An insect that lays hundreds of eggs B. A small mammal that lives in both forested and alpine habitats C. A large mammal that lives only in alpine areas D. A bird that ranges throughout North America

C. A large mammal that lives only in alpine areas This animal meets two of the criteria—large body mass and small geographic range.

reading quiz Which of the following has been an effect of ecotourism in Hawaii? A. Ecotourism has always been banned in Hawaii, but other Pacific islands have experienced myriad negative effects of ecotourism. B. A large marine reserve in Hawaii was forced to close because of the increased need to feed tourists. C. Conservation efforts have become more financially feasible because of increased tourist dollars. D. Tourists have irreparably damaged sensitive coral reef ecosystems. E. The trash from millions of visitors has choked out mangrove forests on the island of Oahu.

C. Conservation efforts have become more financially feasible because of increased tourist dollars.

MES David Suzuki promotes the idea of protecting "latent hotspots." His justification is that "latent hotspots": A. Are the most expensive areas to protect. B. Contain many species in immediate danger of extinction. A. Are the most expensive areas to protect. B. Contain many species in immediate danger of extinction. C. Contain species that are currently stable but face high risks in the near future. D. Are located in the tropics and have high levels of biodiversity.C. Contain species that are currently stable but face high risks in the near future. D. Are located in the tropics and have high levels of biodiversity.

C. Contain species that are currently stable but face high risks in the near future. Suzuki describes "latent hotspots" as places with species that are doing fine currently, but are vulnerable to human disturbance.

MES Imagine a natural area near your hometown that has been identified as a latent hotspot. Considering the comments of both authors, which of the following public media approaches might succeed in convincing the public to protect the area? A. Tell the public that despite the cost, protecting this area will benefit numerous insect, plant, and microbial species. B. Share the lists of species in the area with the public, including everything from fungi and insects to trees. C. Identify a large, charismatic mammal within the area as the reason for protecting the area. D. Argue that protecting this area would also save the species already verging on extinction.

C. Identify a large, charismatic mammal within the area as the reason for protecting the area. Suzuki would approve of protecting latent hotspots, and Jenkins would agree that large, charismatic species are most likely to meet the public's desire to "protect what we love."

Logistic growth involves A. Population growth continuing forever. B. A population crash. C. Population growth slowing down as the population approaches carrying capacity. D. Population growth reaching carrying capacity and then speeding up. E. Population size decreasing to zero.

C. Population growth slowing down as the population approaches carrying capacity.

MES In exponential growth A. Population size grows more and more slowly as the population gets bigger. B. Population size stays constant. C. Population size grows faster and faster as the population gets bigger. D. Population growth slows as the population gets close to its carrying capacity. E. None of these are correct.

C. Population size grows faster and faster as the population gets bigger.

reading quiz Which of the following are the major factors that determine a population's growth rate? A. adaptation, competition, birth rate, emigration B. immigration, climate, emigration, biotic potential C. birth rate, death rate, emigration, immigration D. limiting factors, carrying capacity, mutation rate, inbreeding E. survivorship, natural selection, mutation, extinction

C. birth rate, death rate, emigration, immigration

reading quiz High population density can ________. A. decrease the use of resources B. hinder organisms trying to find mates C. increase the incidence of disease transmission D. decrease biodiversity within a species E. decrease competition

C. increase the incidence of disease transmission

reading quiz The invasive European buckthorn invades a local forest preserve. Initially, the population of buckthorn rapidly increases, and then it begins to level off. This pattern of population growth most closely resembles ________. A. unlimited growth B. rapid and steady rate growth C. logistic growth D. exponential growth E. slow and constantly changing growth

C. logistic growth

reading quiz The carrying capacity is the ________. A. average number of offspring carried to term by a species B. greatest number of different niches possible in a given area C. maximum sustainable population that a given environment can support D. limitation on numbers of species in a community E. potential growth in the number of species in a given area

