environmental context

individualism

People concerned with own personal goals Value independence

poverty

About 22% (14.5 million) U.S. children live in poverty Rates increase among ethnic minorities More likely to suffer from: Lifelong poor health Poor academic achievement Mental illness Impulsivity, aggression, antisocial behavior Homelessness

negative effects from malnutrition

Cognitive and physical development deficits (e.g., immune system). High levels of chronic illness. Disability in the adult life (resulting in reduced work capacity). Adverse pregnancy outcomes (low birth weight).

higher SES families

Family structure tends to be smaller. To place greater emphasis on nurturing psychological traits. To promote warm, verbally stimulating interaction with children. Provide abundant learning resources. Higher-SES parents tend to emphasize psychological traits, such as curiosity, happiness, self-direction, and cognitive and social maturity.

moderate factors

For children, SES impacts well-being at multiple levels, including both family and neighborhood. Three factors buffer SES effects: 1. Children's own characteristics. 2. Family characteristics. 3. External support systems.

impact of poverty

Lower SES entails poverty. Populations at risks: Parents under 25 with young children, elderly people who live alone, ethnic minorities, and single mothers with preschool children. The constant stress of poverty weaken the family system. The first few years' poverty devastate children on physical, mental, and school achievement.

SES emerging issues

Lower SES is associated with increased environmental exposures. * Health risk factors (toxins, lack of sanitary facilities). Lower SES parents often stress external characteristics and engage in harsh, restrictive child rearing practices. Lower-SES parents tend to emphasize external characteristics, such as obedience, politeness, neatness, and cleanliness.

collectivism

People concerned with group goals over individual goals Value interdependence

socioeconomic status (SES)

SES is an index of a family's or individual's social position and economic well-being. Ways to measure SES: some quantification of family income, parental education, and occupational status. SES is linked to timing of parenthood and family size. SES groups also differ in child-rearing values and expectations. SES is positively correlated with cognitive, language development, academic success and socio-emotional outcomes in children. In all societies, there is a significant association between SES and health.

dolphin parent

learn through play, easy going

teddy parent

loving, caring

lion parent

provide secure setting and give full freedom

tiger parent

strong, fierce, uncompromising about high expectations, loving, caring