C. maximum sustainable population that a given environment can support

reading quiz Mutation and ________ are the key mechanisms that generate and maintain genetic variation among individuals in most populations. A. inbreeding B. adaptation C. sexual reproduction D. asexual reproduction E. natural selection

C. sexual reproduction

reading quiz Which of the following scenarios best describes a density-dependent factor limiting population growth? A. A tropical storm strikes one of the Hawaiian Islands and wipes out a population of nns that had been recovering from near extinction. B. A homeowner sprays her lawn with broadleaf herbicide to kill the dandelions that have started growing there that spring. C. A particularly snowy winter makes it difficult for female deer to find food, thus affecting their ability to reproduce. D. A particularly dry summer shrinks and dries up many ponds in central Canada, causing increased aggression and competition for limited nest sites among female common goldeneyes (ducks). E. An April blizzard kills off many migrating barn swallows, which could not tolerate the cold and snow.

D. A particularly dry summer shrinks and dries up many ponds in central Canada, causing increased aggression and competition for limited nest sites among female common goldeneyes (ducks).

MES According to Clinton Jenkins, the real reasons humans choose to protect biodiversity include: A. Desire to protect diverse physical systems. B. Concern for the ecosystem impacts of species loss. C. Interest in protecting all life-forms. D. Attachment to places or animals that have emotional appeal.

D. Attachment to places or animals that have emotional appeal. Jenkins states that we protect the places that are beautiful and the animals we love.

MES Which of the following would NOT cause population size to decrease? A. Increased death rate B. Poor weather, resulting in less food being available C. A exponentially growing population outgrowing its food supply and crashing D. Increased birth rate E. Increase in the number of predators

D. Increased birth rate An increased birth rate would cause population size to increase.

reading quiz In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon National Game Preserve on the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona. Between 1907 and 1923, cattle grazing was greatly reduced, mule deer hunting was eliminated, and predators were killed. Over 800 cougars, 20 wolves (most had already been killed in the 1800s), and 7000 coyotes were trapped or shot. In response, the mule deer herd began to increase: Deer numbers were estimated at 25,000 by 1915, 50,000 by 1920, and 100,000 by 1923. Which of the following describes a graph of the Kaibab deer population between 1906 and 1923? A. a "sine wave" curving up, down, up, down B. a straight line slanting upward, showing a steady increase over time C. an S-shaped curve that shows a smooth, rapid increase and then levels off D. a J-shaped upward curve with a very rapid increase E. a rapidly decreasing slope from left to right

D. a J-shaped upward curve with a very rapid increase

reading quiz Endemic species ________. A. are invasive species that cause extinction B. cause disease C. have high rates of mutations that lead to large numbers of offspring species D. are found only in one place on the planet E. are generalist organisms

D. are found only in one place on the planet

MES The evolution of populations due to chance is A. gene flow B. natural selection C. has more effect in large populations than in small populations D. genetic drift E. genetic variation

D. genetic drift Genetic drift describes the evolution of a population due to chance.

reading quiz Which of the following descriptions of a hummingbird best describes its niche? A. can migrate across the Gulf of Mexico B. lays two eggs C. can fly backward D. is a nectivore E. has a slender bill

D. is a nectivore

MES The mark-recapture method would be best for sampling a population of _____. A. oysters B. maple trees C. wheat D. sharks E. rose bushes

D. sharks The mark-recapture method works best for active species whose individuals tend to be highly mobile.

reading quiz Heavy rains and mudslides cause a river to change course, isolating two groups of lizards from one another. If they remain isolated for a long period of time, ________. A. one group will probably become an endemic species B. one or both groups will probably emigrate C. both groups will probably become native species D. the groups will probably diverge genetically, and speciation may occur E. one or both groups will probably become invasive species

D. the groups will probably diverge genetically, and speciation may occur

How does climate change pose a threat to Aki bird populations? A. Climate change is increasing populations of Aki bird native predators. B. Climate change is decreasing the Aki bird's natural food source. C. Climate change is increasing the temperature to a level Aki birds cannot handle. E. Climate change is increasing the range of invasive species such as mosquitos

E. Climate change is increasing the range of invasive species such as mosquitos As the range of mosquitos expands, the Aki bird populations are impacted by the diseases brought with the mosquitos.

reading quiz In 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon National Game Preserve on the Kaibab Plateau in northern Arizona. Between 1907 and 1923, cattle grazing was greatly reduced, mule deer hunting was eliminated, and predators were killed. Over 800 cougars, 20 wolves (most had already been killed in the 1800s), and 7000 coyotes were trapped or shot. In response, the mule deer herd began to increase: Deer numbers were estimated at 25,000 by 1915, 50,000 by 1920, and 100,000 by 1923. Which of the following is likely to be a direct or indirect effect of removing top predators from an ecosystem? A. greater competition among the remaining top predators in the ecosystem B. conversion of grassland into forest C. a decrease in the carrying capacity of their prey D. a decrease in the populations of their prey E. a decrease in ground-level vegetation such as tree saplings

E. a decrease in ground-level vegetation such as tree saplings

reading quiz When a population approaches its carrying capacity, its resources ________. A. generally become infinite in supply B. increase in supply as the population size decreases C. decrease in supply but are more accessible to competitors D. increase in supply because the population size is decreasing E. become more scarce as population growth rate decreases

E. become more scarce as population growth rate decreases

reading quiz Unregulated populations tend to increase by ________. A. emigration B. linear growth C. pyramidal growth D. immigration E. exponential growth

E. exponential growth

MES In a population with brown and green alleles for color, genetic drift A. has more effect on the evolution of a large population B. always increases the frequency of brown alleles in the population C. occurs when individuals move into or out of a population, changing the allele frequencies in the population D. causes populations to become better adapted to their environments E. has more effect on the evolution of a small population

E. has more effect on the evolution of a small population Genetic drift affects the evolution of small populations more than it affects the evolution of large populations.

Does evolution prove there is no God?

No. Many people, from evolutionary biologists to important religious figures like Pope John Paul II, contend that the time-tested theory of evolution does not refute the presence of God. They acknowledge that evolution is the description of a process that governs the development of life on Earth. Like other scientific theories, including Copernican theory, atomic theory, and the germ theory of disease, evolution deals only with objects, events, and processes in the material world. Science has nothing to say one way or the other about the existence of God or about people's spiritual beliefs.

Fun fact, The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) used to be confused with the World Wrestling Federation but due to trademark laws they had to drop it and it became....?

WWE, World Wrestling Entertainment.

reading quiz Extinction is ________. A. always caused by human disturbance B. proceeding more slowly now than at any other time C. a natural process D. the loss of communities from the planet E. something that occurs only rarely

a natural process

MES fishes, invertebrates, plants, and microbes inhabiting the shallow water near the shorelinetarget

community

reading quiz Many interacting species that live in the same area

community

reading quiz The process by which unrelated species acquire similar traits

convergent evolution

Review questions - What do the long-tailed Manakin birds do that no other species does?

double act, male birds cooperating to win female (dancing duo)

MES the fishes, invertebrates, plants, microbes, rocks, sediments, and water in the lake, and the interactions between them

ecosystem

reading quiz Community and the abiotic material with which its members interact

ecosystem

reading quiz Species occurring in only one area

endemic

So how did we learn so much about genetics? Watch this TEDed talk by Hortensia Jimenez, entitled, "How Mendel's pea plants helped us understand genetics."

gregor mandel breeding his peas (discovered rule heredity)

reading quiz Specific environment in which an organism lives

habitat

MES a single fish living in the lake's shallow water near the shoreline

organism

MES a group of fish of the same species inhabiting the shallow water near the shoreline

population

reading quiz A group of individuals of a species that live in a particular area

population

reading quiz Number of individuals within a population per unit area

population density

power point a classification of organism whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

species